RESUMO Racional: A incidência de hérnia abdominal em pacientes cirróticos é elevada, em torno de 20%. Em casos de ascite volumosa, a incidência atinge valores até 40%. Uma das principais e mais graves complicações no pós-operatório de correção de hérnias de pacientes cirróticos é a insuficiência renal aguda (IRA). Objetivo: Analisar a função renal de pacientes cirróticos submetidos a herniorrafias, comparando aqueles que apresentavam IRA pós-operatório com os demais, para determinar os fatores relacionados à sua ocorrência. Método: Seguimento de pacientes cirróticos submetidos à cirurgia de hérnia entre 2001 e 2014 no Serviço de Transplante de Fígado. Foram coletados exames laboratoriais para avaliar a função renal no pós-operatório rotineiramente. A IRA foi definida com base no consenso do clube da ascite em 2015. Resultados: Dos 174 pacientes incluídos, ocorreu IRA em 58 pacientes (34,9%). Houve diferença entre grupos para as seguintes variáveis: MELD inicial, creatinina basal e creatinina, o grupo com IRA apresentou medias superiores ao grupo que não apresentou IRA. No grupo IRA PO, 74,1% das cirurgias, foram realizadas em caráter de emergência, enquanto que no grupo sem IRA no pós-operatório, 34,6%. No grupo IRA, 90,4% dos indivíduos apresentaram complicações no pós-operatório, enquanto no grupo sem IRA, 29,9%. As variáveis idade, MELD inicial, creatinina basal e creatinina no pós-operatório inicial foram estatisticamente significantes na análise de sobrevida. Conclusões: Existe uma associação entre IRA pós-operatória e cirurgia de emergência e IRA pós-operatóri e complicações pós-operatórias. Os fatores relacionados à maior ocorrência de IRA em pacientes cirróticos submetidos à cirurgia de hérnia são o MELD inicial, creatinina basal, creatinina pós-operatória inicial. O preparo de pacientes cirróticos com hérnia abdominal antes de procedimentos cirúrgicos deve ocorrer sistematicamente, pois apresentam alta incidência de IRA pós-operatória.

ABSTRACT Background: The incidence of abdominal hernia in cirrhotic patients is as higher as 20%; in cases of major ascites the incidence may increase up to 40%. One of the main and most serious complications in cirrhotic postoperative period (PO) is acute kidney injury (AKI). Aim: To analyze the renal function of cirrhotic patients undergoing to hernia surgery and evaluate the factors related to AKI. Methods: Follow-up of 174 cirrhotic patients who underwent hernia surgery. Laboratory tests including the renal function were collected in the PO.AKI was defined based on the consensus of the ascite´s club. They were divided into two groups: with (AKI PO) and without AKI . Results: All 174 patients were enrolled and AKI occurred in 58 (34.9%). In the AKI PO group, 74.1% had emergency surgery, whereas in the group without AKI PO it was only 34.6%.In the group with AKI PO, 90.4% presented complications, whereas in the group without AKI PO they occurred only in 29.9%. Variables age, baseline MELD, baseline creatinine, creatinine in immediate postoperative (POI), AKI and the presence of ascites were statistically significant for survival. Conclusions: There is association between AKI PO and emergency surgery and, also, between AKI PO and complications after surgery. The factors related to higher occurrence were initial MELD, basal Cr, Cr POI. The patients with postoperative AKI had a higher rate of complications and higher mortality.

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to assess the adherence of newly diagnosed hepatocellular carcinoma patients to the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer system treatment guidelines and to examine the impact of adherence on the survival of patients in different stages of the disease. METHODS: This study included all patients referred for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma between 2010 and 2012. Patients (n=364) were classified according to the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer guidelines. Deviations from the recommended guidelines were discussed, and treatment was determined by a multidisciplinary team. The overall survival curves were estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method and were compared using the log-rank test. RESULTS: The overall rate of adherence to the guidelines was 52%. The rate of adherence of patients in each scoring group varied as follows: stage 0, 33%; stage A, 45%; stage B, 78%; stage C, 35%; and stage D, 67%. In stage 0/A, adherent patients had a significantly better overall survival than non-adherent patients (hazard ratio=0.19, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.09-0.42; p<0.001). Among the stage D patients, the overall survival rate was worse in adherent patients than in non-adherent patients (hazard ratio=4.0, 95% CI: 1.67-9.88; p<0.001), whereas no differences were observed in patients in stages B or C. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of adherence to the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging system in clinical practice varies according to clinical disease stage. Adherence to the recommended guidelines positively impacts survival, especially in patients with early-stage disease.

ABSTRACT Objectives To identify the agriculture, food, and nutrition security interventions that facilitate sustainable food production and have a positive impact on health. Methods Systematic review methods were used to synthesize evidence from multiple systematic reviews and economic evaluations through a comprehensive search of 17 databases and 10 websites. The search employed a pre-defined protocol with clear inclusion criteria. Both grey and peer-reviewed literature published in English, Spanish, and Portuguese between 1 January 1997 and November 2013 were included. To classify as “sustainable,” interventions needed to aim to positively impact at least two dimensions of the integrated framework for sustainable development and include measures of health impact. Results Fifteen systematic reviews and seven economic evaluations met the inclusion criteria. All interventions had some impact on health or on risk factors for health outcomes, except those related to genetically modified foods. Impact on health inequalities was rarely measured. All interventions with economic evaluations were very cost-effective, had cost savings, or net benefits. In addition to impacting health (inclusive social development), all interventions had the potential to impact on inclusive economic development, and some, on environmental sustainability, though these effects were rarely assessed. Conclusions What is needed now is careful implementation of interventions with expected positive health impacts but with concurrent, rigorous evaluation. Possible impact on health inequalities needs to be considered and measured by future primary studies and systematic reviews, as does impact of interventions on all dimensions of sustainable development.

RESUMEN Objetivos Definir las intervenciones agropecuarias, alimentarias y relativas a la seguridad nutricional que favorecen la producción sostenible de alimentos y tienen efectos positivos sobre la salud. Métodos Se utilizaron métodos de revisión sistemática para sintetizar los datos obtenidos de múltiples revisiones sistemáticas y evaluaciones económicas mediante una búsqueda amplia en 17 bases de datos y 10 sitios web conforme a un protocolo predefinido que constaba de criterios de inclusión claros. La búsqueda incluyó tanto bibliografía gris como arbitrada publicada en inglés, español y portugués entre el 1 de enero de 1997 y 1 de noviembre del 2013. Se consideraron “sostenibles” las intervenciones que tuvieron efectos positivos en al menos dos dimensiones del marco integrado para el desarrollo sostenible y que evaluaron los efectos sobre la salud. Resultados Cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión 15 revisiones sistemáticas y 7 evaluaciones económicas. Todas las intervenciones tuvieron algún efecto sobre la salud o sobre los factores de riesgo de algunos resultados en materia de salud, a excepción de aquellas relacionadas con los alimentos transgénicos. Muy pocos estudios determinaron el efecto de las intervenciones sobre las desigualdades en materia de salud. Todas las intervenciones sometidas a evaluaciones económicas fueron muy eficaces en función de los costos, redujeron los costos o lograron beneficios netos. Además de incidir en la salud (en la dimensión “desarrollo social inclusivo”), todas las intervenciones podrían influir en la dimensión “desarrollo económico inclusivo” y algunas sobre la dimensión “sostenibilidad ambiental”, aunque estos efectos fueron evaluados en muy pocas revisiones sistemáticas. Conclusiones La ejecución cuidadosa de las intervenciones cuya aplicación prevé efectos positivos para la salud debe acompañarse de una evaluación rigurosa. Es preciso tener en cuenta y evaluar, mediante futuros estudios primarios y revisiones sistemáticas, tanto los posibles efectos sobre las desigualdades en materia de salud como las repercusiones de las intervenciones en todas las dimensiones del desarrollo sostenible.

ABSTRACT Objective To inform policy by providing an overview of systematic reviews on interventions that facilitate sustainable energy use and have a positive impact on health. Methods Systematic review methods were used to synthesize evidence from multiple systematic reviews and economic evaluations through a comprehensive search of 13 databases and nine websites based on a pre-defined protocol, including clear inclusion criteria. Both grey and peer-reviewed literature published in English, Spanish, and Portuguese during the 17 years from January 1997 – January 2014 was included. To classify as “sustainable,” interventions needed to aim to positively impact at least two dimensions of the integrated framework for sustainable development and include measures of health impact. Results Five systematic reviews and one economic evaluation met the inclusion criteria. The most promising interventions that impacted health were electricity for lighting and other uses (developing countries); improved stoves for cooking and health and/or cleaner fuels for cooking (developing countries); and household energy efficiency measures (developed countries). These interventions also had potential environmental and economic impacts. Their cost-effectiveness is not known, nor is their impact on health inequalities. Conclusions What is needed now is careful implementation of interventions where the impacts are likely to be positive but their implementation needs to be rigorously evaluated, including possible adverse impacts. Care needs to be taken not to exacerbate health inequalities and to consider context, human behavior and cultural factors so that the potential health benefits are realized in real-life implementation. Possible impact on health inequalities needs to be considered and measured in future primary studies and systematic reviews.

RESUMEN Objetivo Fundamentar la política con una visión panorámica de las revisiones sistemáticas de intervenciones que facilitan el uso de energía sostenible y tienen un impacto positivo en la salud. Métodos Se usaron métodos de revisión sistemática para sintetizar los datos probatorios de múltiples revisiones sistemáticas y evaluaciones económicas mediante una amplia búsqueda en 13 bases de datos y nueve sitios web, sobre la base de un protocolo predefinido, que incluyó criterios de inclusión claros. Se incluyó tanto la bibliografía “gris” como la arbitrada, publicada en inglés, español y portugués durante 17 años, de enero de 1997 a enero del 2014. Para ser consideradas “sostenibles,” las intervenciones debían estar orientadas a lograr una repercusión positiva en al menos dos dimensiones del marco integrado para el desarrollo sostenible e incluir mediciones de la repercusión en la salud. Resultados Cinco revisiones sistemáticas y una evaluación económica cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Las intervenciones más prometedoras en cuanto al impacto en la salud en esta visión panorámica fueron: la introducción de la electricidad para alumbrado y otros usos (países en desarrollo); las cocinas o estufas mejoradas más saludables o los combustibles más limpios para cocinar (países en desarrollo), y las medidas de eficiencia energética en los hogares (países desarrollados). Estas intervenciones también pueden tener repercusiones ambientales y económicas. No se conoce su costoeficacia ni su efecto en las desigualdades en la salud. Conclusiones Hoy es necesaria la ejecución cuidadosa de las intervenciones cuya repercusión pueda ser positiva pero cuya ejecución debe ser rigurosamente evaluada, incluidas las posibles repercusiones adversas. Se debe tener cuidado de no exacerbar las desigualdades en la salud y tomar en cuenta el contexto, el comportamiento humano y los factores culturales, de modo que los posibles beneficios para la salud se concreten en la ejecución en la vida real. En los futuros estudios primarios y revisiones sistemáticas se deben considerar y cuantificar las desigualdades en la salud.

Mecanismos de acúmulo baseados em deriva centromérica típica ou de cromossomos portadores de inversões pericêntricas mostram-se adequados à diferenciação cariotípica mais ampla nas principais ordens de Actinopterygii. Aqui nós mostramos que a deriva meiótica nos peixes é também apoiada pela fixação preferencial de sistemas de cromossomos sexuais e cromossomos B em ordens com cariótipos predominantemente formados por elementos bi-braquiais. O mosaico de tendências cromossômicas que atuam em nível infra-familiar em peixes poderia ser explicado pela interação do processo direcional de deriva meiótica agindo como pano de fundo, modulada em menor escala por fatores adaptativos ou propriedades cariotípicas específicas de cada grupo, conforme proposto pelo modelo de ortoseleção.

Mechanisms of accumulation based on typical centromeric drive or of chromosomes carrying pericentric inversions are adjusted to the general karyotype differentiation in the principal Actinopterygii orders. Here, we show that meiotic drive in fish is also supported by preferential establishment of sex chromosome systems and B chromosomes in orders with predominantly bi-brachial chromosomes. The mosaic of trends acting at an infra-familiar level in fish could be explained as the interaction of the directional process of meiotic drive as background, modulated on a smaller scale by adaptive factors or specific karyotypic properties of each group, as proposed for the orthoselection model.

Em experimento a campo avaliou-se o valor fertilizante de água residuária de uma indústria de enzimas em um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo, no qual se cultivou milho (Zea mays, var. AG303), no município de Araucária, PR. Efetuou-se a caracterização química e física da água residuária utilizada e depois, através de aração, incorporaram-se ao solo dosagens de 0, 80, 160 e 320 t ha-1 desta água, comparado a um tratamento com NPK + calcário e tratamento testemunha, em cinco repetições. Antes e após a aplicação, no solo, avaliaram-se os teores de K e P extraíveis, carbono orgânico, pH (CaCl2), Ca+2, Mg+2, (H+ + Al+3) e saturação por bases. Foi notório o incremento na produção de grãos de milho em todos os tratamentos aos quais se aplicou a água residuária, devido à presença de nutrientes; o pH dos solos elevou-se e os teores de Al+3 diminuíram com a aplicação dos tratamentos em virtude das propriedades de neutralização da acidez do solo da água residuária da indústria de enzimas. As dosagens de 160 e 320 t ha-1 de água residuária equivalem à aplicação de corretivo da acidez do solo e fertilizante mineral, para a cultura do milho.

A field experiment was carried out in an Ultisol, in which maize (Zea mays, var. AG303) was cultivated, in Araucária (Paraná state, Brazil). Mineral fertilization was compared with four doses of wastewater of enzyme industry (0, 80, 160 and 320 t ha-1) with five replication. Chemical and physical characteristics of enzyme industry wastewater were determined. Determinations of K, P, organic carbon, soil pH (CaCl2), Ca+2, Mg+2, (Al+3 + H+) and base saturation were made. Increase in grain maize yield was obtained with the wastewater application for all treatments due to the nutrient content. Soil pH increased and Al+3 contents decreased with the application of treatments due to neutralization properties of enzyme industry wastewater. For the maize crop, the industrial wastewater tested may replace soil mineral fertilization and lime when applied at rates of 160 and 320 t ha-1.

Chromosomal studies were carried out on a population of the fish Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (jeju) from Prata river in the São Francisco river basin, Minas Gerais, Brazil using conventional Giemsa staining, C-banding, silver nitrate nucleolar organizer region (Ag-NOR) staining and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with 18S and 5S rDNA probes. We found a high degree of inter- and intra-individual variability with the identification of 2n = 50, 2n = 51 and 2n = 52 karyotypes at nearly the same frequency within the population. Intra-individual variation in chromosomal morphology and, consequently, karyotype formulae was also observed, chiefly in the specimens with 2n = 50 and 2n = 52 chromosomes. Ag-NORs and 18S rDNA sites also showed numerical and chromosomal variation similar to that found for the 5S rDNA sites. Some putative hypotheses are considered in order to explain these results.

INTRODUÇÃO: Pacientes com lesão cerebral grave (LCG) ou com morte encefálica (ME) freqüentemente apresentam alterações na secreção de vasopressina (AVP). OBJETIVO: Avaliar os níveis séricos de AVP em pacientes com LCG e ME. DESENHO: Estudo prospectivo, aberto, observacional. LOCAL: Um hospital geral universitário. MÉTODO: Sujeitos adultos (idade >18 anos), de ambos os sexos, foram divididos em três grupos: grupo controle: 29 voluntários sadios; grupo LCG: 17 pacientes com pontuação na Escala de Coma de Glasgow (ECG)<8; grupo ME: 11 pacientes com diagnóstico de ME. Amostras de sangue venoso foram colhidas pela manhã, em repouso, nos pacientes do grupo controle, e de 8/8h, por 24h, nos pacientes dos grupos LCG e ME, para dosagens de AVP. Variáveis clínicas e laboratoriais de interesse foram anotadas concomitantemente. RESULTADOS: Os valores da AVP (pg/ml) foram [média (DP); mediana]: grupo controle [2,2(1,1); 2,0]; grupo LCG [5,7(6,3); 2,9] e grupo ME [2,6(1,0); 2,8]. Observou-se maior variação dos níveis séricos de AVP no grupo LCG, mas sem diferença estatisticamente significativa em relação aos demais (p=0,06). Hipotensão (p=0,02), hipernatremia (p=0,0001), hiperosmolaridade sérica (p=0,0001) e hiposmolaridade urinária (p=0,003) foram proeminentes no grupo ME em relação ao grupo LCG. CONCLUSÃO: Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas nos níveis de AVP entre os grupos, notando-se apenas uma maior variação de seus níveis séricos no grupo LCG (expressa sob a forma de picos séricos isolados). Hipernatremia e hiperosmolalidade estiveram presentes no grupo ME, indicando uma deficiência do sistema hipotálamo-hipofisário na produção e/ou liberação de AVP.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with severe brain lesions (SBL) and brain-dead patients (BD) frequently present with vasopressin (AVP) secretion disorders. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate AVP serum levels in SBL and BD patients. DESIGN: Prospective, open label, observational trial. SETTING: A general teaching hospital. METHOD: Three groups of adult subjects (age> 18y) of both sexes were included in this study: control group: 29 healthy volunteers; SBL group: 17 patients with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)< 8; and BD group: 11 brain-dead patients. Samples of venous blood were collected in the morning at rest from healthy volunteers and at 8 hourly intervals over a period of 24h from SBL and BD patients for AVP determinations. Concomitantly, some clinical and laboratorial variables were also recorded. RESULTS: AVP serum levels (pg/ml) were [mean (SD); median]: control [2.2(1.1); 2.0]; SBL [5.7(6.3); 2.9]; and BD [2.6(1.0); 2.8]. AVP serum levels varied greatly in SBL patients, but without statistically significant difference in relation to the other groups (p=0.06). Hypotension (p=0.02), hypernatremia (p=0.0001), serum hyperosmolarity (p=0.0001) and urinary hypoosmolarity (p=0.003) were outstanding in BD patients when compared with SBL. CONCLUSIONS: The AVP serum levels did not demonstrate significant statistical difference between the groups, only showing a greater variability in SBL patients (manifested as serum spike levels). Hypernatremia and hyperosmolarity were present in BD patients, indicating a failure of the hypothalamic-pituitary system in AVP production and release.

OBJETIVO: avaliar as interrelações entre as alterações hemometabólicas cerebrais e sistêmicas em pacientes com traumatismo craniencefálico (TCE) grave submetidos a um protocolo terapêutico padronizado. DESENHO: estudo prospectivo, intervencionista em pacientes com coma traumático. LOCAL: uma UTI geral em hospital universitário. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: vinte e sete pacientes (21M e 6F), idade 14-58 anos, com TCE grave, com três a oito pontos na escala de coma de Glasgow, foram avaliados prospectivamente segundo um protocolo cumulativo padronizado para tratamento da hipertensão intracraniana aguda, o qual incluía medidas rotineiras da pressão intracraniana (PIC) e da extração cerebral de oxigênio (ECO2). Foram analisadas as interrelações hemometabólicas envolvendo: pressão arterial média (PAM), PIC, pressão parcial de gás carbônico arterial (PaCO2), ECO2, pressão de perfusão cerebral (PPC) e extração sistêmica de oxigênio (ESO2). INTERVENÇÕES: apenas as padronizadas no protocolo terapêutico. RESULTADOS: não houve correlação entre a ECO2 e a PPC (r = -0,07; p = 0,41). Houve correlação inversa entre a PaCO2 e a ECO2 (r = -0,24; p = 0,005) e direta entre a ESO2 e a ECO2 (r = 0,24; p = 0,01). A mortalidade geral dos pacientes foi de 25,9% (7/27). CONCLUSÃO: 1) a PPC não se correlaciona com a ECO2 em quaisquer níveis de PIC; 2) a ECO2 está estreitamente relacionada aos diferentes níveis de PaCO2 ; e 3) durante a hiperventilação otimizada existe um acoplamento entre a ECO2 e a ESO2.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the interrelationships between cerebral and systemic hemometabolic alterations in patients with severe traumatic brain injury managed according to a standardized therapeutic protocol. DESIGN: prospective, interventional study in patients with traumatic coma. SETTING: a general Intensive Care Unit in a teaching hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: twenty-seven patients (21M e 6F), aging 14--58 years, with severe acute brain trauma, presenting with three to eight points on the Glasgow Coma Scale, were prospectively evaluated according to a cumulative protocol for the management of acute intracranial hypertension, where intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral extraction of oxygen (CEO2) were routinely measured. Hemometabolic interrelationships involving mean arterial pressure (MAP), ICP, arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2), CEO2, cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and systemic extraction of oxygen (SEO2) were analyzed. INTERVENTIONS: routine therapeutic procedures. RESULTS: no correlation was found between CEO2 and CPP (r = -0.07; p = 0.41). There was a significant negative correlation between PaCO2 and CEO2 (r = -0.24; p = 0.005) and a positive correlation between SEO2 and CEO2 (r = 0.24; p = 0.01). The mortality rate in this group of patients was 25.9% (7/27). Conclusion: 1) CPP and CEO2 are unrelated; 2) CEO2 and PaCO2 are closely related; 3) during optimized hyperventilation, CEO2 and SEO2 are coupled.

In this study we investigated the effects of the injection into the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of non-peptide AT1- and AT2-angiotensin II (ANG II) receptor antagonists, DuP753 and PD123319, as well as of the arginine-vasopressin (AVP) receptor antagonist d(CH2)5-Tyr(Me)-AVP, on water and 3% NaCl intake induced by the injection of ANG II into the medial septal area (MSA). The effects on water or 3% NaCl intake were assessed in 30-h water-deprived or in 20-h water-deprived furosemide-treated adult male rats, respectively. The drugs were injected in 0.5 µl over 30-60 s. Controls were injected with a similar volume of 0.15 M NaCl. Antagonists were injected at doses of 20, 80 and 180 nmol. Water and sodium intake was measured over a 2-h period. Previous administration of the AT1 receptor antagonist DuP753 into the SON decreased water (65%, N = 10, P<0.01) and sodium intake (81%, N = 8, P<0.01) induced by the injection of ANG II (10 nmol) into the MSA. Neither of these responses was significantly changed by injection of the AT2-receptor antagonist PD123319 into the SON. On the other hand, while there was a decrease in water intake (45%, N = 9, P<0.01), ANG II-induced sodium intake was significantly increased (70%, N = 8, P<0.01) following injection of the V1-type vasopressin antagonist d(CH2)5-Tyr(Me)-AVP into the SON. These results suggest that both AT1 and V1 receptors within the SON may be involved in water and sodium intake induced by the activation of ANG II receptors within the MSA. Furthermore, they do not support the involvement of MSA AT2 receptors in the mediation of these responses.

We investigated the effects of losartan, an AT1-receptor blocker, and ramipril, a converting enzyme inhibitor, on the pressor response induced by angiotensin II (ANG II) and carbachol (a cholinergic receptor agonist). Male Holtzman rats (250-300 g) with a stainless steel cannula implanted into the lateral ventricle (LV) were used. The injection of losartan (50 nmol/1 &micro;l) into the LV blocked the pressor response induced by ANG II (12 ng/1 &micro;l) and carbachol (2 nmol/1 &micro;l). After injection of ANG II and carbachol into the LV, mean arterial pressure (MAP) increased to 31 &plusmn; 1 and 28 &plusmn; 2 mmHg, respectively. Previous injection of losartan abolished the increase in MAP induced by ANG II and carbachol into the LV (2 &plusmn; 1 and 5 &plusmn; 2 mmHg, respectively). The injection of ramipril (12 ng/1 &micro;l) prior to carbachol blocked the pressor effect of carbachol to 7 &plusmn; 3 mmHg. These results suggest an interaction between central cholinergic pathways and the angiotensinergic system in the regulation of arterial blood pressure