Abstract In teaching and learning a certain language as a foreign language, the introduction of cultural aspects is unavoidable. In this article we take as object of analysis the extralinguistic cultural references (ECRs) in A Course in International Chinese (Volume 1), the first textbook targeted exclusively for learners from Portuguese-speaking countries. The study aims to find the translation regularities of the ECRs in this textbook, by analyzing the semantic and pragmatic translation strategies of various categories of the referred ECRs, so as to differentiate the use of translation strategies during the introduction of Chinese culture to foreign language learners.

Resumo No ensino-aprendizagem de uma determinada língua como língua estrangeira, a introdução dos aspectos culturais constitui um passo incontornável. Neste artigo, tomamos como objeto de análise as referências culturais extralinguísticas (RCEs) constantes no livro Manual de Chinês Língua Não Materna Nível Elementar (Volume 1), o primeiro manual destinado exclusivamente para os aprendentes provenientes dos países de língua portuguesa. O objetivo do estudo é encontrar as regularidades da tradução das RCEs do Manual. Para isso, analisamos as estratégias semânticas e pragmáticas de tradução das diversas categorias de RCEs em causa, numa perspetiva de diferenciar a utilização de estratégias de tradução na introdução da cultura chinesa aos aprendentes do chinês língua estrangeira.

The melamine and cyanuric acid (CA) complex has been suggested to cause the toxic effects observed in melamine-contaminated food or milk. However, the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of co-exposure to melamine and CA are not fully clear. Therefore, the cytotoxic effects of melamine and CA were first examined by co‐exposure in human kidney 293 cells using the MTT assay. During a 24-h period for the three concentrations tested (0.5, 1, and 5 mg/mL), neither melamine nor CA alone showed significant toxic effects on 293 cells at 0.5 mg/mL, while higher concentrations led to decreased in cell viability. However, co-exposure to several combinations of melamine and CA [100:1, 10:1, 1:10, and 1:100 (v:v), at a final concentration of 0.5 mg/mL] did cause cytotoxicity with higher levels of CA leading to higher cytotoxicity. By contrast, while neither melamine nor CA alone induced phosphorylated-H2AX (γH2AX) foci formation, melamine and CA at a 100:1 ratio induced γH2AX foci 24 h post-treatment. The alkaline comet assay also revealed the presence of DNA damage following melamine and CA co-exposure. In vivo assay also revealed the presence of melamine-CA complex in the kidney. These data indicated that the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of melamine and CA co-exposure differ from those of melamine or CA alone.

A novel 12-molybdophosphoric acid (HPM)-based complex (H2PI)2(H3O)[PMo12O40][Mo2O5(H2O)2(PI)2]·11H2O (PI-HPM) was prepared by modification with picolinic acid (HPI) and characterized by the methods of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetry (TG), X-ray powder and single crystal diffraction. The complex retained the classical Keggin structure of bulk HPM, there were some strong hydrogen bonds existing between the [PMo12O40]3- polyanion, the [Mo2O5(H2O)2(PI)2] coordination moiety, the protonated HPI and the lattice water molecules. Then PI-HPM was employed as heterogeneous catalyst for esterification reaction to evaluate its acid-catalytic activity. The complex exhibited high activity and good durability in reaction mixtures, indicating that it was a promising heterogeneous acid catalyst for esterification that including the conversion of oleic acid to oleates.