Abstract The Three-Body Problem by Cixin Liu (2021) is regarded as one of the most representative works of Chinese science fiction and has achieved phenomenal success internationally. In this work, there are various Chinese realia that make it difficult for readers without related cultural knowledge to read and understand. Therefore, in translation, a series of strategies are needed to transfer these realia into the target language and culture. The present study centers on the realia in the first Portuguese version translated directly from the original Chinese work The Three-Body Problem and aims to identify the main translation strategies that demonstrate the realia’s denotation, connotation, role in text and role in norms in the target text. First, all Chinese realia and their translations are identified and then they are grouped based on the categorization proposed by Nedergaard-Larsen (1993). Through the comparison with the Chinese realia, the Portuguese translation is described and analysed from the perspective of realia translation strategies proposed by Pedersen (2011) and existential model of translation by Loponen (2009). Finally, the frequency of use of translation strategies for each category of realia is described and analyized. The results of the study indicate that the translation is oriented towards the source language and culture and mainly resorts to direct translation, transliteration, specification and addition of notes. By using these strategies, the meanings of realia at the level of denotation, connotation, role in text and role in norms are efficiently transferred from the source text to the target text. ThreeBody Three Body 2021 (2021 internationally understand Therefore realias s denotation connotation First NedergaardLarsen Nedergaard Larsen 1993. 1993 . (1993) 2011 (2011 2009. 2009 (2009) Finally analyized transliteration notes 202 (202 199 (1993 201 (201 200 (2009 20 (20 19 (199 (200 2 (2 1 (19 ( (1

Resumo A O Problema dos Três Corpos de autoria de Cixin Liu (2021) é considerada como uma das obras de ficção científica chinesa mais representantes e alcançou um sucesso fenomenal no plano internacional. Nesta obra, existem diversos realia chineses que dificultam a leitura e compreensão dos leitores sem conhecimentos culturais relacionados. Por isso, na tradução, é precisa uma série de estratégias para transferir esses realia para a língua e a cultura de chegada. O presente estudo toma como objeto de estudo os realia na primeira versão portuguesa feita diretamente da obra original chinesa O Problema dos Três Corpos e tem como objetivo identificar as estratégias principais de tradução desses realia, que concretizam a sua denotação, conotação, função no texto e função nas normas como um todo no texto de chegada. Em primeiro lugar, todos os realia chineses e as suas traduções são identificados e depois são agrupados com base na categorização de Nedergaard-Larsen (1993). Através da comparação com os realia chineses, é descrita e analisada a tradução portuguesa na perspetiva de estratégias de tradução dos realia propostas por Pedersen (2011) e de modelo existencial de tradução por Loponen (2009). Por fim, é descrita e analisada a frequência de utilização de estratégias de tradução de cada categoria de realia. Os resultados do estudo indicam que a tradução é orientada para a língua e cultura de partida e recorre sobretudo à tradução direta, transliteração, especificação e adição da nota. Com essas estratégias, os significados dos realia a nível de denotação, de conotação, de função no texto e de função nas normas sejam eficientemente transferidos do texto de partida para o texto de chegada. 2021 (2021 internacional relacionados isso chegada denotação conotação lugar NedergaardLarsen Nedergaard Larsen 1993. 1993 . (1993) 2011 (2011 2009. 2009 (2009) fim direta transliteração nota 202 (202 199 (1993 201 (201 200 (2009 20 (20 19 (199 (200 2 (2 1 (19 ( (1

Abstract In teaching and learning a certain language as a foreign language, the introduction of cultural aspects is unavoidable. In this article we take as object of analysis the extralinguistic cultural references (ECRs) in A Course in International Chinese (Volume 1), the first textbook targeted exclusively for learners from Portuguese-speaking countries. The study aims to find the translation regularities of the ECRs in this textbook, by analyzing the semantic and pragmatic translation strategies of various categories of the referred ECRs, so as to differentiate the use of translation strategies during the introduction of Chinese culture to foreign language learners. unavoidable (ECRs Volume 1, 1 , 1) Portuguesespeaking Portuguese speaking countries

Resumo No ensino-aprendizagem de uma determinada língua como língua estrangeira, a introdução dos aspectos culturais constitui um passo incontornável. Neste artigo, tomamos como objeto de análise as referências culturais extralinguísticas (RCEs) constantes no livro Manual de Chinês Língua Não Materna Nível Elementar (Volume 1), o primeiro manual destinado exclusivamente para os aprendentes provenientes dos países de língua portuguesa. O objetivo do estudo é encontrar as regularidades da tradução das RCEs do Manual. Para isso, analisamos as estratégias semânticas e pragmáticas de tradução das diversas categorias de RCEs em causa, numa perspetiva de diferenciar a utilização de estratégias de tradução na introdução da cultura chinesa aos aprendentes do chinês língua estrangeira. ensinoaprendizagem ensino aprendizagem estrangeira incontornável artigo (RCEs Volume 1, 1 , 1) portuguesa isso causa

The melamine and cyanuric acid (CA) complex has been suggested to cause the toxic effects observed in melamine-contaminated food or milk. However, the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of co-exposure to melamine and CA are not fully clear. Therefore, the cytotoxic effects of melamine and CA were first examined by co‐exposure in human kidney 293 cells using the MTT assay. During a 24-h period for the three concentrations tested (0.5, 1, and 5 mg/mL), neither melamine nor CA alone showed significant toxic effects on 293 cells at 0.5 mg/mL, while higher concentrations led to decreased in cell viability. However, co-exposure to several combinations of melamine and CA [100:1, 10:1, 1:10, and 1:100 (v:v), at a final concentration of 0.5 mg/mL] did cause cytotoxicity with higher levels of CA leading to higher cytotoxicity. By contrast, while neither melamine nor CA alone induced phosphorylated-H2AX (γH2AX) foci formation, melamine and CA at a 100:1 ratio induced γH2AX foci 24 h post-treatment. The alkaline comet assay also revealed the presence of DNA damage following melamine and CA co-exposure. In vivo assay also revealed the presence of melamine-CA complex in the kidney. These data indicated that the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of melamine and CA co-exposure differ from those of melamine or CA alone.

A novel 12-molybdophosphoric acid (HPM)-based complex (H2PI)2(H3O)[PMo12O40][Mo2O5(H2O)2(PI)2]·11H2O (PI-HPM) was prepared by modification with picolinic acid (HPI) and characterized by the methods of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetry (TG), X-ray powder and single crystal diffraction. The complex retained the classical Keggin structure of bulk HPM, there were some strong hydrogen bonds existing between the [PMo12O40]3- polyanion, the [Mo2O5(H2O)2(PI)2] coordination moiety, the protonated HPI and the lattice water molecules. Then PI-HPM was employed as heterogeneous catalyst for esterification reaction to evaluate its acid-catalytic activity. The complex exhibited high activity and good durability in reaction mixtures, indicating that it was a promising heterogeneous acid catalyst for esterification that including the conversion of oleic acid to oleates.