Abstract Wine industry by-product (WIB) is rich in bioactive compounds, including phenolics. Since root-knot nematodes are suppressed by phenolic compounds, soil amendment with WIB may control these pathogens. We evaluated the effect of wine industry by-product (WIB) on the management of Meloidogyne javanica in tomato plants in greenhouse. In the first study, potted soil was amended with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 25 and 30 g of WIB per kg of soil. Increasing doses of WIB increased plant development. Nematode population was reduced by WIB, especially at the dose of 30 g kg-1 of soil. In the second study, a split-root experiment was designed to assess if soil amendment with WIB (30 g kg-1 of soil) induces resistance on tomato against M. javanica. WIB does not induce tomato resistance against M. javanica. This residue controls the nematode by direct contact.

Resumen El subproducto de la industria vitivinícola (SIV) es rico en compuestos bioactivos, incluidos los fenólicos. Dado que los nematodos del nudo de la raíz son suprimidos por compuestos fenólicos, la enmienda del suelo con SIV puede controlar estos patógenos. Evaluamos el efecto del subproducto de la industria vitivinícola (SIV) en el manejo de Meloidogyne javanica en plantas de tomate en invernadero. En el primer estudio, el suelo en macetas se enmendó con 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 o 30 g de SIV por kg. Las dosis crecientes de SIV incrementaron el desarrollo de la planta. El SIV redujo la población de nematodos, especialmente a la dosis de 30 g kg-1 de suelo. En el segundo estudio, se diseñó un experimento de raíces divididas para evaluar si la enmienda del suelo con SIV (30 g kg-1 de suelo) induce resistencia en el tomate contra M. javanica. El SIV no induce resistencia en el tomate contra M. javanica. Este residuo controla el nematodo por contacto directo.

ABSTRACT Anatomical, physiological, and biochemical analyses have been performed to predict graft compatibility. We analyzed if the concentrations of auxins, jasmonic acid, gibberellins, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, zeatin (cytokinin), salicylic acid, and abscisic acid could be used as predictors of compatibility between the rootstocks FOX1 and FOX4 (resistant to Fusarium wilt) and the scion of cherry tomatoes Sweet Heaven (SH). Self-grafted (SH/SH) and ungrafted SH plants (SH) were used as controls. Hormonal analyses were performed on leaves, at 20 and 70 days after grafting (DAG), and roots, at 20 DAG. No expressive concentrations of auxins, gibberellins, or jasmonic acid were detected. The concentrations of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, the immediate precursor of ethylene, and zeatin were altered at 20 DAG, but they stabilized at 70 DAG. Salicylic acid levels were reduced in the leaves of grafted plants at 70 DAG. The concentration of abscisic acid (ABA) in the leaves of SH grafted onto FOX1 was higher than in ungrafted and self-grafted plants at 70 DAG, suggesting some degree of incompatibility between these genotypes. The concentration of ABA in the combination FOX4/SH was similar to that in the self-grafted plants. Abscisic acid might be used as a reference phytohormone to predict graft compatibility among tomato genotypes.

Abstract Few commercial genotypes of tomato are resistant to Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici [FOL]), especially to race 3. We developed five intraspecific hybrids of Solanum lycopersicum (FOX1 to FOX5) and assessed them for agronomic traits and resistance to FOL races 1, 2, 3, and a mixture of these races. FOX1 and FOX4 were resistant to all races and the race mixture but did not have the desired agronomic traits. Next, FOX1 and FOX4 were assessed as rootstocks of the cherry tomato Sweet Heaven. The grafting of Sweet Heaven on FOX4 did not reduce growth, gas exchange, yield, or fruit quality. When FOX1 was used as a rootstock, the fruits exhibited a reduction in firmness, fruit pulp pH, and total soluble solids by 14.3%, 1.2%, and 6.75%, respectively. Thus, the hybrid FOX4 can be used as a rootstock for Sweet Heaven to manage Fusarium wilt.

RESUMO Frutos climatéricos possuem reduzida vida útil após a colheita. Uma alternativa para retardar o amadurecimento e consequentemente a perda desses frutos, é a aplicação de revestimentos. Amido de milho (A) e o álcool polivinílico - PVOH (P), isolados ou em misturas, podem ser usados na formulação de revestimentos. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre o potencial de revestimentos contendo PVOH na conservação pós-colheita de frutos. Mamões foram revestidos com 5 formulações de revestimento:: 3% de amido de milho (A), 3% de PVOH (P), 2,25% A + 0,75% P, 1,5% A + 1,5% P e 0,75% A + 2,25% P e suas características físico-químicas foram avaliadas por até oito dias após manutenção em temperatura ambiente (20 ± 5 ° C e 70 ± 10% UR). Frutos não revestidos foram usados como controle. Os revestimentos com amido e PVOH, isoladamente ou em mistura, reduziram a perda de peso e não afetaram a concentração de sólidos solúveis totais, aos oito dias de armazenamento. O revestimento do mamão contendo 3% de PVOH aumentou a acidez e diminuiu o pH da fruta, e inibiu excessivamente as trocas gasosas entre a fruta e o ambiente. Neste estudo, o revestimento com 3% de amido de milho foi mais eficiente em prolongar a vida pós-colheita do mamão.

ABSTRACT Climacteric fruits have short postharvest shelf life. Coating is an alternative to minimize fruit ripening and post-harvest losses. Maize starch (S) and polivinilic alcohol - PVOH (P), isolated or blended, can be used in the formulation of coatings. However, little is known about the potential of PVOH-containing coatings in postharvest conservation of fruits. Papaya were aftercoated with 5 coating formulations: 3% starch (S), 3% PVOH (P), 2.25% S + 0.75% P, 1.5% S + 1.5% P and 0.75% S + 2.25% P. The fruits were kept at room temperature (20 ± 5 °C and 70 ± 10% RH) and physicochemical characteristics were evaluated for up to eight days. Uncoated fruits were used as control. In general, maize starch and PVOH. In general, maize starch and PVOH coatings reduced the weight loss and did not affect total soluble solids concentration. 3% PVOH coating increased the acidity and decreased the pH of the fruits, and excessively inhibited gas exchange between fruit and the environment. In this study, 3% maize starch coating was more efficient in prolonging the postharvest life of papaya.

RESUMO: Os nematoides-das-galhas (RKN - Meloidogyne spp.) são uma das mais sérias ameaças à produção de cenoura no mundo. No Brasil, as cenouras são cultivadas ao longo do ano, e as perdas econômicas devido à RKN são frequentemente relatadas. Como pouco se sabe sobre a distribuição de espécies RKN em campos de cenoura no Brasil, coletamos amostras de plantas e solo de 35 campos em seis estados. Baseado na morfologia do padrão perineal, fenótipos de esterase e/ou PCR espécie-específica, três espécies de Meloidogyne foram identificadas: 60% dos campos estavam infestados por Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica foi encontrada em 42,9% das áreas, enquanto M. hapla foi detectada em 17,1% dos campos de cenoura. Populações mistas foram encontradas em 20% das áreas, com predominância de M. incognita + M. javanica. A combinação de técnicas morfológicas, bioquímicas e moleculares é uma abordagem útil para identificar espécies de RKN.

ABSTRACT: Root-knot nematodes (RKN - Meloidogyne spp.) are one of the most serious threats to carrot production worldwide. In Brazil, carrots are grown throughout the year, and economic losses due to RKN are reported. Since little is known on the distribution of RKN species in carrot fields in Brazil, we collected plant and soil samples from 35 fields across six states. Based on the morphology of perineal patterns, esterase phenotypes and species-specific PCR, three Meloidogyne species were identified: 60% of the fields were infested with Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica was reported in 42.9% of the areas, whereas M. hapla was detected in 17.1% of carrot fields. Mixed populations were reported in 20% of the areas with a predominance of M. incognita + M. javanica. The combination of morphological, biochemical, and molecular techniques is a useful approach to identify RKN species.

RESUMO: A identificação acurada de espécies do nematoide das galhas (NG) (Meloidogyne spp.) é essencial para a implementação de estratégias de manejo. Métodos baseados na morfologia de adultos, fenótipos de isoenzimas e análise de DNA podem ser usados para a diagnose do NG. Tradicionalmente, as espécies de NG são identificadas pela análise do padrão perineal e fenótipos de esterase. Em ambos os procedimentos, fêmeas maduras são necessárias. Nas últimas décadas, técnicas moleculares acuradas e rápidas têm sido validadas para a diagnose de NG, incluindo ovos, juvenis e adultos como fontes de DNA. Aqui, nós destacamos os métodos usados para a diagnose de NG, incluindo técnicas moleculares emergentes, focando nas principais espécies encontradas no Brasil.

ABSTRACT: The accurate identification of root-knot nematode (RKN) species (Meloidogyne spp.) is essential for implementing management strategies. Methods based on the morphology of adults, isozymes phenotypes and DNA analysis can be used for the diagnosis of RKN. Traditionally, RKN species are identified by the analysis of the perineal patterns and esterase phenotypes. For both procedures, mature females are required. Over the last few decades, accurate and rapid molecular techniques have been validated for RKN diagnosis, including eggs, juveniles and adults as DNA sources. Here, we emphasized the methods used for diagnosis of RKN, including emerging molecular techniques, focusing on the major species reported in Brazil.

RESUMO A aplicação de um bionematicida à base de clamidósporos de Pochonia chlamydosporia (Pc-10) pode se tornar uma importante estratégia para reduzir os danos causados por Meloidogyne incognita em cenoura. Baseado nessa perspectiva, o efeito nematicida de 0; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0; 2.5 e 3,0 kg ha -1 de Pc-10 foi avaliado em área de produção de cenoura cv. Juliana em condições de campo. A produtividade de cenoura e a população do nematoide foram influenciados por doses crescentes de Pc-10. A aplicação de 3,0 kg ha-1 de Pc-10 aumentou a produção de raízes comerciais de cenoura em 41,7% comparada com aquela obtida na testemunha não tratada, enquanto que a produção de raízes não-comerciais e a população do nematoide no solo foram reduzidos em 48,7% e 61,4%, respectivamente. A aplicação de 3,0 kg ha -1 de Pc-10 reduz a população de M. incognita e aumenta a qualidade e a produtividade das raízes de cenoura.

ABSTRACT The application of a bionematicide based on chlamydospores of Pochonia chlamydosporia (Pc-10) can be an important strategy for reducing the damage caused by Meloidogyne incognita on carrot. Based on this perspective, the nematicidal effects of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 kg ha -1 of Pc-10 were evaluated on carrot cv. Juliana under field conditions. Carrot yield and nematode population were influenced by increasing doses of Pc-10. The application of 3.0 kg ha-1 of Pc-10 increased the marketable production of carrot roots by 41.7% compared to the untreated control, whereas the production of unmarketable roots and the nematode population in the soil were reduced by 48.7% and 61.4%. The application of 3.0 kg ha -1 of Pc-10 reduces M. incognita population and improves carrot quality and yield.

Abstract The host status of eighteen progenies (CRP 01-12 to CRP 16-12, CRP 19-12 and CRP 20-12) and two cultivars (FB 200 Yellow Master and FB 300 Araguari) of yellow passion fruit to Meloidogyne incognita race 2 was evaluated in a greenhouse experiment. The height and the biomass of the plants, besides the numbers of galls, eggs and second-stage juveniles in roots and soil were assessed after 70 days of cultivation of the genotypes and tomato (control) in plastic pots with 2 kg of soil infested with 5,000 eggs of the nematode. The reproduction factor of the pathogen (RF = Final population/Initial population) was calculated for classifying the genotypes as immune (RF = 0), resistant (RF < 1) or susceptible (RF ≥ 1). The cultivar FB 200 is resistant to M. incognita race 2 and can be cultivated in areas infested with this nematode.

RESUMO O fungo Pochonia chlamydosporia é um dos mais estudados agentes de controle biológico de fitonematoides. Neste estudo foi demostrado que os isolados Pc-3, Pc-10 e Pc-19 do fungo promovem o crescimento de plântulas de tomate e alface. O isolado Pc-19 colonizou o rizoplano de mudas de tomate em apenas 15 dias e produziu grande quantidade de clamidósporos. O isolado foi capaz de utilizar celulose como fonte de carbono, tanto quanto glicose e sacarose. Em estudos realizados por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), foi possível observar que hifas do isolado Pc-10 penetraram as células epidérmicas das raízes de tomateiro. Os três isolados de P. chlamydosporia promovem o crescimento de tomateiro e alface.

ABSTRACT The fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia is one of the most studied biological agents used to control plant-parasitic nematodes. This study found that the isolates Pc-3, Pc-10 and Pc-19 of this fungus promote the growth of tomato and lettuce seedlings. The isolate Pc-19 colonized the rhizoplane of tomato seedlings in only 15 days and produced a large quantity of chlamydospores. This isolate was able to use cellulose as a carbon source, in addition to glucose and sucrose. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that hyphae of the P. chlamydosporia isolate Pc-10 penetrated the epidermal cells of the tomato roots. These three P. chlamydosporia isolates promote the growth of tomato and lettuce.

Bacteria belonging to the genus Bacillus can promote plant growth and suppress plant-parasitic nematode populations. Based on this hypothesis, eight strains of the bacterium (SF 262, SF 264, SF 266, SF 267, SF 268, SF 271, SF 292 and SF 629) were formulated and applied as a seed treatment and/or sprayed on the soil surface with the aim of controlling Pratylenchys brachyurus in common bean under field conditions. The application of the bacterial isolates neither improved the grain yield and the root mass nor reduced the number of nematodes in the soil and in the roots of common bean. Thus none of the isolates of Bacillus spp. evaluated in this work are promising for the control of the lesion nematode on common bean.

Bacterias del género Bacillus pueden suprimirpoblaciones de nematodosfitoparásitos. Sobre la base de esta hipótesis, ocho cepas de Bacillus (SF262, SF264, SF266, SF267, SF268, SF271, SF292 y SF 629)fueronformuladas y aplicadas en el tratamiento de semillas y en la superficie de suelo para el control de Pratylenchus brachyurus en frijol. La aplicación de las cepas no aumentaron la producción de granos y la masa de las raíces, ni redujeron el número de nematodos en el suelo y en las raíces. Así, ninguna de las cepas de Bacillus es promisoria para el control del nematodo lesionador en frijol.

Os clamidósporos são os principais propágulos utilizados como fonte de inóculo de Pochonia chlamydosporia em experimentos envolvendo o biocontrole do nematoide das galhas. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o controle de Meloidogyne javanica em tomateiro por meio da aplicação ao solo de grãos de arroz colonizados pelo fungo contendo apenas micélio e conídio, sem a presença de clamidósporos. O isolado de P. chlamydosporia Pc-10 foi cultivado por 15 dias a 26°C em arroz previamente esterilizado em forno microondas. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos simultaneamente em casa de vegetação. No experimento 1, vasos de 2L de capacidade foram preenchidos com mistura solo:areia (1:1, v:v), contendo 3g kg-1 de solo de grãos de arroz colonizados pelo antagonista. No experimento 2, o fungo foi adicionado ao solo de vasos de 0,5L nas doses de 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 ou 30g kg-1 de solo. Em seguida, o substrato de cada vaso foi infestado com 4.000 ovos de M. javanica e, após 15 dias, uma plântula de tomate foi transplantada. No experimento 1, a aplicação do fungo ao solo reduziu o número de galhas e de ovos do nematoide em 40% e 72,83%, respectivamente. No experimento 2, houve redução do número de ovos a partir de doses de 5g kg 1 de solo e no número de galhas, principalmente, nas doses de 25 e 30g kg-1 de solo. Conclui-se que P. chlamydosporia Pc-10 controlou M. javanica em tomateiro, mesmo quando aplicado ao solo na forma de grãos de arroz colonizados e sem a presença de clamidósporos.

Chlamydospores are the main propagules used as source of inoculum of Pochonia chlamydosporia in biocontrol experiments of root-knot nematodes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the control of Meloidogyne javanica on tomato plants by the soil application of rice grains colonized by Pochonia chlamydosporia containing just mycelium and conidia, without chlamydospores. The fungus (isolate Pc-10) was grown for 15 days at 26°C on grains of rice, previously sterilized in microwave oven. Two experiments were simultaneously carried out under greenhouse conditions. In the experiment 1, 2-L pots were filled with a soil:sand mixture (1:1, v:v) containing 3g kg-1 of soil of rice grains colonized by the antagonist. In the experiment 2, the fungus was added into the soil of 0.5L pots at the doses of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30g kg-1 of soil. The soil of each pot was infested with 4,000 eggs of M. javanica and one tomato seedling was transplanted in each pot after fifteen days. In the experiment 1, the application of the fungus into the soil reduced the number of galls and eggs of the nematode by 40% and 72.83%, respectively. In the experiment 2, it was observed the reduction of the number of eggs from the dose of 5 g kg-1 of soil and of the number of galls, particularly at the doses of 25 and 30g kg-1 of soil. As a conclusion, P. chlamydosporia controlled M. javanica on tomato plants even when applied into the soil as colonized-rice grains and without chlamydospores.

Óleos essenciais de várias espécies de plantas possuem propriedades nematicidas e poderiam ser utilizados no controle do nematoide das galhas. Desta forma, esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar o efeito da aplicação de concentrações de eugenol no controle de Meloidogyne incognita e Meloidogyne javanica, em casa-de-vegetação. O eugenol foi aplicado nas concentrações de 0,25 mL L-1, 0,50 mL L-1, 0,75 mL L-1 e 1,00 mL L-1, na forma de pulverização foliar ou adição ao solo. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 4 x 2 + 1 (concentrações de eugenol x formas de aplicação + testemunha - tratamento adicional), com cinco repetições. Os números de galhas e de ovos de M. incognita e de ovos de M. javanica foram reduzidos em plantas tratadas com eugenol, em comparação com a testemunha. A adição ao solo foi o método mais eficiente de aplicação do eugenol, considerando-se a redução no número de galhas. Houve efeito significativo do aumento de concentrações de eugenol na redução do número de ovos de M. incognita. O eugenol apresenta potencial para ser utilizado no manejo do nematoide das galhas, embora novos estudos ainda sejam necessários para suportar tal expectativa.

Essential oils from several plant species have nematicidal properties and could be used for controlling root-knot nematodes. Thus, this study aimed at evaluating the effect of eugenol concentrations on the control of Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne javanica, in a greenhouse. The eugenol was applied at the concentrations of 0.25 mL L-1, 0.5 mL L-1, 0.75 mL L-1 and 1.0 mL L-1, as a foliar spray or soil drench. A complete randomized design, in a 4 x 2 + 1 factorial scheme (concentrations of eugenol x methods of application + control - additional treatment), with five replications, was used. The number of galls and eggs of M. incognita and eggs of M. javanica decreased in plants treated with eugenol, when compared to the control. Soil drench was the most efficient method for applying eugenol, regarding the reduction in the number of galls. Increasing concentrations of eugenol reduced the number of M. incognita eggs. Eugenol showed potential to be used in the management of root-knot nematodes, though further studies are necessary to support such an expectation.

Experimentos em casa de vegetação foram conduzidos com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da adição ao solo de folhas secas picadas (1cm²) ou trituradas (peneira de 1mm) de assa-peixe (Vernonia polyanthes), capim-limão (Cymbopogon citratus), eucalipto (Eucalyptus citriodora), mamona (Ricinus communis), manga (Mangifera indica) ou nim (Azadirachta indica) para o controle de Meloidogyne javanica. Ao solo de cada vaso (latossolo vermelho-amarelo), foram adicionadas folhas (5g kg-1 de solo) e 5.000 ovos do nematoide. Após sete dias, uma muda de tomateiro "Santa Cruz Kada" foi transplantada em cada vaso. O peso das raízes e os números de galhas e de ovos foram avaliados 60 dias após o transplantio. As folhas picadas de nenhuma planta reduziram o número de galhas e de ovos. Entretanto, as folhas de todas as plantas estudadas reduziram o número de galhas quando foram incorporadas ao solo na forma de pó e a máxima supressão foi obtida com as folhas de nim (61%). A adição ao solo de folhas trituradas de mamona, nim, eucalipto e capim-cidreira reduziu o número de ovos, com redução máxima após aplicação de folhas de mamona (69%), indicando que esses materiais orgânicos podem ser uma alternativa de controle de M. javanica em tomateiro. Novos estudos devem ser realizados em condições de campo para confirmar o potencial desses materiais orgânicos no controle de M. javanica.

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of soil amendment with chopped (1cm²) or ground (1mm sieve) dry leaves of assa-peixe (Vernonia polyanthes), lemon-grass (Cymbopogon citratus), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus citriodora), castor (Ricinus communis), mango (Mangifera indica) or neem (Azadirachta indica) for the control Meloidogyne javanica. Into the soil (Yellow red oxisol) of each pot were added leaves (5g kg-1 of soil) and 5,000 eggs of the nematode. After seven days, one tomato seedling "Santa Cruz Kada" was transplanted to each pot. The tomato root weight, galls and eggs/root system were determined 60 days after transplant. None of the soil amendments reduced gall or eggs, when applied as leaf pieces. However, all tested plant species reduced the gall number, when they were incorporated into the soil as powder, and maximum nematode suppression occurred in soil amended with neem leaves (61%). The amendment with ground leaves of castor, neem, eucalyptus and lemon-grass reduced the number of eggs, with maximum reduction occurring in soil amended with ground castor leaves (69%), evidencing that these organic amendments can be an alternative for M. javanica control in tomato. Further studies are required under field conditions to confirm the potential of these organic amendments on the control of M. javanica.