ABSTRACT The objective with this study was to determine the lysine maintenance requirements (LMR) of male and female broilers as animal models. A total of 252 birds were used for nitrogen balance trials during three periods (I: 6-21, II: 22-37, and III: 38-53 days). Six lysine levels were used (2.76, 5.88, 8.99, 12.1, 15.2, and 18.3 g kg−1) with six replications. A control group also included, totalizing seven treatments for males and females for each assay. The experimental period was 15 days. The response variables included nitrogen intake (NI) and excretion (NEX), and their difference was assumed to be deposited as nitrogen. An exponential regression between NEX and lysine intake (LI) was fitted, and LMR was estimated when LI = 0. The daily values for LMR were 9.29, 33.4, and 40.2 mg BW0.67 kg−1 for males and 9.36, 30.0, and 39.4 mg BW0.67 kg−1 for females. The final value for both sexes were 10.1 (period I), 31.5 (period II), and 39.8 mg BW0.67 kg−1 (period III). Expressed as body protein weight at maturity (BPm), the LMR were 172 and 148 (period I), 216 and 207 (period II), and 189 and 180 mg BPm0.73 kg−1 (period III) for males and females, respectively. The results provided ranges of LMR values recommended in previous studies, validating this procedure. The procedure to estimate the requirements presented here provides new insights into the model of amino acid requirement estimations.

RESUMO Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da substituição do calcário pela farinha de casca de ovo de codorna sobre o desempenho zootécnico, a qualidade dos ovos e a eficiência econômica de codornas japonesas no pico de postura (11 a 20 semanas de idade), foram utilizadas 210 codornas em um período experimental com duração de 63 dias, divididos em três períodos de 21 dias cada. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, composto de cinco tratamentos (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100% de substituição de calcário calcítico por casca de ovo), seis repetições e sete aves por unidade experimental. Avaliou-se o consumo de ração, produção de ovo/ave/dia, produção de ovo ave/alojada, produção de ovos comercializáveis, viabilidade, conversão alimentar massa de ovos, índice de Seedor, teor de cálcio na tíbia e porcentagem de cálcio excretado. Para avaliação da qualidade dos ovos, foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis: peso do ovo, peso específico, porcentagem da gema, de albúmen e de casca e espessura da casca. A eficiência econômica foi avaliada no ovo in natura e no ovo industrializado. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas utilizando o software SAS, 2010 (Statistical Analysis System, versão 9.2). Não houve efeito significativo da substituição do calcário calcítico por farinha de casca de ovo sobre o desempenho zootécnico, porcentagem de cálcio na tíbia e qualidade de ovos. Entretanto, a porcentagem de albúmen e a porcentagem de cálcio excretado foram alterados significativamente. A substituição do calcário pela farinha de casca de ovo nas rações resultou na melhora dos índices de eficiência econômica. É possível substituir em 100% a farinha de casca de ovo em rações para codornas japonesas em postura.

ABSTRACT Were evaluated the effects of substituting limestone with quail eggshell powder on the zootechnical performance, egg quality, and economic efficiency of Japanese quails during peak egg production (11-20 weeks old). The experimental period was 63 days, divided into three 20-day periods. A completely randomized experimental design was used with five treatments (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% substitution of limestone by eggshell powder), six repetitions, and seven birds per experimental unit, for a total of 210 quails. Feed intake, production of egg/bird/day, egg production per bird housed, marketable egg production, egg viability, feed conversion per egg mass, Seedor index, tibia calcium content, and percentage of calcium excreted were determined. The following variables for egg quality were analyzed: egg weight, specific weight, percentage of egg yolk, albumen and shell, and shell thickness. Economic efficiency was evaluated in fresh and industrialized eggs. Statistical analyses were performed using the SAS software, version 9.2 (2010). Substitution of limestone for eggshell powder had no significant effect on zootechnical performance, tibia calcium content, or egg quality. However, there were significant effects on the percentages of albumen and calcium excreted. The substitution of limestone by eggshell powder in quail feed resulted in higher economic efficiency indexes. These results indicate that the use of 100% eggshell powder in the feed of Japanese laying quails is viable.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do nível de substituição do gérmen integral de milho (GIM) sobre os valores energéticos obtidos pelos métodos de Matterson e da regressão. Foram utilizadas 120 aves com 45 semanas de idade, da linhagem Embrapa 051. O ensaio foi delineado inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições de 4 aves. Os tratamentos foram compostos pela ração referência (RR) e quatro níveis de substituição da RR (10, 20, 30 e 40% pelo GIM). Foi utilizado o método de coleta total de excretas. As variáveis analisadas foram: energia metabolizável aparente (EMA), aparente corrigida para o balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn), tempo (TP) e taxa de passagem (TxP) do GIM. A relação entre as variáveis e os níveis de GIM foi estudada por análise de regressão. O tempo e a taxa de passagem foram afetados linearmente pelo nível de substituição do GIM. Os valores de EMA e EMAn foram reduzidos com o aumento do nível de substituição até 31,4 e 32,2% de GIM, respectivamente. O método da regressão proporcionou melhores estimativas para EMA e EMAn do GIM. Os valores de EMA e EMAn do GIM para aves de postura foram 5,161 e 5,066 kcal g-1, respectivamente.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the substitution level of corn germ meal (CGM) on energy values obtained with Matterson's method and regression analysis. One hundred twenty laying hens from Embrapa 051 strain with 45 weeks of age, were used. The trial design was completely randomised, with five treatments and six replications of four birds. The treatments consisted of the reference feed (RF) and four other diets with dietary substitution levels of RF by CGM (10, 20, 30 and 40%). The method of total excreta collection was used. The variables analysed were: apparent metabolizable energy (AME), AME corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn), time (T) and passage rate (PR) of the CGM. The relationship between the variables and levels of CGM was studied with regression analysis. The time and passage rate were linearly affected by the level of substitution of the CGM; with increases in the level of substitution. The values for AME and AMEn were reduced by 31.4% and 32.2% CGM respectively. The regression method provides better estimates for AME and AMEn of the CGM. In laying hens the CGM values for AME and AMEn were 5.161 and 5.066 kcal g-1, respectively.

An outstanding feature of poultry production that provides animal protein yield for human feeding is its short production cycle. This characteristic has a linear relationship with waste production. Increasing the inclusion of this residue in diets in the near future is desirable in step with the growth of poultry production since it offers a better environmental and nutritional alternative to current methods. We evaluated the effects on the performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens produced by the inclusion of poultry offal meal (POM) in their feed. Treatments consisted of a control diet (corn, Zea mays and soybean, Glycine max) and four diets with inclusion of 30, 60, 90 and 120 g kg-1 of POM. The diets were formulated based on the level of digestible amino acid once categorized as isocalcic, isophosphoric, isosodic, isoenergetic and isonutritive for protein, methionine+cystine, lysine and threonine. The feed's electrolytes were corrected so that each diet had the same electrolytic balance. The variables analyzed were feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, body weight, carcass yield, chicken cut yield and abdominal fat. Feed intake was not affected by the quantities of POM added. The weight gain, feed conversion, carcass yield and noble cuts presented quadratic responses to the treatments. Abdominal fat increased linearly. The performance of the poultry, and carcass characteristics were maximized by the inclusion of 53 and 65 g kg-1, respectively, of POM in the diet, and the inclusion of 120 g kg-1 of POM provided greater disposition of abdominal fat.

Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar o efeito da idade sobre os coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal aparente dos nutrientes, da energia bruta e os valores de energia digestível do gérmen integral de milho para frangos de corte. Quatro ensaios de digestibilidade foram realizados com 280 aves de corte (Cobb 500) distribuídas em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos avaliados consistiram das diferentes idades das aves: 10, 20, 30 e 40 dias. A quantidade de aves utilizadas nos ensaios foram: dez, oito, seis e quatro em cada unidade experimental, nas diferentes idades avaliadas, respectivamente. Os resultados foram analisados considerando-se como variável dependente a digestibilidade ileal aparente da matéria seca, da proteína bruta, do extrato etéreo e da energia bruta, matéria seca digestível, proteína bruta digestível, extrato etéreo digestível e energia digestível e como variável independente as idades (10, 20, 30 e 40 dias). Os resultados obtidos para as variáveis analisadas revelaram que a idade da ave exerceu influência apenas nos coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal da matéria seca e da energia bruta. A energia digestível do gérmen integral de milho aumentou cerca de 13 kcal kg-1 dia-1 até a idade avaliada (40 dias).

The objective of this research study was to evaluate the effect of age on the apparent ileal digestibility coefficient of nutrients, gross energy and digestible energy of corn germ meal for broilers. Four digestibility trials were conducted using 280 broilers (Cobb 500) distributed in a completely randomized design with two treatments and five replications, repeated at four ages (10, 20, 30 and 40 days). The number of birds used in the tests was 10, 8, 6 and 4 birds per experimental unit at the different ages. The results were analyzed considering as dependent variable the apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract and gross energy, digestible dry matter, digestible crude protein, lipid and digestible energy; and ages (10, 20, 30 and 40 days) as the independent variable. The results for the variables showed that bird age exerted influence only in the ileal digestibility of dry matter and gross energy. The digestible energy of corn germ meal increased by about 13 kcal kg-1 day-1 up to the evaluated age (40 days).

Objetivou-se determinar a composição físico-química e o valor energético dos farelos de goiaba e de tomate para frangos de corte de crescimento lento. Analisou-se a composição químico-fisica e, em seguida, realizou-se ensaio de metabolismo utilizando-se 60 frangos da linhagem Caipirão, com 65 dias de idade, distribuídos ao acaso em três tratamentos e cinco repetições de quatro aves por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma ração-referência e duas rações-teste, formuladas com 70% da ração-referência e 30% de farelo de goiaba ou tomate. O experimento teve duração de dez dias, cinco para adaptação das aves às rações e cinco para coleta total das excretas. A composição químico-física dos farelos de tomate e de goiaba (na matéria natural) foi: 90,81 e 91,96% de matéria seca (MS); 10,09 e 21,74% de proteína bruta (PB); 11,71 e 12,01% de extrato etéreo (EE); 1,25 e 4,76% de matéria mineral (MM); 55,62 e 43,66% de fibra bruta (FB); 64,06 e 51,53% de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN); 57,38 e 42,22% de fibra em detergente ácido (FDA); 6,67 e 9,32% de hemicelulose; 4.290 e 4.368 kcal/kg de energia bruta (EB), 576,32 e 201,90 g/L de densidade; e 1.271,56 e 1.092,66 µm de diâmetro geométrico médio, respectivamente. Para os aminoácidos, os valores encontrados foram: 0,17 e 0,33% de metionina; 0,32 e 0,30% de cistina; 0,16 e 1,12% de lisina; 0,23 e 0,75% de treonina; 1,47 e 1,57% de arginina; 0,32 e 0,78% de isoleucina; 0,71 e 1,27% de leucina; 0,39 e 0,90% de valina; 0,25 e 0,43% de histidina; 0,44 e 0,93% de fenilalanina; 0,85 e 1,08% de glicina; 0,42 e 0,99% de serina; 0,30 e 1,05% de prolina; 0,35 e 0,945 de alanina; 0,97 e 2,19% de ácido aspartico; 1,91 e 3,105 de ácido glutâmico, respectivamente. Os valores de energia metabolizável aparente corrigida, com base na matéria natural, foram 1.436 e 1.969 kcal/kg, respectivamente.

The objective of this work was to determine the physicochemical composition and metabolizable energy values of guava and tomato meal for free range broilers. The physicochemical composition was analyzed and later the metabolism assay was performed with sixty Caipirão lineage 65-day-old free range broilers distributed in a completely randomized design with three treatments and five replicates of four birds each. The treatments were: reference diet and two test diets, one with 70% of reference diet and 30% of guava residue meal and another with 30% of tomato residue meal. The experiment lasted ten days, five for adaptations and five for the total excreta collection. The physicochemical composition of the guava and tomato residue was: 90.81 and 91.96% of DM; 10.09 and 21.74% of CP; 11.71 and 12.01% of EE; 1.25 and 4.76% of ASH, 55.62 and 43.66% of CF; 64.06 and 51.53% of NFD; 57.38 and 42.22% of AFD; 6.67 and 9.32% of hemicellulose; 4,724 and 4,750 kcal/kg GE, 576.32 and 201.90 g/L densities and geometric diameter of the particles 1,271.56 and 1,092.66 µm. The amino acids profile was: 0.17 and 0.33% of methionine; 0.32 and 0.30% of cystine; 0.16 and 1.12% of lysine; 0.23 and 0.75% of threonine; 1.47 and 1.57% of arginine; 0.32 and 0.78% of isoleucine; 0.71 and 1.27% of leucine; 0.39 and 0.90% of valine; 0.25 and 0.43% of histidine; 0.44 and 0.93% of phenylalanine; 0.85 and 1.08% of glycine; 0.42 and 0.99% of serine; 0.30 and 1.05% of proline; 0.35 and 0.945 of alanine; 0.97 and 2.19% of aspartic acid; 1.91 and 3.105 of glutamic acid, respectively. The apparent metabolizable energy values were: 1.436 and 1.969 kcal/kg, respectively, for guava and tomato residues.