ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to analyze whether the use of green manures in association with rock phosphate rates can guarantee corn yields to family farmers. An experiment was conducted with six types of green manures: Mucuna cinereum, Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria ochroleuca, Cajanus cajan, Pennisetum glaucum and a weedy fallow control treatment; and three rates of phosphorus (0, 50 and 100 kg P2O5 ha-1) in a complete randomized block design. The management with Crotalaria juncea achieved the highest dry mass yield (39.3 Mg ha-1) and in year 2 (2016), with the water deficit during the corn cultivation, led to an increase of the root/shoot mass ratio, as well as presented the lowest water deficit sensitivity index (Ky), indicating that it can be an alternative for managing climate change. The highest corn yield (7510 kg ha-1) was obtained in the management with the Crotalaria ochroleuca, which defines it as a technically and economically viable alternative for family farming, with corn yield exceeding the average yield of the State of Mato Grosso and production cost lower than the average production cost of corn in the State of Mato Grosso.

RESUMO A agricultura familiar é importante para a produção de alimentos destinados ao consumo humano, porém é carente de recursos para investir na fertilidade do solo de suas lavouras. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar se o uso de adubos verdes aumenta a fertilidade do solo quanto os nutrientes N, P e K com baixo risco ambiental para a produção agrícola familiar. Foi implantado um experimento no Estado de Mato Grosso (Brasil), em Delineamento em Blocos Casualizados, Fatorial 6 x 3, com 4 repetições, sendo 6 tipos de plantas e 3 doses de fósforo. As plantas de adubação verde leguminosas foram: mucuna-cinza, Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria ochroleuca e guandu-anão, também se utilizou parcelas com milheto e vegetações espontâneas. Foi aplicado o fosfato natural reativo nas doses de 0, 50 e 100 kg P2O5 ha-1. As espécies utilizadas como adubos verdes foram cortadas no pleno florescimento e determinados os teores de N, P, K e C nas plantas e no solo. As plantas de adubação verde leguminosas, após mineralização, elevaram os estoques de N, P e K do solo. Crotalaria juncea foi à que alcançou o maior acúmulo de N em sua constituição Este trabalho concluiu que os manejos com plantas de adubação verde, com destaque para Crotalaria ochroleuca, são alternativas técnicas recomendáveis para a agricultura familiar.

ABSTRACT Family farming is important for the production of food for human consumption, but it lacks resources to invest in the soil fertility of its crops. The objective of this study was to analyze whether the use of green manures increases soil fertility in terms of the nutrients N, P and K with low environmental risk for family agricultural production. An experiment was set up in the State of Mato Grosso (Brazil), in randomized complete block design, with a 6 x 3 factorial scheme, four replications, corresponding to 6 types of plants and 3 doses of phosphorus. Leguminous green manure plants were: velvet bean, Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria ochroleuca and dwarf pigeon pea, in addition to plots with pearl millet and weedy fallow control. Rock phosphate (i.e., reactive natural phosphate) was applied as a source of phosphorus at 0, 50 and 100 kg P2O5 ha-1. The species used as green manure were cut in full bloom and the levels of N, P, K and C in plants and soil were determined. Leguminous green manure plants, after mineralization, increased the stocks of N, P and K in the soil. Crotalaria juncea was the one that reached the highest N accumulation in its constitution, being recommended in the intercropping with species with C/N ratio > 30 to minimize risks of contamination with nitrate in the soil. This work concluded that the managements with green manure plants, especially Crotalaria ochroleuca, are recommended and environmentally safe technical alternatives for family farming.

O processo erosivo é a principal causa de degradação dos solos, trazendo, como consequência, prejuízos ao setor agrícola e ao meio ambiente, com reflexos econômicos e também sociais. Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar as perdas de solo e nutrientes em diferentes sistemas de preparo num Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo ácrico típico. Foram instaladas cinco parcelas experimentais contendo os seguintes tratamentos: preparo convencional e cultivo morro abaixo (CMA); preparo convencional e plantio em nível (CEN); preparo com uma grade aradora e uma niveladora e plantio em nível (CNiv); preparo com duas gradagens niveladoras, plantio em nível (NA) e cultivo mínimo em nível (CMN). As perdas de solo foram determinadas pelo método direto durante o ciclo da cultura de algodão, de dezembro de 2005 a junho de 2006. A cada coleta foram retiradas amostras de solo para quantificar as perdas dos nutrientes N, P, K e carbono orgânico (C-org) nos sedimentos. A diminuição no revolvimento do solo proporcionou menores perdas de sedimento, nutrientes e C-org, destacando o CMN como o mais eficiente. As perdas de N, P, K e C-org nos sedimentos apresentaram tendências semelhantes às das perdas de solo, e N, P e K variaram conforme as adubações utilizadas. O C-org foi encontrado em maior quantidade no sedimento. A taxa de infiltração básica (TIB) expressou diferença entre os tratamentos na seguinte ordem em valores crescentes: CMA < CEN<img src="/img/revistas/rbcs/v33n3/a21apro.gif" align="absmiddle"> CNiv<img src="/img/revistas/rbcs/v33n3/a21apro.gif" align="absmiddle"> NA < CMN, demonstrando que os sistemas de preparo que minimizam a movimentação do solo e incrementam C-org aumentam a TIB e diminuem o processo erosivo.

Erosion is the main cause of soil degradation, and it leads to adverse effects to agriculture and environment, with social and economic implications. The objective of this study was to evaluate soil and nutrient losses in different soil tillage systems in a typic Acric Red-Yellow Latosol (Oxisol). On five plots with the following soil tillage treatments were evaluated: conventional tillage and down-slope tillage (CMA); conventional tillage and contour seeding (CEN); tillage with one passage of heavy disk harrow and one passage of leveling harrow and contour seeding (CNiv); tillage with two passages of leveling harrow and contour seeding (NA) and no tillage and contour seeding (CMN). The soil losses were determined by the direct method during the cotton crop cycle, from December 2005 to June 2006. Along each runoff sampling, soil samples were withdrawn to quantify the losses of N, P, K and organic carbon (C-org) in the sediments. Decreasing soil tillage lessened the losses of sediments, nutrients and organic carbon, indicating that the CMN treatment was the most efficient. The trends for N, P, K and C-org losses in the sediments were similar to the soil losses. N, P and K varied according to the fertilizers used. The constituent with the highest concentration in the sediment was C in organic compounds. The basic infiltration rate differed among the treatments in the following order: CMA < CEN <img src="/img/revistas/rbcs/v33n3/a21apro.gif" align="absmiddle"> CNiv <img src="/img/revistas/rbcs/v33n3/a21apro.gif" align="absmiddle"> NA < CMN, indicating that tillage systems that reduced soil revolving and increased organic C, increased the basic infiltration rate and decreased soil erosion.