Resumen Realizamos un estudio comparativo de los patrones de actividad del jaguar y el puma dentro de un mosaico de áreas protegidas (AMR) y en un rancho ganadero (CR) en Pantanal, Brasil, para comprender mejor sus patrones de actividad en estos paisajes. Presumimos que los patrones de actividad del jaguar y el puma estarían sesgados al período nocturno en la ganadería, pero no en las áreas protegidas. Utilizamos datos de cámaras trampa analizados a través de un enfoque de densidad kernel no paramétrico para explorar las relaciones temporales interespecíficas e intraespecíficas entre estas especies en ambos sitios. Obtuvimos 71 registros independientes de jaguar y 29 de puma en AMR, y 85 registros independientes de jaguar y 26 de puma en CR. Los patrones de actividad de jaguares y pumas difirieron entre sitios, siendo ambos catemerales en AMR, pero nocturnos en CR con superposiciones de moderadas a altas, de acuerdo con nuestra hipótesis. En general, nuestros datos sugieren que la ganadería no es incompatible con la existencia de jaguares y pumas, sino que moldea su patrón de actividades.

Abstract We conducted a comparative study of jaguar and puma activity patterns within a mosaic of protected areas (AMR) and on a cattle ranch (CR) in Pantanal, Brazil, to better understand their activity patterns in these landscapes. We hypothesized that the activity patterns of the jaguar and puma would be biased to the nocturnal period within the cattle ranch but not in the protected areas. We used data from camera traps analyzed through a non-parametric kernel density approach to explore interspecific and intraspecific temporal relationships between these species at both sites. We obtained 71 jaguar and 29 puma independent records at AMR, and 85 jaguar and 26 puma independent records at CR. Activity patterns of jaguars and pumas differed between sites, both being cathemeral in AMR, but nocturnal at CR with moderate to high overlaps, concordant with our hypothesis. Overall, our data suggest that the cattle ranching is not incompatible with the existence of jaguars and pumas but does shape their pattern of activities.

Resumen Los manglares representan un ambiente de gran heterogeneidad y baja diversidad de especies vegetales que tienen adaptaciones estructurales y fisiológicas ligadas a un ambiente de alta salinidad. Laguncularia racemosa es una especie de árbol típico en los manglares y en zonas de transición. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la anatomía de la madera de L. racemosa (Combretaceae) en dos bosques distintos (manglares y bosques de transición) que tienen diferentes condiciones edáficas. Para esto se obtuvieron muestras de madera y suelo en marzo 2016. Se analizaron los contenidos nutricionales de una muestra de suelo de 15 cm de espesor por tipo de bosque. Además, se seleccionaron cinco árboles de mangle en cada formación para el análisis de la anatomía de la madera y se tomó una muestra de cada individuo por área. Se prepararon láminas histológicas y se separaron los materiales siguiendo métodos convencionales para estudios de anatomía de la madera. El análisis del suelo mostró que en el manglar hay mayor contenido de fósforo, potasio y calcio. El suelo del bosque de transición tiene menor salinidad del agua capilar y pH del suelo, probablemente debido a los altos niveles de aluminio. Los atributos anatómicos difirieron entre las distintas poblaciones de bosque. En los distintos aspectos de la madera evaluados, se obtuvieron valores más altos en los individuos del manglar comparados con los de la población del bosque de transición: longitud de los elementos de los vasos (375.79 mm), diámetro de los vasos tangenciales (75.85 mm), frecuencia de vasos (11.90 mm) y longitud de la fibra (889.89 mm). Además, la altura de los rayos de parénquima fue mayor en las muestras del bosque de transición (392.80 mm) mientras que la población de manglar presentó rayos más anchos (29.38 mm). La estructura del xilema secundario en la especie estudiada aparentemente responde a los parámetros edáficos y muestra variaciones que le permiten adecuarse a las condiciones ambientales. La población del bosque de transición mostró un xilema secundario que invierte más en protección que la población del manglar.

Abstract Mangroves represent an environment of great heterogeneity and low diversity of plant species that have structural and physiological adaptations linked to a high salinity environment. Laguncularia racemosa is a typical tree species in mangroves and transitional zones. This study aimed to compare the wood anatomy of L. racemosa (Combretaceae) in two different forests (mangroves and transitional forests), which have different soil conditions. For this, we obtained wood and soil samples in March 2016. We analyzed soil nutritional contents in one 15 cm deep soil sample per forest type. In addition, we selected five mangrove trees in each formation for wood anatomy analysis and took one wood sample per individual, per area. We prepared histological slides and separated materials following standard methods for wood anatomy studies. Soil analysis showed that mangrove soils had higher phosphorus, potassium and calcium contents. The transitional soil had lower pore water salinity and soil pH, probably due to high aluminum levels. Anatomical attributes differed between different forest populations. In the different wood aspects evaluated, we obtained higher values in mangrove individuals when compared to the transitional forest population: vessel elements length (375.79 mm), tangential vessels diameter (75.85 mm), frequency of vessels (11.90 mm) and fiber length (889.89 mm). Moreover, parenchyma rays height was larger in the samples of the transitional forest (392.80 mm), while the mangrove population presented wider rays (29.38 mm). The structure of the secondary xylem in the studied species apparently responds to edaphic parameters and shows variations that allow it to adjust to the environmental conditions. The population of the transitional forest showed a secondary xylem that invests more in protection than the mangrove population. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(2): 647-657. Epub 2018 June 01.

Esse estudo avaliou comparativamente os parâmetros fitossociológicos da regeneração natural e da vegetação arbórea em dois manguezais distintos no Estado do Paraná, um pertencente à Baía de Paranaguá (manguezal de Antonina) e outro à Baía de Guaratuba (manguezal de Guaratuba). Em cada área, três subáreas foram marcadas e amostradas cinco parcelas de 10 x 10 m para avaliação do componente arbóreo e quinze subparcelas de 1 x 1 m para avaliação da regeneração natural. Avicennia schaueriana, Rhizophora mangle e Laguncularia racemosa exibiram domínio e densidade relativa distintos entre as áreas. Manguezais de Antonina e Guaratuba diferiram tanto na estrutura da regeneração natural como no componente arbóreo. A Análise de Coordenadas Principais (PCoA) mostrou que as diferenças entre as áreas em relação às variáveis abióticas do solo estão fortemente relacionadas com os parâmetros estruturais do componente arbóreo dos manguezais. Os fatores edáficos dos manguezais têm grande importância na separação entre as áreas, já que reflete na capacidade de adaptação das plantas.

We analyzed the structures of two mangrove forests of Paraná (Brazil) (Antonina Bay and Guaratuba Bay), considering adult trees and regeneration component. In each area, we marked three sub-areas and sampled five plots of 10 x 10 m, equivalent to 0.05 ha to adults trees and fifteen 1 x 1m sub-plots to assess the regeneration component. Avicennia schaueriana, Rhizophora mangle and Laguncularia racemosa exhibited distinct dominance and relative density between the areas. Mangroves of Antonina and Guaratuba differed both in the structure of natural regeneration as the tree component. The Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) show that differences between areas in relation to abiotic variables of soil are strongly related to the structural parameters of trees. The different types of mangrove soil are the most significant factor in the differentiation between the mangrove areas since influences the salinity values and consequent adaptability of plants.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to understand the different morpho-physiological strategies of Ligustrum lucidum, an invasive species occurring in Brazilian forest fragments under heterogeneous light conditions. Ten individuals of L. lucidum were selected and evaluated for morphological of the leaves and physiological traits. For morphological parameters were evaluated: length, width, area, angle, petiole length, dried mass, total thickness, palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma thickness, abaxial and adaxial epidermis thickness, stomata density, leaf density and specific leaf area. The physiological traits were vapor-pressure deficit, assimilation rate, CO2 sub-stomata concentration, intrinsic water-use efficiency, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance. All the physiological variables and most morphological variables presented significant differences between light conditions. Phenotypic plasticity indexes were not high as expected. However, phenotypic integration among the morphological and physiological attributes appeared to explain better these results, as observed on the relationship among assimilation rates, palisade parenchyma thickness and SLA. Phenotypic integration could increase the species adaptive responses efficiency, making it more competitive to occupy and to establish in new niches.

Os atributos morfológicos que influenciam a arquitetura foliar de Odontenema strictum foram investigados em duas condições de luminosidade. Ramos de 15 indivíduos de sol e sombra foram coletados no Centro Politécnico da Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR. O ângulo, área, massa seca, espessura e densidade das folhas, comprimento, diâmetro, massa seca e volume do pecíolo foram mensurados. Os comprimentos do interno e do pecíolo foram significantemente maiores em folhas de sombra, enquanto que as demais variáveis foram maiores nas folhas de sol. As variações morfológicas de O. strictum não corresponderam àquelas encontradas em outros estudos, sob as mesmas condições. Os ajustes morfológicos e a ação combinada dos mesmos parecem ser determinantes na definição do melhor padrão de arquitetura da folha numa dada condição de luz, permitindo assim que a espécie amplie a exploração em nichos mais ricos em recursos, principalmente nos ambientes mais heterogêneos quanto à condição de luz.

This study investigated the morphological characteristics that influence the foliar architecture of Odontonema strictum, under two light conditions. Branches of 15 individuals from high and low light were collected at the "Centro Politécnico" of the Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR. Leaf angle, leaf area, dried mass, lamina thickness, foliar density, length, diameter, dried mass and volume of the petiole were analyzed. Mean length of the internodes and petioles were greater in low light condition while the remaining traits showed statistically greater mean values in high light condition. The morphological variations observed for O. strictum did not agree with the data described in other studies, under the same conditions. The morphological adjustments and their combined action seem to be determinant of the best leaf architecture pattern on a given light condition, allowing the species expand the exploitation of niches with more resources, especially those with heterogeneous environments related to light conditions.