ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy among Brazilian women with preterm births and to compare the epidemiological characteristics and perinatal outcomes among preterm births of women with and without hypertension. Methods This was a secondary cross-sectional analysis of the Brazilian Multicenter Study on Preterm Birth. During the study period, all women with preterm births were included and further split into two groups according to the occurrence of any hypertensive disorder during pregnancy. Prevalence ratios were calculated for each variable. Maternal characteristics, prenatal care, and gestational and perinatal outcomes were compared between the two groups using χ2 and t-tests. Results A total of 4,150 women with preterm births were included, and 1,169 (28.2%) were identified as having hypertensive disorders. Advanced maternal age (prevalence ratio (PR) 2.49) and obesity (PR= 2.64) were more common in the hypertensive group. The gestational outcomes were worse in women with hypertension. Early preterm births were also more frequent in women with hypertension. Conclusion Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy were frequent among women with preterm births, and provider-initiated preterm births were the leading causes of premature births in this group. The factors significantly associated with hypertensive disorders among women with preterm births were obesity, excessive weight gain, and higher maternal age. hypertension crosssectional cross sectional Birth period variable care χ ttests. ttests t tests. tests t-tests 4150 4 150 4,15 1169 1 169 1,16 28.2% 282 28 2 (28.2% PR (PR 2.49 249 49 PR= 2.64 264 64 group providerinitiated provider initiated gain 415 15 4,1 116 16 1,1 28.2 (28.2 2.4 24 2.6 26 6 41 4, 11 1, 28. (28. 2. (28 (2 (

ABSTRACT Objective The objective was to compare the maternal and perinatal characteristics and outcomes between women with and without diabetes in a Brazilian cohort of women with preterm births. Methods This was an ancillary analysis of the Brazilian Multicenter Study on Preterm Birth, which included 4,150 preterm births. This analysis divided preterm births into two groups according to the presence of diabetes; pregestational and gestational diabetes were clustered in the same Diabetes Group. Differences between both groups were assessed using χ 2 or Student’s t tests. Results Preterm births of 133 and 4,017 women with and without diabetes, respectively, were included. The prevalence of diabetes was 3.2%. Pregnant women aged ≥35 years were more common in the Diabetes Group (31.6% versus 14.0% non-diabetic women, respectively). The rate of cesarean section among patients with diabetes was 68.2% versus 52.3% in non-diabetic cases), with a gestational age at birth between 34 and 36 weeks in 78.9% of the cases and 62.1% of the controls. Large-for-gestational-age babies were 7 times more common in the Diabetes Group. Conclusion Preterm birth among Brazilian women with diabetes was more than twice as prevalent; these women were older and had regular late preterm deliveries, usually by cesarean section. They also had a greater frequency of fetal morbidities, such as malformations and polyhydramnios, and a higher proportion of large-for-gestational-age and macrosomic neonates. Birth 4150 4 150 4,15 Students Student s tests 13 4017 017 4,01 respectively 32 3 3.2% 35 ≥3 31.6% 316 31 6 (31.6 140 14 0 14.0 nondiabetic non diabetic respectively. . respectively) 682 68 68.2 523 52 52.3 cases, , cases) 789 78 9 78.9 621 62 1 62.1 controls Largeforgestationalage Large for prevalent deliveries morbidities polyhydramnios largeforgestationalage large neonates 415 15 4,1 401 01 4,0 3.2 ≥ 31.6 (31. 14. 68. 5 52. 78. 62. 41 4, 40 3. 31. (31 (3 (

Resumo Objetivo Comparar as taxas de mortalidade por COVID-19 entre gestantes ou puérperas e não gestantes durante a primeira e segunda ondas da pandemia brasileira. Métodos Na presente avaliação dos dados do Sistema de Informação da Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gripe (SIVEP-Gripe), incluímos mulheres com síndrome respiratória aguda grave por COVID-19: 47.768 em 2020 (4.853 obstétricas versus 42.915 não obstétricas) e 66.689 em 2021 (5.208 obstétricas versus 61.481 não obstétricas) e estimamos a frequência de óbito intra-hospitalar. Resultados Identificamos 377 óbitos maternos em 2020 e 804 em 2021. A taxa de mortalidade por COVID-19 aumentou 2,0 vezes no grupo obstétrico (de 7,7 para 15,4%) e 1,6 vezes no grupo não obstétrico (de 13,9 para 22,9%) de 2020 a 2021 (odds ratio [OR]: 0,52; intervalo de confiança [IC] 95%: 0,47–0,58 em 2020 e OR: 0,61; IC95%: 0,56–0,66 em 2021; p <0,05). Em mulheres com comorbidades, a taxa de óbitos aumentou 1,7 vezes (de 13,3 para 23,3%) e 1,4 vezes (de 22,8 para 31,4%) para os grupos obstétricos e não obstétricos, respectivamente (OR: 0,52; IC95%: 0,44–0,61 em 2020 para OR: 0,66; IC95%: 0,59–0,73 em 2021; p <0,05). Em mulheres sem comorbidades, a taxa de mortalidade foi maior para as não obstétricas (2,4 vezes; de 6,6% para 15,7%) do que para mulheres obstétricas (1,8 vezes; de 5,5 para 10,1%; OR: 0,81; IC95%: 0,69–0,95 em 2020 e OR: 0,60; IC95%: 0,58–0,68 em 2021; p < 0,05). Conclusão Houve aumento das mortes maternas por COVID-19 em 2021 em relação a 2020, principalmente naquelas com comorbidades. As taxas de mortalidade foram ainda maiores em mulheres não grávidas, com ou sem comorbidades.

Abstract Objective To compare death rates by COVID-19 between pregnant or postpartum and nonpregnant women during the first and second waves of the Brazilian pandemic. Methods In the present population-based evaluation data from the Sistema de Informação da Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gripe (SIVEP-Gripe, in the Portuguese acronym), we included women with c (ARDS) by COVID-19: 47,768 in 2020 (4,853 obstetric versus 42,915 nonobstetric) and 66,689 in 2021 (5,208 obstetric versus 61,481 nonobstetric) and estimated the frequency of in-hospital death. Results We identified 377 maternal deaths in 2020 (first wave) and 804 in 2021 (second wave). The death rate increased 2.0-fold for the obstetric (7.7 to 15.4%) and 1.6-fold for the nonobstetric groups (13.9 to 22.9%) from 2020 to 2021 (odds ratio [OR]: 0.52; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.47–0.58 in 2020 and OR: 0.61; 95%CI: 0.56– 0.66 in 2021; p < 0.05). In women with comorbidities, the death rate increased 1.7-fold (13.3 to 23.3%) and 1.4-fold (22.8 to 31.4%) in the obstetric and nonobstetric groups, respectively (OR: 0.52; 95%CI: 0.44–0.61 in 2020 to OR: 0.66; 95%CI: 0.59–0.73 in 2021; p <0.05). In women without comorbidities, the mortality rate was higher for nonobstetric (2.4 times; 6.6 to 15.7%) than for obstetric women (1.8 times; 5.5 to 10.1%; OR: 0.81; 95%CI: 0.69–0.95 in 2020 and OR: 0.60; 95%CI: 0.58–0.68 in 2021; p <0.05). Conclusion There was an increase in maternal deaths from COVID-19 in 2021 compared with 2020, especially in patients with comorbidities. Death rates were even higher in nonpregnant women, with or without comorbidities.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The main aim of this study was to assess the associated factors for selective mediolateral episiotomy at a tertiary, academic hospital. METHODS: A retrospective cohort analysis between 2017 and 2019 was performed. The primary outcome was the prevalence of selective mediolateral episiotomy. Independent variables were maternal, intrapartum, and neonatal characteristics. A significance level of 5% was established, and univariate and multivariate analyses with logistic regression models were performed. RESULTS: From 2,761 vaginal deliveries eligible for inclusion during this period, the prevalence of selective mediolateral episiotomy was 18.7%. Univariate analysis has shown that non-white women were protective factors (OR=0.77 [0.63–0.96]; p=0.02) for episiotomy; primiparity (OR=2.61 [2.12–3.21]; p<0.01), number of vaginal examinations between 6–10 repetitions (OR=3.16 [2.48–4.01]; p<0.01) and 11–20 repetitions (OR=5.40 [3.69–7.90]; p<0.01), longer second stage duration (OR=1.01 [1.00–1.02]; p<0.01), and women with gestational age more than 37 weeks were risk factors. Multivariate analysis reported that second stage duration (AOR=1.01 [1.00–1.03]; p<0.01), primiparity (AOR=2.03 [1.34–3.06]; p<0.01), and number of vaginal examinations between 6–10 repetitions (AOR=2.36 [1.50–3.70]; p<0.01) and 11–20 repetitions (AOR=3.29 [1.74–6.20]; p<0.01) were remained as risk factors for selective mediolateral episiotomy. CONCLUSION: A higher number of vaginal examinations during labor (over six repetitions), longer duration of second stage labor, and primiparity were risk factors associated with selective mediolateral episiotomy.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar o uso da tocólise em partos prematuros decorrentes de trabalho de parto espontâneo numa amostra brasileira. Métodos Um total de 1.491 mulheres com parto prematuro decorrente de trabalho de parto espontâneo foram avaliadas, considerando a realização de tocólise ou conduta expectante, de acordo com a idade gestacional ao nascimento (< 34 semanas e 34 a 36 þ 6 semanas) e com as drogas prescritas. O estudo ocorreu em 20 hospitais brasileiros, de abril de 2011a julho de 2012. Análises bivariadas foram realizadas para avaliar associações com características sociodemográficas e obstétricas. Foram calculadas as relações de probabilidade comseus respectivos intervalos de confiança (95%) para os desfechos neonatais e maternos. Resultados Um total de 1.491 casos de partos prematuros foram considerados, e a tocólise foi realizada em 342 (23%) casos, dos quais 233 (68,1%) tiveram partos antes das 34 semanas. No grupo da conduta expectante, 73% forampré-termos tardios e com trabalho de parto mais avançado à admissão. As drogas mais utilizadas foram os bloqueadores do canal de cálcio (62.3%), seguidos pelos betamiméticos (33%). No grupo da tocólise houvemais complicações neonatais ematernas (maioria não grave) e um uso de corticosteroides 29 vezes mais frequente que nos casos de conduta expectante. Conclusão A tocólise foi mais favorável nos casos de trabalho de parto inicial e nos partos realizados antes de 34 semanas de gestação, usando preferencialmente bloqueadores do canal de cálcio, comsucesso em realizar altas taxas de corticoterapia. A tocólise esteve associada a maiores taxas de complicações maternas e neonatais, o que pode ser explicado pela diferença basal dos casos à admissão. Entretanto, esses resultados devem acender um alerta em relação ao uso de tocolíticos.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the use of tocolysis in cases of preterm birth due to spontaneous preterm labor in a Brazilian sample. Methods A sample of 1,491 women with preterm birth due to spontaneous preterm labor were assessed, considering treatment with tocolysis or expectant management, according to gestational age at birth (< 34 weeks and 34 to 36 þ 6 weeks) and drugs prescribed. The study took place in 20 Brazilian hospitals from April 2011 to July 2012. Bivariate analyses were conducted to evaluate associations with sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics and odds ratios with their respective 95% confidence intervals were estimated for maternal and neonatal outcomes. Results A total of 1,491 cases of preterm birth were considered. Tocolysis was performed in 342 cases (23%), 233 of which (68.1%) were delivered before 34 weeks. Within the expectant management group, 73% was late preterm and with more advanced labor at the time of admission. The most used drugs were calcium channel blockers (62.3%), followed by betamimetics (33%). Among the subjects in the tocolysis group, there were more neonatal and maternal complications (majority non-severe) and an occurrence of corticosteroid use that was 29 higher than in the expectant management group. Conclusion Tocolysis is favored in cases of earlier labor and also among thosewith less than 34 weeks of gestation, using preferably calcium channel blockers, with success in achieving increased corticosteroid use. Tocolysis, in general, was related to higher maternal and neonatal complication rates, which may be due to the baseline difference between cases at admission. However, these results should raise awareness to tocolysis use.

OBJETIVO: estudar a colonização bacteriana do canal cervical em gestantes com trabalho de parto prematuro ou com ruptura prematura de membranas. MÉTODOS: foram avaliadas 212 gestantes com trabalho de parto prematuro ou ruptura prematura de membranas. Na admissão hospitalar foram coletadas duas amostras do conteúdo endocervical e realizadas bacterioscopia e cultura em meios ágar sangue e ágar chocolate. Foram analisadas associações da colonização endocervical com infecção do trato urinário materno, corioamnionite, utilização de antibióticos, sofrimento fetal, prematuridade e infecção e óbito neonatais. RESULTADOS: a prevalência de colonização endocervical foi 14,2% (IC95%=9,5-18,9%), com resultados similares entre os casos com trabalho de parto prematuro ou ruptura prematura de membranas. O microorganismo mais prevalente na população estudada foi o estreptococo do grupo B (9,4%), sendo também isolados Candida sp, Streptococcus sp, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli e Enterococcus sp. Das bacterioscopias analisadas, os achados mais freqüentes foram baixa prevalência de bacilos de Döderlein e elevado número de leucócitos. Em mulheres colonizadas, houve maior prevalência de infecção do trato urinário (23,8 versus 5,4%; p<0,01), infecção neonatal (25,0 versus 7,3%; p<0,01) e óbito neonatal (dois casos entre as colonizadas; p<0,02), quando comparadas às não colonizadas. CONCLUSÕES: observou-se alta prevalência de colonização endocervical, mesmo sem a utilização de meios de cultura seletivos. O estreptococo do grupo B foi o principal microorganismo isolado, reforçando a necessidade de triagem deste agente na gestação. Um terço das culturas positivas ocorreram por outros agentes. Estudos complementares são necessários para esclarecer a importância destes achados bacteriológicos no canal endocervical e sua associação com complicações gestacionais, sepse e mortalidade neonatais.

PURPOSE: to study cervical colonization in women with preterm labor or premature rupture of membranes. METHODS: two hundred and twelve pregnant women with preterm labor or premature rupture of membranes were studied. Two cervical samples from each woman were collected and bacterioscopy and culture were performed. Association of cervical microorganisms and urinary tract infection, chorioamnionitis, fetal stress, antibiotic use, prematurity, neonatal infection, and neonatal death were evaluated. RESULTS: the prevalence of endocervical colonization was 14.2% (CI95%=9.5-18.9%), with similar results in preterm labor or premature rupture of membranes. Group B streptococcus was the most prevalent organism (9.4%). Other organisms isolated were Candida sp, Streptococcus sp, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus sp. The most common findings of bacterioscopy were a reduced number of lactobacilli and a great number of leukocytes. Endocervical colonization was associated with a higher occurrence of urinary tract infection (23.8 versus 5.4%; p<0.01), early-onset neonatal infection (25.0 versus 7.3%; p<0.01) and neonatal mortality (two cases in colonized women; p<0.02) when compared with a negative culture of endocervical mucus. CONCLUSIONS: this study showed high prevalence of endocervical colonization despite the use of a nonselective culture media. The main microorganism isolated was group B streptococcus, but other organisms were present in one third of the studied population. More studies are needed to evaluate the influence of endocervical colonization on obstetrical outcome and on neonatal infection and mortality.