Abstract Introduction Sporotrichosis is a common disease in tropical regions, caused by the fungus Sporothrix schenckii, affecting mainly rural workers and in direct contact with animals. Although treatment by indiscriminate use of oral antifungal drugs gives rise resistant isolates, leading to therapeutic failures and no remission of the disease. To evaluate the effectiveness of red low-power laser photobiomodulation in inactivation of S. schenckii infection induced in rodents. Methods Subcutaneously inoculation (2x103 S. schenckii/ml, 0.2 ml suspension) in the left footpad, in 27 mice divided into: control (n = 6, inoculated, without irradiation): early stage (not inoculated) = 1th biopsy; intermediate (9 weeks of evolution) = 2nd biopsy; final (21 weeks of evolution) = 3th biopsy. Treated (n = 21, inoculated and irradiated): early (13 weeks of evolution, 4 weeks after first irradiation) = 4th biopsy, intermediate (17 weeks of evolution, 8 weeks after first irradiation) = 5th biopsy, final (21 weeks of evolution, 12 weeks after first irradiation) = 6th biopsy. Serial irradiation with biopsies occurred every 30 days during each month, for three months. At the end of testing, the mice were euthanized, and histological analyzes of biopsies were performed. Results Each laser treatment session showed an inactivation of S. schenckii in treated animals compared to controls, with a regression of pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, chronic inflammation, neutrophils, granulomas, giant mononuclear cells and steroid corpuscles. Conclusion The laser photobiomodulation was effective on S. schenckii inactivation, appearing to be an interesting therapeutic option in infections caused by this organism.

ABSTRACT Fournier's Gangrene (FG) is an infectious disease caused by several synergic microbes, with high morbidity and mortality rates; therefore, the search for new less invasive and mutilating treatments, with faster recovery, has been proposed. Surgical intervention, the use of several systemic and topic antibiotics, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy are currently the best approach for the treatment of these patients. The use of Photodynamic Inactivation (PDI) aims to lower morbidity and mortality, by reducing bacterial microbiota and speeding wound healing. In the present study, viable bacteria were separated in four groups: Group L-/F- (no irradiation with red laser and absence of methylene blue photosensitizer), Group L-/F+ (no irradiation with red laser and presence of methylene blue), Group L+/F- (irradiation with red laser and absence of methylene blue) and L+/F+ (irradiation with red laser associated to methylene blue). In all groups, exposure time to treatment was 5, 10 and 15 minutes. The concentration of methylene blue photosensitizer was 0.1mg/L, and the dose of red laser (660nm wave length) was 176.9mW/cm2. Following irradiation, the reduction of number of bacteria was evaluated, and the results were expressed in colony forming units (CFU) and as exponential reduction. As the main results, in the L+/F+ group, there were no Clostridium perfringens and Staphylococcus aureus CFUs and there was a reduction of Escherichia coli that was not observed in the other groups.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la microbiota uterina de vacas primíparas de la raza Nelore durante el puerperio. El material fue recogido del útero de 15 vacas que habían parido recientemente, una vez a la semana durante 60 días. El material recogido se inoculó en medios de cultivo y los microorganismos fueron identificados mediante las tinciones de Gram, Azul de Algodón, y por pruebas bioquímicas. En los cultivos se aislaron Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., S. intermedius, Bacillus spp., Actinomyces pyogenes, Sporothrix schenckii, Trichophyton verrucosum y Candida albicans, generalmente con más de un microorganismo por muestra. Se concluyó que el puerperio es un proceso séptico, y que estos agentes son la causa de la mayoría de los casos de infecciones uterinas después del parto. El número y variedad de microorganismos disminuyeron cada semana, lo que demuestra un proceso natural de autodefensa del útero cuando el animal está sano.

It was aimed to evaluate the uterine microbiota of primiparous Nelore cows during the puerperal period. To 15 fifteen females immediately parous, secretions were obtained from the uterus once a week, during sixty days. Material obtained was inoculated in culture media, and microorganism identification was made by smears stained by the Gram method, cotton blue and biochemical tests. Microorganisms recovered were Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, S. intermedius, Streptococcus spp, Bacillus spp, Actinomyces pyogenes, Sporotrix schenckii, Trichophyton verrucosum and Candida albicans, generally recovering more than one microorganism per culture, demonstrating that the puerperium is a septic process. The number and type of microorganisms decreased every week, demonstrating the natural process of self-defense of the uterus that occurs by the end of puerperium.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a microbiota uterina de vacas primíparas da raça Nelore durante o período puerperal. Foi coletado material do útero de 15 fêmeas recém-paridas, uma vez por semana, durante 60 dias. O material coletado foi inoculado em meio de cultura, e os microrganismos foram identificados por meio de coloração de Gram, coloração Azul de Algodão e testes bioquímicos. As amostras foram isolados Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., S. intermedius, Bacillus spp., Actinomyces pyogenes, Sporothrix schenckii, Trichophyton verrucosum e Candida albicans, geralmente em associações. Com isso, concluímos que o puerpério é um processo séptico, e os agentes encontrados são os mesmos que provocam a maioria dos casos de infecções uterinas pós-parto. O número e a variação de microrganismos decrescem a cada semana, demonstrando o processo natural de autodefesa do útero que ocorre quando o animal apresenta-se sadio.

El estudio tiene el propósito de verificar los cambios en la calidad microbiológica natural de la leche durante el proceso de ordeño y después de refrigerada, analizando la acción de las tazas como fuente potencial de contaminación. Analizamos 120 muestras de leche y las tazas recolectadas en diferentes momentos en una finca lechera en Auriflama, estado de Sao Paulo en Brasil. Los análisis microbiológicos se llevaron a cabo siguiendo las reglas vigentes para determinar los microorganismos en los alimentos y en los equipos. Se encontraron una gran cantidad de estafilococos aureus (76.6% de las muestras). Se encontró contaminación con coliformes en un 53,33%, y en 35% con coliformes termotolerantes y Escherichia coli. No se encontró contaminación con salmonela en ninguna de las muestras. En la leche que fue recogida despues de refrigerarse, en marzo, se observaron altos niveles de mesofílicos aerobicos. Había presencia de Staphylococcus aureus y coliformes termotolerantes en las muestras analizadas. Se aisló el E. coli de las muestras de Marzo y abril. Al evaluar las muestras de copitos de algodón tomado de las tasas, se encontraron E. coli y S. aureus. En conclusión la leche se tiene que recolectar de la forma más higuiénica posible, asociada con programas de control de la mastitis y equipos de higuiene, principalmente durante los períodos muy lluviosos, y el número de microorganismos se aumenta y la refrigeración no mejora la calidad del producto, sino que simplemente, la mantiene.

The present study aimed to check for changes in the microbiological quality of milk in natura during the process of obtaining and after cooling, analyzing the action of teatcups as potential sources of contamination. We analyzed 120 samples of milk samples and teatcupscollected in different periods from a dairy farm located in Auriflama, São Paulo State, Brazil. Microbiological analyses were carried out in accordance with the rules in force for determination of microorganisms in food and equipment. It was observed a high number of Staphylococcus aureus (76.6% of the samples). In 53.33% it was found coliform contamination by total coliforms, 35% by thermotolerantcoliforms and Escherichia coli. No samples presented Salmonella contamination. In the milk collected after cooling, in March, it was observed high mesophilic aerobic counts. Staphylococcus aureus and thermotolerants Coliforms were present in all samples analyzed. E. coli was isolated in samples of March and April. On the evaluation of swabs of teatcups , It was found E. coli and S. aureus. It is concluded and that the milk shall be collected from hygienic way, associated with mastitis control programs and hygiene equipment, mainly at the time of greatest rainfall,once the number of microorganisms increases and the refrigeration does not improve the quality of the product, it just keeps it.

O Presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar as alterações na qualidade microbiológica do leite in natura durante o processo de obtenção e após refrigeração analisando a ação das teteiras como potenciais fontes de contaminação. Foram analisadas 120 amostras de leite e swabs de teteiras coletados em diferentes períodos provenientes de uma granja leiteira localizada em Auriflama, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. No leite em processo de obtenção as contagens de microrganismos aeróbios mesófilos no mês de março foi alta. Os meses de março e abril apresentaram elevadas contagens de Staphylococcus aureus (coagulase positiva) em 76,6% das amostras. Em 53,33% encontrou-se contaminação por coliformes totais, 35% por coliformes termotolerantes e por E.coli. Nenhuma amostra apresentou contaminação por Salmonella. No leite coletado após refrigeração, no mês de março, constatou-se contagens de aeróbios mesófilos elevadas. Staphylococcus aureus, coliformes totais e termotolerantes estiveram presentes em todas as amostras analisadas. Escherichia coli foi isolada nas amostras de março e abril. Na avaliação dos swabs de teteiras, encontrou-se E. coli e S. aureus. Conclui-se que o leite deve ser coletado de maneira higiênica, associado à programas de controle de mastite e higiene de equipamentos, principalmente na época de maior índice pluviométrico pois o número de microrganismos aumenta e a refrigeração não melhora a qualidade do produto, apenas a mantém.

The use of inoculants containing diazotrophic microorganism in sugarcane can contribute to promoting the growth of these plants and tp promote significant gains in productivity. The objective of this study was to characterize diazotrophic bacteria isolated from stalks of sugarcane. We used the means of a semi-solid NFB and JNFb without added nitrogen. Five strains were isolated native diazotrophs which were evaluated microscopically by Gram stain, the intrinsic resistance to antibiotics, fungicide Furadan (i.a. carbofuran) and insecticide Regent (i.a. fipronil ) and ability to fix nitrogen in greenhouse and field conditions. All isolates were characteristic of Gram-negative, and for the intrinsic resistance to antibiotics showed widespread resistance. A native UCCBc5 strain showed resistance to the fungicide Furadan and the insecticide Regente. Bacteria isolated UCCBc1 and UCCBc5 present capacity and efficiency of fixing atmospheric nitrogen under conditions of greenhouse. It was found that the strain UCCBc5 resistant to the fungicide Furadan and the insecticide Regente has capacity of fixing atmospheric nitrogen in field conditions. In the evaluation of doses of inoculation was observed that there is a dose of inoculant / efficiency of nitrogen fixation. These results indicate that endophytic bacteria can be used, in some cases as a substitute for nitrogen in sugarcane.

A utilização de inoculantes contendo microrganismos diazotróficos na cana-de-açúcar pode contribuir para a promoção do crescimento destas plantas e promover ganhos significativos na produtividade. Objetivou-se no presente trabalho caracterizar bactérias diazotróficas isoladas de colmos cana-de-açúcar. Foram utilizados os meios de cultivo semi-sólidos NFb e JNFb sem adição de nitrogênio. Foram isoladas cinco estirpes nativas de bactérias diazotróficas as quais foram avaliadas microscopicamente pela coloração de Gram e em relação à resistência intrínseca aos antibióticos; fungicida furadan (i.a. carbofuran) e inseticida regente (i.a. fipronil), e à capacidade de fixar o nitrogênio em condições de casa-de-vegetação e campo. Os resultados obtidos permitiram observar que todos os isolados apresentaram características de bacilos Gram-negativos, e ampla resistência aos antibióticos. A estirpe nativa UCCBc5 apresentou resistência ao fungicida furadan e ao inseticida regente. As bactérias isoladas UCCBc1 e UCCBc5 apresentam capacidade e eficiência de fixar o nitrogênio atmosférico em condições de casa-de-vegetação. Verificou-se que a estirpe UCCBc5, resistente ao furadan e ao regente apresentou capacidade fixadora do nitrogênio atmosférico, em condições de campo. Na avaliação de doses de inoculante observou-se que existe relação dose de inoculante/ eficiência de fixação de nitrogênio. Estes resultados permitiram afirmar que as bactérias diazotróficas endofíticas podem ser utilizadas, em alguns casos, como substituto da adubação nitrogenada, na cultura de cana-de- açúcar.