Abstract No-tillage (NT) is a conservation practice adopted by 60% of the Brazilian farmers. Due to unsuitable management, compaction problem reported in soils under NT has increased. The study aimed to evaluate the influence of different soil tillage and different winter cover crops in long-term on crops biomass and maize yield and on soil penetration resistance (PR), in two crop seasons. The long-term experiment is located at the UTFPR Dois Vizinhos experimental station, with a combination of five soil tillage: NT; NT chiseled up to 0.35 m deep (Jumbo), annually (NTCa) and triennially (NTCt); NT with minimum tillage chiseled up to 0.35 m deep (Terrus), annually (NTMTa) and triennially (NTMTt); and four winter cover crops: black oats, common vetch, forage radish, and a mixture of oats + vetch + radish (mix). Dry matter production of cover crops was higher in oats and the mix, and in NTMTa in both years (2021 and 2022). Soil chiseling reduces PR, however over time, an increase was observed. NT showed higher PR, especially in the 0.15-0.20 m soil layer, but it did not impact crop production. Maize yield was not influenced by cover crops or soil tillage. NT proved to be the most efficient soil management, as its performance in maize yield was similar to the others, indicating the way forward in the pursuit of a more sustainable agriculture. Notillage No (NT 60 farmers management increased longterm long term PR , (PR) seasons station 035 0 35 0.3 Jumbo, Jumbo (Jumbo) NTCa (NTCa NTCt (NTCt) Terrus, Terrus (Terrus) (NTMTa NTMTt (NTMTt) mix. mix . (mix) 2021 (202 2022. 2022 2022) time observed 0.150.20 015020 0.15 0.20 15 20 0.15-0.2 layer others agriculture 6 (PR 03 3 0. (Jumbo (NTCt (Terrus (NTMTt (mix 202 (20 150 0.150.2 01502 015 0.1 020 0.2 1 2 0.15-0. (2 0.150. 0150 01 02 0.15-0 ( 0.150 0.15-

Abstract The use of conservation practices for sustainable agriculture production has grown in the last decades, mainly due to the no-tillage and the cover crops. The aim was to evaluate the productive performance of phytomass in three crop years with the effect of different winter cover crops and nitrogen (N) rates in succession maize. The study was carried out at the Federal Technological University of Paraná, in Dois Vizinhos, between 2020 and 2023, in a long-term experiment (2010). The treatments were a combination of three N rates applied to maize and eight winter cover crops. The annual cropping systems were buckwheat-winter cover crops-maize. The dry phytomass of buckwheat showed a significant difference between the residual N rates, but no difference to the cover crops. For the winter cover crops, mix and single oats showed a higher phytomass production, especially oats+vetch+radish, while common vetch had a lower production. Phytomass of maize was responsive to N addition, regardless of crop year; however, in a dry weather year, the cover crops showed no difference. Cumulative annual phytomass ranged from 10 to 28.6 Mg ha¯1 and was related to the N rate and the winter crop. Maize grain yield was higher after vetch and lupine and with N fertilization. Therefore, winter cover crops and N fertilization can contribute to the productive development of all the crops in the cropping system. decades notillage tillage (N Paraná Vizinhos 202 2023 longterm long term 2010. 2010 . (2010) buckwheatwinter cropsmaize. cropsmaize crops-maize oatsvetchradish radish oats+vetch+radish addition year however 1 286 28 6 28. ha1 ha ha¯ Therefore system 20 201 (2010 2 (201 (20 (2 (