The incidence of medical negligence claims is well documented in South Africa (SA). Civil and criminal processes are in place to deal with this, and the matter may be reported to the Health Professions Council of SA (HPCSA). There is a school of thought that suggests that these processes do not provide sufficient relief to an affected party. The processes are not always satisfactory; an aggrieved party may wish to know the reasons why a particular error occurred and why a healthcare practitioner acted in a particular manner. In addition to this, they may want to receive a sincere apology. Medical practitioners may also want to communicate with patients or family members of a patient who has passed away as a result of an iatrogenic event, but may be fearful of litigation. This article considers the current position in SA in relation to issuing an apology related to an iatrogenic event, and consults foreign jurisdictions for further guidance on the topic.

Resumo A cultura do milho é utilizada na alimentação humana, pecuária e avícola, bem como na panificação, flocos de milho, xarope de milho, amido de milho e óleos de milho. O estudo de campo consistiu em um ensaio experimental sobre a incidência desse complexo de insetos-praga na cultivar de milho Azam durante a temporada de Kharif 2020 na Estação de Pesquisa Agrícola, Baffa, Mansehra. O ensaio foi estabelecido no Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) e, em seguida, dividido em três repetições. O resultado obtido no ensaio mostrou que várias espécies de pragas foram registradas durante o período experimental; no entanto, foi observado um baixo nível da população. As espécies de insetos obtidas foram pulgão-da-folha-do-milho (6,90 ± 5,5) – por polegada quadrada –, cigarrinha-do-milho (1,32 ± 0,63), broca-do-caule-do-milho (0,63 ± 0,29), besouro-da-pulga-do-milho (0,43 ± 0,28), tripses (0,38 ± 0,22), lagarta-cabeluda (0,21 ± 0,22), gafanhoto (0,17 ± 0,11) e mosca (0,11 ± 0,08) ao longo da temporada

Abstract The maize crop is used as food for humans, livestock and poultries forms, it is also used in bread making, corn flakes, corn syrup, corn starch and corn oils. The field study consisted of one experimental trial, about the incidence of that insect pest complex on maize cultivar Azam during the Kharif season 2020 at the Agricultural, Research Station, Baffa, Mansehra. The trial was laid out in the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), and then it was divided into three replications. The result obtained from the trial showed that a number of the pest species were recorded during the experimental period; however, the population was noticed at a low level. The obtained insect species were corn leaf aphid (6.90 ± 5.5) per square inch, corn leafhopper (1.32 ± 0.63), maize stem borer (0.63 ± 0.29), corn flea beetle (0.43 ± 0.28), Thrips (0.38 ± 0.22), Hairy caterpillar (0.21 ± 0.22), Grasshopper (0.17 ± 0.11) and shoot fly (0.11 ± 0.08) throughout the season

Resumo Os cupins são conhecidos como insetos sociais em todo o mundo. Atualmente na China foram relatadas 473 espécies, 44 gêneros e 4 famílias de cupins. Destas, 111 espécies de Reticulitermes estão amplamente distribuídas em diferentes zonas da China. A temporada de voo de dispersão dessas espécies chinesas de Reticulitermes geralmente começa de fevereiro a junho, mas em algumas regiões diferentes espécies são distribuídas, compartilhando seus limites e tendo temporadas de voo sobrepostas. Essas razões tornam-se importantes fontes de hibridização entre duas populações heteroespecíficas de cupins. Foi confirmado que os ovos fertilizados e não fertilizados de alguns cupins Reticulitermes possuem capacidade de clivagem. Já os ovos não fertilizados de R. aculabialis, R. chinensis e R. labralis clivaram normalmente, e os únicos ovos não fertilizados de R. aculabialis se desenvolvem em embriões. R. flaviceps e R. chinensis foram observados com desenvolvimento embrionário anormal, e não eclosão de ovos por partenogênese. Eles foram relatados como mais ameaçadores para os recursos chineses à medida que se propagam com partenogênese, hibridização e reprodução sexual. Casca de ovo e macrófilos de ovos desempenham papéis importantes na identificação e controle de espécies, embora sejam pragas graves e causem uma ampla gama de danos a estruturas e produtos de madeira em residências, edifícios, materiais de construção, árvores, plantações e florestas na China continental.

Abstract Termites are known as social insects worldwide. Presently in China 473 species, 44 genera and 4 families of termites have been reported. Of them, 111 Reticulitermes species are widely spread in different zones of China. The dispersion flight season of these Chinese Reticulitermes species are usually started from February to June, but in some regions different species are distributed, sharing their boundaries and having overlapping flight seasons. These reasons become important sources of hybridization between two different heterospecific populations of termites. It was confirmed that the fertilized eggs and unfertilized eggs of some Reticulitermes termites have the capacity of cleavage. While the unfertilized eggs of R. aculabialis, R. chinensis and R. labralis cleaved normally and the only R. aculabialis unfertilized eggs develop in embryos. While, the R. flaviceps and R. chinensis were observed with their abnormal embryonic development, and not hatching of eggs parthenogenetically. They were reported more threatening to Chinese resources as they propagate with parthenogenesis, hybridization and sexual reproduction. Eggshell and macrophiles of eggs play important roles in species identification and control. Although, they are severe pests and cause a wide range of damages to wooden structures and products in homes, buildings, building materials, trees, crops, and forests in China’s Mainland.

Resumo O presente estudo foi realizado em Hayat Abad Industrial Estate, localizado em Peshawar, para avaliar os níveis de cádmio (Cd) que estavam presentes no solo, bem como nas partes da planta (raízes e brotos). Para avaliar o potencial de fitorremediação das plantas foram determinados diferentes fatores, ou seja, Fator de Bioconcentração (BCF), Fator de Translocação (TF) e Coeficiente de Bioacumulação. Essas plantas foram cultivadas em seus habitats nativos (BAC). Analisamos a concentração de cádmio do solo coletada em 50 locais diferentes, variando de 11,54 mg/Kg (o mais baixo) a 89,80 mg/Kg (o mais alto). A concentração máxima (89,80 mg/Kg) de cádmio foi encontrada em HIE-ST-16L Marble City e HIE-ST-7 Bryon Pharma (88,51 mg/Kg) enquanto sua concentração mínima (12,47 mg/Kg) foi detectada no solo do local (HIE-ST-14L Royal PVC Pipe) e (11,54 mg/Kg) no local (HIE-ST-11 Aries Pharma). A maioria das espécies de plantas mostrou um enorme potencial para abordagens baseadas em plantas, como fitoextração e fitorremediação. Eles também mostraram o potencial de fitoestabilização. Com base na concentração de cádmio, as plantas mais eficientes para fitoextração foram Cnicus benedictus, Parthenium hysterophorus, Verbesina encelioides, Conyza canadensis, Xanthium strumarium, Chenopodium album, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodiastrum murale, Prosopis juliflora, Convolvulus arvensis, Stellaria media, Arenaria serpyllifolia, Cerastium dichotomum, Chrozophora tinctoria, Mirabilis jalapa, Medicago polymorpha, Lathyrus aphaca, Dalbergia sissoo, Melilotus indicus e Anagallis arvensis. Os metais pesados de cádmio no solo examinado foram efetivamente removidos por essas espécies de plantas. Cerastium dichotomum e Chenopodium murale foram relatados como eficazes na fitoestabilização do Cd com base nas concentrações de metais selecionados nas raízes e nos valores de BCFs, TFs e BACs.

Abstract The present study was carried out in Hayat Abad Industrial Estate located in Peshawar to assess the levels of cadmium (Cd) that were present in the soil as well as the plant parts (Roots and shoots). To evaluate the phytoremediation potential of the plants different factors i.e. Bioconcentration Factor (BCF), Translocation Factor (TF), and Bioaccumulation Coefficient were determined. These plants were grown in their native habitats (BAC). We have analysed, cadmium concentration from soil which are collected from 50 different locations ranged from 11.54 mg/Kg (the lowest) to 89.80 mg/Kg (highest). The maximum concentration (89.80 mg/Kg) of cadmium was found in HIE-ST-16L Marble City and HIE-ST-7 Bryon Pharma (88.51 mg/Kg) while its minimum concentration (12.47 mg/Kg) were detected in the soil of Site (HIE-ST-14L Royal PVC Pipe) and (11.54 mg/Kg) at the site (HIE-ST-11 Aries Pharma). Most plant species showed huge potential for plant based approaches like phyto-extraction and phytoremediation. They also showed the potential for phyto-stabilization as well. Based on the concentration of cadmium the most efficient plants for phytoextraction were Cnicus benedictus, Parthenium hysterophorus, Verbesina encelioides, Conyza canadensis, Xanthium strumarium, Chenopodium album, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodiastrum murale, Prosopis juliflora, Convolvulus arvensis, Stellaria media, Arenaria serpyllifolia, Cerastium dichotomum, Chrozophora tinctoria, Mirabilis jalapa, Medicago polymorpha, Lathyrus aphaca, Dalbergia sissoo, Melilotus indicus and Anagallis arvensis. The cadmium heavy metals in the examined soil were effectively removed by these plant species. Cerastium dichotomum, and Chenopodium murale were reported to be effective in phyto-stabilizing Cd based on concentrations of selected metals in roots and BCFs, TFs, and BACs values.

Resumo Doenças parasitárias, especialmente a babesiose, exercem um impacto substancial na indústria global de bovinos, apresentando desafios ao comércio, às economias e à saúde humana. Este estudo, realizado no Sul do Punjab, Paquistão, teve como objetivo avaliar a prevalência de Babesia spp. em várias espécies de animais domésticos, utilizando métodos microscópicos e de PCR. Um total de 180 amostras de sangue (60 de cada distrito) foi coletado sistematicamente de animais aparentemente saudáveis, com 36 amostras obtidas de cada espécie de animal doméstico, incluindo camelo, gado, búfalo, cabra e ovelha, observando que 12 amostras foram coletadas de cada distrito para cada espécie de animal. A prevalência global foi determinada em 32,8% (59/180), com taxas variáveis entre as espécies: 25,0% em bovinos, 41,66% em búfalos, 30,55% em cabras, 33,3% em ovelhas e 33,3% em camelos. A análise microscópica revelou taxas de infecção ligeiramente variadas entre animais domésticos grandes e pequenos (22,2%), enquanto os resultados da PCR indicaram uma taxa global de infecção de 32,8% em ambos os grupos, sem significância estatística. A análise por distrito mostrou variações regionais, com Muzaffargarh registrando uma taxa de prevalência de 23,33% através de exame microscópico, enquanto Lodhran e Bahawalpur registraram 21,67%. Resultados da PCR revelaram taxas mais altas (38,33%, 26,67% e 33,33%, respectivamente), destacando a importância da PCR para detecção precisa. Ao examinar tipos de ruminantes, ruminantes grandes apresentaram uma taxa de infecção de 32,4%, enquanto animais domésticos pequenos mostraram 33,3%, sem diferença significativa (p=0,897). A prevalência por distrito mostrou variação significativa, com Muzaffargarh demonstrando uma prevalência de 25%, Lodhran 22% e Bahawalpur 22%, através de exame microscópico. Resultados da PCR exibiram 38,33%, 27% e 33,3%, respectivamente, sem significância estatística. Análise detalhada dos distritos individuais destacou variações nas taxas de infecção entre camelos, bovinos, búfalos, cabras e ovelhas. O teste binomial indicou diferenças significativas através da análise microscópica (P=0,011), mas variações não significativas através da PCR (P=0,065), enfatizando a precisão da PCR. Variações regionais na prevalência, notadamente com Punjab exibindo a maior frequência (33,87%) e KPK a menor (13,24%), sugerem influências potenciais de práticas veterinárias variadas e fatores ambientais. Este estudo destaca o papel fundamental da PCR juntamente com a microscopia para um diagnóstico preciso da babesiose. Essas descobertas contribuem para uma compreensão mais ampla da prevalência da babesiose, enfatizando a necessidade de técnicas moleculares avançadas para medidas de controle informadas. parasitárias babesiose bovinos comércio humana Paquistão spp 18 60 (6 saudáveis 3 doméstico camelo gado búfalo ovelha 1 328 32 8 32,8 59/180, 59180 59/180 , 59 (59/180) 250 25 0 25,0 4166 41 66 41,66 búfalos 3055 30 55 30,55 333 33 33,3 camelos 22,2%, 222 22,2% 22 2 (22,2%) grupos estatística 2333 23 23,33 microscópico 2167 21 67 21,67% 3833 38 (38,33% 2667 26 26,67 3333 33,33% respectivamente respectivamente) precisa 324 4 32,4% p=0,897. p0897 p p=0,897 . 897 (p=0,897) 25% 38,33% 27 P=0,011, P0011 P P=0,011 011 (P=0,011) P=0,065, P0065 P=0,065 065 (P=0,065) 33,87% 3387 87 (33,87% 13,24%, 1324 13,24% 13 24 (13,24%) ambientais informadas 6 ( 32, 5918 59/18 5 (59/180 25, 416 41,6 305 30,5 33, 22,2 (22,2% 233 23,3 216 21,67 383 (38,33 266 26,6 33,33 32,4 p089 p=0,89 89 (p=0,897 38,33 P001 P=0,01 01 (P=0,011 P006 P=0,06 06 (P=0,065 33,87 338 (33,87 132 13,24 (13,24% 591 59/1 (59/18 41, 30, 22, (22,2 23, 21,6 (38,3 26, p08 p=0,8 (p=0,89 38,3 P00 P=0,0 (P=0,01 (P=0,06 33,8 (33,8 13,2 (13,24 59/ (59/1 (22, 21, (38, p0 p=0, (p=0,8 38, P0 P=0, (P=0,0 (33, 13, (13,2 (59/ (22 (38 p=0 (p=0, P=0 (P=0, (33 (13, (59 (2 (3 p= (p=0 P= (P=0 (13 (5 (p= (P= (1 (p (P

Abstract Parasitic diseases, notably babesiosis, exert a substantial impact on the global cattle industry, posing challenges to commerce, economies, and human health. This study, conducted in Southern Punjab, Pakistan, aimed to assess the prevalence of Babesia spp. across various livestock species using microscopic and PCR methods. A total of 180 blood samples (60 from each district) were systematically collected from apparently healthy animals, with 36 samples obtained from each domestic animal species, including camel, cattle, buffalo, goat, and sheep, noting that 12 samples were collected from each district for each animal species. Overall prevalence was determined to be 32.8% (59/180), with varying rates among species: 25.0% in cattle, 41.66% in buffalo, 30.55% in goats, 33.3% in sheep, and 33.3% in camels. Microscopic examination revealed slightly varied infection rates among large and small domestic animals (22.2%), while PCR results indicated a 32.8% overall infection rate in both large and small domestic animals, with no statistical significance. District-wise analysis showed regional variations, with Muzaffargarh recording a prevalence rate of 23.33% through microscopic examination, while Lodhran and Bahawalpur recorded 21.67%. PCR results revealed higher rates (38.33%, 26.67%, and 33.33%, respectively), underlining the importance of employing PCR for accurate detection. Examining ruminant types, large ruminants exhibited a 32.4% infection rate, while small domestic animals showed 33.3%, with no significant difference (p=0.897). District-wise prevalence showcased significant variation, with Muzaffargarh demonstrating a 25% prevalence, Lodhran 22%, and Bahawalpur 22%, through microscopic examination. PCR results displayed 38.33%, 27%, and 33.3%, respectively, with no statistical significance. Detailed analysis of individual districts highlighted variations in infection rates among camels, cattle, buffalo, goats, and sheep. The binomial test indicated significant differences through microscopic analysis (P=0.011) but non-significant variations through PCR (P=0.065), emphasizing the precision of PCR. Regional variations in prevalence, notably with Punjab exhibiting the highest frequency (33.87%) and KPK the lowest (13.24%), suggest potential influences from varying veterinary practices and environmental factors. This study underscores the pivotal role of PCR alongside microscopy for accurate babesiosis diagnosis. These findings contribute to the broader understanding of babesiosis prevalence, emphasizing the necessity of advanced molecular techniques for informed control measures. diseases industry commerce economies health Pakistan spp methods 18 60 (6 3 camel buffalo goat sheep 1 328 32 8 32.8 59/180, 59180 59/180 , 59 (59/180) 250 25 0 25.0 4166 41 66 41.66 3055 30 55 30.55 goats 333 33 33.3 camels 22.2%, 222 22.2% 22 2 (22.2%) significance Districtwise District wise 2333 23 23.33 2167 21 67 21.67% 3833 38 (38.33% 2667 26 26.67% 3333 33.33% respectively respectively) detection types 324 4 32.4 p=0.897. p0897 p p=0.897 . 897 (p=0.897) variation 22% 38.33% 27 27% P=0.011 P0011 P 011 (P=0.011 nonsignificant non P=0.065, P0065 P=0.065 065 (P=0.065) 33.87% 3387 87 (33.87% 13.24%, 1324 13.24% 13 24 (13.24%) factors diagnosis measures 6 ( 32. 5918 59/18 5 (59/180 25. 416 41.6 305 30.5 33. 22.2 (22.2% 233 23.3 216 21.67 383 (38.33 266 26.67 33.33 p089 p=0.89 89 (p=0.897 38.33 P=0.01 P001 01 (P=0.01 P006 P=0.06 06 (P=0.065 33.87 338 (33.87 132 13.24 (13.24% 591 59/1 (59/18 41. 30. 22. (22.2 23. 21.6 (38.3 26.6 p08 p=0.8 (p=0.89 38.3 P=0.0 P00 (P=0.0 (P=0.06 33.8 (33.8 13.2 (13.24 59/ (59/1 (22. 21. (38. 26. p0 p=0. (p=0.8 38. P=0. P0 (P=0. (33. 13. (13.2 (59/ (22 (38 p=0 (p=0. P=0 (P=0 (33 (13. (59 (2 (3 p= (p=0 P= (P= (13 (5 (p= (P (1 (p

Resumo O acesso global à água potável limpa e segura continua a ser um desafio formidável, e a falta das condições de potabilidade contribui para uma miríade de problemas de saúde. Esta pesquisa expõe a existência de parasitas transmitidos pela água em águas de nascentes aparentemente intocadas, indicando uma possível contaminação. Foram realizadas amostragens extensivas diárias de 17 fontes de água nos riachos de água doce intocados de Tehsil Babuzai, Distrito de Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão, de fevereiro a setembro de 2021. Utilizando um processo rigoroso de filtração, as amostras coletadas foram concentradas de forma eficaz para detectar quaisquer parasitas transmitidos pela água. A aplicação subsequente da técnica de montagem a úmido, combinada com as capacidades de um microscópio composto, revelou uma realidade desconcertante: todas as amostras examinadas testaram positivo para vários parasitas. Os parasitas identificados incluíram espécies de Schistosoma, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichiuria trichiura, Taenia saginata, Entamoeba histolytica, Amoeba, Lacrymana olor, Tintinnids, Paramecium, Dileptus, Euglena, Loxodes striatus, Acanthocyclops lynceus, Spondylosium, Oscillatoria, Cyanobacteria, Cilindros, Cilindros cerro, Cistos maduros de ameba comensal, Larva filiforme de Strongyloides, Larva de Taenia solium, Ovo de Enterobius vermiculais, Ovo de Isospora belli, Ovo de verme, Ovo de espécies de Schistosoma, Ovo de Toxocara e Ovo de Diphyllobothrium latum. Estes achados demonstram claramente a presença diversificada de parasitas nas nascentes de água doce de Tehsil Babuzai, Swat, Paquistão. Implementar protocolos robustos de tratamento de água, conduzir monitoramento e testes regulares, e aumentar a conscientização sobre os riscos de parasitas transmitidos pela água são passos cruciais para proteger a saúde pública na região. formidável intocadas contaminação 1 Babuzai Swat Pakhtunkhwa Paquistão 2021 filtração úmido composto desconcertante Schistosoma lumbricoides trichiura saginata histolytica Amoeba olor Tintinnids Paramecium Dileptus Euglena striatus lynceus Spondylosium Oscillatoria Cyanobacteria cerro comensal Strongyloides solium vermiculais belli verme latum regulares região 202 20 2

Abstract Global access to clean and safe drinking water remains a formidable challenge, contributing to a myriad of health issues. This research exposes the existence of waterborne parasites in seemingly pristine spring waters, indicating potential contamination. Daily extensive sampling of Seventeen water sources was conducted in the untarnished freshwater streams of Tehsil Babuzai, District Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, from February to September 2021. Employing a stringent filtration process, the collected samples were effectively concentrated to detect any waterborne parasites. Subsequent application of the wet mount technique, combined with the capabilities of a compound microscope, revealed a disconcerting reality: all examined samples tested positive for various parasites. Identified parasites included Schistosoma species, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichiuria trichiuria, Taenia saginata, Entamoeba histolytica, Amoeba, Lacrymana olor, Tintinnids, Paramecium, Dileptus, Euglena, Loxodes striatus, Acanthocyclops lynceus, Spondylosium, Oscillatoria, Cyanobacteria, Cilindros, Cilindros cerro, Commensal amoeba mature cysts,, Filliform larva of Strongyloides, Cercaria larva, Larva of Taenia solium, Egg of Enterobius vermiculais, Egg of Isospora belli, Egg of Tapeworm, Egg of Schistosoma species, Egg of Toxocara, and Egg of Diphyllobothrium latum. These findings clearly demonstrate the presence of a diverse array of parasites in the freshwater springs of Tehsil Babuzai, Swat, Pakistan. Implementing robust water treatment protocols, conducting regular monitoring and testing, and raising awareness about the risks of waterborne parasites are crucial steps to safeguard public health in the region. challenge issues waters contamination Babuzai Swat Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan 2021 process technique microscope reality species lumbricoides trichiuria saginata histolytica Amoeba olor Tintinnids Paramecium Dileptus Euglena striatus lynceus Spondylosium Oscillatoria Cyanobacteria cerro cysts cysts, Strongyloides solium vermiculais belli Tapeworm Toxocara latum protocols testing region 202 20 2

There is a plethora of literature that suggests that a failure by a medical practitioner to obtain informed consent from a patient amounts to assault. Assault is a loaded concept in South African (SA) law, and has applicability to both criminal and civil law. When one thinks of the term 'assault', it is normally associated with a criminal activity. It is well documented that a civil case can be levelled against a medical practitioner who fails to obtain informed consent from a patient. However, the criminal law aspect has not been explored in the same level of detail. This article aims to delve deeper into this aspect by outlining the requirements for assault as defined by the SA common law, and to evaluate whether a criminal offence has actually been committed by a medical practitioner in the event that proper informed consent was not obtained.

The topic of abortion was in the limelight again in Dobbs v Jackson, where the US Supreme Court overturned the decision of Roe v Wade, 'which guaranteed women and pregnant people a constitutional right to abortion'. While not bound by the judgment, this gives us an opportunity to reflect on the current law in South Africa which regulates the termination of pregnancy. The primary piece of legislation which governs abortion is the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act. Section 2 of the Act lists the grounds under which one may lawfully terminate a pregnancy. One of those grounds relates to the period of the 13th up until the 20th week of the gestation period, and states that if a medical practitioner, after consultation with the pregnant woman, is of the opinion that the continued pregnancy would significantly affect the social or economic circumstances of the woman, then the pregnancy may be lawfully terminated. The question is: What exactly is meant by 'social grounds'? This article considers this aspect from a legal perspective and attempts to provide clarity on the issue, in the hope that this will be of assistance to medical practitioners who are concerned about the outcome of their actions, when assisting persons in this position.

Resumo A trepadeira Rufous (Dendrocitta vagabunda) pertence à família corvidae, ordem Passeriformes que inclui cerca de 100 espécies. O estudo atual foi realizado para reunir informações sobre a distribuição da população e análise do habitat de D. vagabunda no distrito de Abbottabad, Paquistão. Os dados foram coletados mensalmente pela manhã e à noite (2018-2019). O “método de contagem de pontos” foi usado para estimativa da população e o “método dos quadrados” para análise de habitat da área de estudo. O resultado mostra que uma densidade populacional média mensal de D. vagabunda foi máxima em Jhangra 0,14 ± 0,039 / ha, enquanto a mínima em Havelian 0,11 ± 0,022/ha. Não houve diferença significativa (p> 0,05) entre as densidades populacionais mensais de D. vagabunda, entretanto foi encontrada diferença significativa (p <0,05) entre os períodos matutino e noturno da população da espécie. O presente estudo revelou que o índice de valor de importância (IVI) das espécies de plantas em Sherwan, Bakot, Havelian, Langra e Jhangra foi de: 59,6 ± 12,6, 50,1 ± 6,9, 53,4 ± 6,3, 66,8 ± 10 e 60,1 ± 7,7. Da mesma forma, a frequência de arbustos em Sherwan, Bakot, Havelian, Langra e Jhangra foi de: 33,3 ± 4,2, 45 ± 9,4, 46,7 ± 8,2, 55,6 ± 22,2 e 37,5 ± 8,5. Da mesma forma, a frequência de ervas em Sherwan, Bakot, Havelian, Langra e Jhangra foi: 40,4 ± 6,0, 37,5 ± 5,6, 53,3 ± 7,4, 48,5 ± 5,2 e 46,9 ± 7,4, respectivamente. Nossos resultados mostram a área de estudo como habitat adequado para D. vagabunda.

Abstract The Rufous treepie (Dendrocitta vagabunda) belongs to family corvidae, order Passeriformes which includes about 100 species. The current study was conducted to gather information about the Population distribution and habitat analysis of D. vagabunda at District Abbottabad, Pakistan. The data were collected on monthly basis both morning and evening times (2018-2019). “The ‘’Point count Method” was used for population estimation and ‘’Quadrates Method” for habitat analysis of study area. The result shows an average month-wise population density of D. vagabunda was maximum at Jhangra 0.14±0.039/ha, whereas minimum at Havelian 0.11±0.022/ha. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) among monthly population densities of D. vagabunda, however, a significant difference (p<0.05) was found between morning and evening times population of the specie. The present study revealed that importance value index (IVI) of plants species at Sherwan, Bakot, Havelian, Langra and Jhangra were 59.6±12.6, 50.1±6.9, 53.4±6.3, 66.8±10 and 60.1±7.7. Likewise, the frequency of shrubs at Sherwan, Bakot, Havelian, Langra and Jhangra were 33.3±4.2, 45±9.4, 46.7±8.2, 55.6±22.2 and 37.5±8.5. Similarly, the frequency of herbs at Sherwan, Bakot, Havelian, Langra and Jhangra were 40.4±6.0, 37.5±5.6, 53.3±7.4, 48.5±5.2 and 46.9±7.4 respectively. Our results show the study area as suitable habitat for D. vagabunda.

Resumo O presente estudo descreve o perfil hematológico, a preferência alimentar e a comparação de caracteres morfométricos de casais reprodutores de pombo-rocha (Columba livia). Para tanto, 25 pares (25 amostras por sexo) foram amostrados por meio de redes de névoa do distrito de Okara e Bahawalnagar, Punjab, Paquistão. As aves foram então anestesiadas com uma combinação de cetamina HCL (10 mg/kg) e diazepam (0,2 mg/kg) e submetidas a medidas morfométricas; 5 µL de sangue também foram retirados da veia jugular de cada ave anestesiada para análise hematológica. Poucos pares também foram dissecados para remover o trato gastrointestinal (GITs) para preferências alimentares. Os resultados revelaram que não há diferenças significativas nos parâmetros hematológicos e na preferência alimentar dos casais reprodutores de Columba livia. A análise intestinal revelou ainda que a maior parte do conteúdo intestinal consistia em ervilha e milho na maioria dos pares. Em relação às medidas mensurais, foram registradas diferenças significativas no peso corporal, comprimento da pena primária mais longa e circunferência torácica, enquanto os demais parâmetros estudados permanecem não significativos entre os sexos. Assim, conclui-se que além de três parâmetros morfométricos (peso corporal, comprimento da pena primária mais longa e circunferência torácica), ambos os sexos são semelhantes em termos de morfometria, hematologia e preferência alimentar.

Abstract The present study describes the haematological profile, feeding preference, and comparison of morphometric characters of blue rock pigeon (Columba livia) breeding pairs. For this purpose, 25 pairs (25 samples per sex) were sampled through Mist nets from district Okara and Bahawalnagar, Punjab, Pakistan. Birds were then anaesthetized with a combination of ketamine HCL (10 mg/kg) and diazepam (0.2 mg/kg) and subjected to morphometric measurements. 5µL blood also was taken from the jugular vein of each anaesthetized bird for haematological analysis. Few pairs were also dissected to remove gastrointestinal tracts (GITs) for food preferences. Results revealed that there are no significant differences in the haematological parameters and feeding preference of breeding pairs of Columba livia. The gut analysis further revealed, the major portion of gut contents consisted of pea and corn in most of the pairs. Regarding the mensural measurements, significant differences were recorded in the body weight, length of the longest primary feather, and chest circumference, whereas the rest of the studied parameters remain nonsignificant between sexes. So, it is concluded that apart from 3 morphometric parameters (body weight, length of longest primary feather and chest circumference), both sexes are alike in term of morphometry, haematology and food preference.

Cases of baby swapping in South Africa (SA) are very rare. In 1996 the first of these cases, Clinton-Parker v Administrator, Transvaal; Dawkins v Administrator, Transvaal, appeared before our courts. The parties in that instance decided to keep the babies who had been erroneously given to them, but the plaintiffs were awarded compensation for the emotional shock and injury they endured as the result of the defendant's negligence. In recent times we had the case of Child Law v NN and NS (GP), where the parties also decided to keep the children who had been erroneously given to them by the hospital staff. These scenarios, while difficult, have had amicable conclusions, with the parents electing not to pursue custody of their natural children. The situation would be more complex if either of the parties were to decide that they want their natural child back. A number of questions are pertinent here, and will guide the discussion in this article. Is it as simple as both of the 'psychological' parents returning the babies to their natural parents? Do the parents have a claim against the hospital staff? Unfortunately there is not a wealth of legal precedent to assist the SA courts in this regard. The article explores the jurisprudence that speaks to baby swapping, in an attempt to provide clarity and assistance in resolving these difficult cases.