ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of eubiotics on the intestinal morphology of broilers. For this purpose, 125 birds were divided into six groups with two replicates each (10 birds in each replicate). Group A was given a Basal diet. All groups except group A were challenged with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Group B was provided the basal diet, group C was fed a Probiotic-added diet; group D was fed a Prebiotics-based diet; group E was given essential oils plus the basal diet; and group F was provided with organic acids plus the basal diet. Two separate experiments were carried out for Salmonella recovery, checking the cecal tonsils and conducting an intestinal pathomorphic evaluation. Villus length, villus width, villus surface area, and crypt depth were measured by micrometry. There was an overall improvement (p<0.05) in intestinal morphometric parameters for all the treatment groups except for the negative control group, which showed the lowest villus height and villus depth values. Maximum villus height (p<0.05) of the duodenum was achieved by group E, which was fed a diet containing essential oils, whereas a maximum villus surface area index (p<0.05) was recorded for the birds of Group D, which were fed a diet containing prebiotics. Maximum villus height (p<0.05) and surface area index in ileum mucosa was recorded (p<0.05) in the birds of group D (treated with prebiotics). It is concluded that there is an overall increase in the gut histology of broilers fed non-antibiotic based feed. purpose 12 10 (1 replicate. replicate . replicate) Enteritidis Probioticadded Probiotic added Prebioticsbased Prebiotics recovery evaluation length width micrometry p<0.05 p005 p 0 05 (p<0.05 values prebiotics treated prebiotics) nonantibiotic non antibiotic feed 1 ( p<0.0 p00 (p<0.0 p<0. p0 (p<0. p<0 (p<0 p< (p< (p

ABSTRACT Cleft lip and palate is a common congenital defect that is associated with various functional, aesthetic and psychosocial problems. The objective of this article is to share a brief overview of cleft and lip palate classification, aetiology, complications and management, particularly aimed at non-specialists. The literature suggests that the use of iliac crest bone in secondary alveolar bone grafting (ABG) still seems to be the favoured technique for cleft lip and palate repair. In conclusion, we suggest that advances in bone morphogenic proteins may be the key to further advancement in ABG.

RESUMEN El labio leporino acompañado del paladar hendido es un defecto congénito común asociado con diversos problemas funcionales, estéticos y psicosociales. El objetivo de este artículo es compartir un breve panorama de la clasificación del labio y paladar hendidos, su etiología, complicaciones y manejo, dirigido especialmente a los no especialistas. La literatura sugiere que el uso de hueso de la cresta iliaca en el injerto óseo alveolar secundario (IOA) sigue siendo al parecer la técnica preferida para la reparación del labio y paladar hendidos. En conclusión, sugerimos que los avances en relación con las proteínas morfogénicas del hueso pueden ser la clave para avances ulteriores en el IOA.

Ascites is a complex problem caused by many interacting factors such as genetics, environment and management. Many nutritional, medicinal and management strategies have been proposed to alleviate the problem. Higher levels of dietary vitamin C and E along with selenium yeast might be beneficial, presumably because of their role in improving cellular integrity. Oils rich in n-3 fatty acids have been shown to reduce pulmonary hypertension and, consequently, ascites incidence. The potential use of flax oil has already been demonstrated, whereas the effects of other oils rich in n-3 fatty acids (fish, linseed and canola oils) remain to be investigated. The assessment of the effects of dietary electrolyte balance on ascites incidence seems to be a promising field of research in broiler nutrition. In general, reducing the dietary level of salt (NaCl) and adding bicarbonates to the diet and drinking water have been proposed as potential "cost-effective" methods to reduce ascites incidence. The use of nutrients/drug agents that increase the vascular capacity of the lungs or decrease the pulmonary vascular resistance may help to alleviate the problem, but economic and local feed regulations might restrict such use. Diuretics have also shown positive effects, presumably because there is a reduction of sodium and fluid retention in the body; litter humidity however must be closely monitored if diuretics are continuously administered. As the high metabolic rate (fast growth) is a major factor contributing to the susceptibility of broilers to ascites, early-age feed or nutrient restriction (qualitative or quantitative) or light restriction in order to slow down the growth rate seem practically viable methods, since final body weight is not compromised. Optimization of the house temperature and ventilation in cold weather seem helpful practices to decrease ascites incidence. Under practical conditions, it might be interesting to test the additive effects of different approaches when used in combination.