ABSTRACT: Chrysin flavonoid has been presented as having numerous and promising bioactive effects, such as antioxidant, anticonvulsant, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic, antihyperlipidemic, and antidepressant. However, one of the main challenges for advances in studies on the bioactivity of chrysin is its low bioavailability in humans. Thus, aiming to overcome this barrier, several studies have demonstrated the bioactive potential of capsules containing chrysin. The objective of this review was to present the main methodologies used for the encapsulation of chrysin, and its main biological effects demonstrated so far. Our intention is to offer ways to advancement of research in the area of flavonoid encapsulation. As for the encapsulation techniques, it was found that they are diverse, and the most recurrent encapsulating agents were PEG, PLGA polymers and their derivatives, in addition to other agents, such as PCL, albumin, lipids and chitosan.The bioactive effects of the capsules are also numerous, and anticarcinogenic effects are the most frequent, in addition to other effects such as antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial and neuroprotective. In conclusion, we verified a lack of use of green techniques for the encapsulation of chrysin, and the production of lipid-water emulsions and the dissolution of chrysin in ethanol seems to be alternatives in this regard. In addition, bioactive potential of these capsules can be evaluated in other experimental models, and should advance to clinical trials and application in food formulations. ABSTRACT antioxidant anticonvulsant antihypertensive antiinflammatory, antiinflammatory anti inflammatory, inflammatory anti-inflammatory antineoplastic antihyperlipidemic antidepressant However humans Thus barrier far diverse PEG derivatives PCL albumin chitosanThe chitosan frequent antidiabetic neuroprotective conclusion lipidwater lipid water regard models formulations

RESUMO: O flavonoide crisina tem sido apresentado como tendo numerosos e promissores efeitos bioativos, como antioxidante, anticonvulsivante, anti-hipertensivo, anti-inflamatório, antineoplásico, anti-hiperlipidêmico e antidepressivo. No entanto, um dos principais desafios para o avanço dos estudos sobre a bioatividade da crisina é sua baixa biodisponibilidade em humanos. Assim, visando superar essa barreira, diversos estudos têm demonstrado o potencial bioativo de cápsulas contendo crisina. O objetivo desta revisão é apresentar as principais metodologias utilizadas para o encapsulamento da crisina e seus principais efeitos biológicos demonstrados até o momento. Nossa intenção é oferecer caminhos para o avanço das pesquisas na área de encapsulação de flavonoides. Quanto às técnicas de encapsulamento, verificou-se que são diversas, e os agentes encapsulantes mais recorrentes são os polímeros PEG, PLGA e seus derivados, além de outros agentes como PCL, albumina, lipídeos e quitosana. Os efeitos bioativos das cápsulas também são numerosos, sendo os efeitos anticarcinogênicos os mais frequentes, além de outros efeitos como antioxidante, antidiabético, antimicrobiano e neuroprotetor. Em conclusão, verificamos a falta de utilização de técnicas verdes para o encapsulamento de crisina, e a produção de emulsões lipídeo-água e dissolução da crisina em etanol parecem ser alternativas neste aspecto. Além disso, o potencial bioativo destas cápsulas pode ainda ser avaliado em outros modelos experimentais, e deve-se avançar para ensaios clínicos e aplicação em formulações alimentícias. RESUMO antioxidante anticonvulsivante antihipertensivo, antihipertensivo anti hipertensivo, hipertensivo anti-hipertensivo antiinflamatório, antiinflamatório inflamatório, inflamatório anti-inflamatório antineoplásico antihiperlipidêmico hiperlipidêmico antidepressivo entanto humanos Assim barreira momento flavonoides verificouse verificou se diversas PEG derivados PCL albumina quitosana frequentes antidiabético neuroprotetor conclusão lipídeoágua lipídeo água aspecto disso experimentais devese deve alimentícias

Abstract Background: Clearfield® (CL) rice is one of the most successful tools for selective weedy rice control, using imidazolinone herbicides (IMI). However, IMI have residual soil activity and may carryover to non-tolerant crops growing in succession. It is necessary to find options to reduce IMI persistence in paddy rice fields. Objective: Evaluate the effect of water management on IMI dissipation in rice paddy and its carryover to soybean and non-CL rice. Methods: The herbicide mixture of imazapyr and imazapic totalizing 147 g a.i. ha−1 and 49 g a.i. ha−1, respectively, was applied half in preemergence (S3 stage – rice spike stage) and the other half in postemergence (V3-V4 rice stage). After herbicide application, a total of 21 samples were taken for analysis of residues. Soil samples were air dried and herbicides residues were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Results: Calculated field dissipation half-life (DT½) of imazapyr was 182.5 and 42.0 days in continuous flooding and intermittent water management, respectively. Imazapic had a DT½ of 96.3 days on intermittent water management. No adjustment for the dissipation regression parameters was obtained for imazapic in continuous water management. No reduction in yield components was observed in soybean when grown in soil with imidazolinone residues. On the other hand, non-CL rice showed decreased shoot dry weight and stem number. Conclusion: Imidazolinone herbicides have a longer half-life under continuous rice water management than intermittent. Therefore, growers can use intermittent irrigation in ares prone to IMI carryover and can use soybean in rotation.

Abstract Background Eragrostis plana is the main invasive plant in the Pampa Biome of southern Brazil. This plant is highly competitive, tolerant to abiotic stresses, and very difficult to manage. Plants exposed to abiotic stresses and herbicides develop mechanisms that help alleviate or reduce damage caused by stressors and transmit this ability to the progenies. Objective The study’s objectives were to ascertain whether acclimatization to stress due to drought and sub-lethal doses of glyphosate may decrease plant sensitivity to glyphosate and investigate the possible memory mechanisms involved in this process. Methods A population of E. plana was submitted to drought, glyphosate, or a combination of drought plus glyphosate for two generations. The progenies were analyzed for sensitivity to the herbicide glyphosate and for biochemical, metabolites, and molecular responses. Results When testing sensitivity to glyphosate in the G 2 generations, the DRYxGLY (plants stressed with drought plus glyphosate) was the least sensitive (ED50 443.0 g a.e. ha-1), while CHK (without stresses) was the most sensitive (ED50 278.0 g a.e. ha-1). Evaluating the effects of glyphosate, the CHK population showed a greater accumulation of oxidative damage and shikimic acid. While DRYxGLY had greater antioxidant activity and higher expressions of the EPSPS and ABC-carrier MRP10 genes. Conclusions Recurrent selection with drought stress and sub-lethal rate of glyphosate (DRYxGLY) showed reduced sensitivity to glyphosate in the second generation ( G 2 ). The conjunction of factors, including the upregulation of EPSPS and the ABC MRP10 transporter, antioxidant enzymes seem to decrease the sensitivity of the DRYxGLY population to glyphosate.

O mel pode apresentar resíduos de pesticidas devido à contaminação das abelhas durante a coleta de pólen e néctar ou por tratamento das colmeias. Assim, a determinação de resíduos de pesticidas em mel é de grande importância, apesar da dificuldade devido à complexidade da matriz. Neste estudo, um novo método para a determinação de pesticidas de diferentes grupos químicos em mel foi desenvolvido e validado. Amostras de mel foram extraídas pelo método QuEChERS modificado e analisados por cromatografia gasosa com detecção por captura de elétrons (GC-ECD). Os resultados de recuperação, avaliados em três níveis de fortificação, foram entre 71 e 119% para a maioria dos compostos, com valores de desvio padrão relativo (RSD) < 20%. O método proposto permite a determinação com limites de detecção entre 3 e 6 µg kg-1, combinando a extração e limpeza do extrato de forma efetiva, com boa sensibilidade e seletividade, e foi aplicado com sucesso na análise de amostras comerciais de mel.

Honey can present pesticide residues due to the contamination of bees during the collection of pollen and nectar or by treatment of hives. Thus, the determination of pesticide residues in honey is of great importance, despite the difficulty due to the complexity of the matrix. In this study a new method for the determination of pesticides from different chemical groups in honey was developed and validated. Honey samples were extracted by modified QuEChERS method and analyzed by gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD). Recovery results, evaluated at three spike levels, were between 71 and 119% for most of the compounds, with relative standard deviation (RSD) < 20%. The proposed method enables the determination at limits of detection between 3 and 6 µg kg-1, combining effective extraction and clean-up steps with good sensitivity and selectivity, and was successfully applied to the analysis of commercial honey samples.