Abstract Deuterodon is a genus of the subfamily Stethaprioninae, a group of Neotropical fish known as tetras. Deuterodon hastatus represents a species complex, which is supported by cytogenetic and molecular data. In this study, we show the results of comparative evolutionary analyses of the ATP synthase subunit 6 gene in four Deuterodon species, in addition to ribosomal markers (18S rDNA and 5S rDNA), of a new population of the D. hastatus species complex from the Angra dos Reis/RJ region. The study population comprised a new cytotype, which we refer to as cytotype D, in D. hastatus, with 2n = 50 = 6M+8SM+8ST+28A. We obtained three different clades of D. hastatus in our phylogeny, one of them composed only by specimens of cytotype D. By using molecular clock dating, we observed that the radiation of Deuterodon from southeastern Brazil seemed to be associated with neotectonic events that occurred during the Miocene-Pliocene and Pliocene-Pleistocene transitions, marked by the capture of headwater streams and marine transgressions. The results obtained reinforce the idea that D. hastatus is a species complex, and at least three evolutionary significant units were identified in this group. Stethaprioninae tetras data 18S S rDNA, , rDNA) D ReisRJ Reis RJ region n 5 6M8SM8ST28A MSMSTA 6M 8SM 8ST 28A M SM ST A 6M+8SM+8ST+28A phylogeny dating MiocenePliocene Miocene Pliocene PliocenePleistocene Pleistocene transitions transgressions

Abstract We present a concept that explains the pattern of occurrence of widely distributed organisms with large chromosomal diversity, large or small molecular divergence, and the insufficiency or absence of morphological identity. Our model is based on cytogenetic studies associated with molecular and biological data and can be applied to any lineage of sister species, chronospecies, or cryptic species. Through the evaluation of the karyotypic macrostructure, as the physical location of genes e satellites DNAs, in addition to phylogenetic reconstructions from mitochondrial and nuclear genes, per example, we have observed morphologically indistinguishable individuals presenting different locally fixed karyomorphs with phylogeographic discontinuity. The biological process behind this pattern is seen in many groups of cryptic species, in which variation lies mainly in the organization of their genomes but not necessarily in the ecosystems they inhabit or in their external morphology. It’s similar to the processes behind other events observed in the distribution of lineages. In this work, we explore the hypothesis of a process analogous to ecological-evolutionary radiation, which we called Chromosomal Radiation. Chromosomal Radiation can be adaptive or non-adaptive and applied to different groups of organisms. diversity divergence identity species chronospecies macrostructure DNAs example discontinuity morphology Its It s lineages work ecologicalevolutionary ecological evolutionary radiation nonadaptive non

Four populations of Astyanax hastatus Myers 1928 from the Guapimirim River basin (Rio de Janeiro State) were analyzed and three distinct cytotypes identified. These cytotypes presented 2n = 50 chromosomes, with 4M+8SM+10ST+28A (Cytotype A), 8M+10SM+14ST+18A (Cytotype B), 6M+8SM+4ST+32A (Cytotype C) and scanty heterochromatin, mainly located throughout pericentromeric regions of several chromosomal pairs. No homologies with the As-51 satellite DNA were observed in the three cytotypes, although all of them presented multiple 18S rDNA sites, as detected by both silver nitrate staining and FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization). The application of the term "species complex" in Astyanax is discussed from a cytotaxonomic viewpoint.

Cytogenetic data about satellite DNA distribution in four Astyanax species (Characidae) from the Paraitinga river, Paraíba do Sul river basin, Brazil, are presented. In order to characterize the constitutive heterochromatin, C-banding, chromomycin A3 and DAPI fluorescence staining, as well as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with the satellite DNA As-51 probe were performed. A. scabripinnis and A. parahybae presented 2n = 50 and 2n = 48 chromosomes, respectively. The heterochromatin was located in the pericentromeric and terminal regions of many chromosomes, corresponding to GC-positive regions and to the As-51 satellite DNA in terminal regions. A. intermedius and A. giton, both with 2n = 50 chromosomes, showed little heterochromatin, mostly restricted to the terminal and pericentromeric regions of a few chromosomes. No GC-positive regions, neither any correspondence between the scarce heterochromatin of these species and the As-51 satellite DNA was observed. AT-positive blocks were not detected in any of the species studied. Based on these and other available data, the hypothesis that Astyanax represents a polyphyletic group is discussed.

Silver nitrate chromosome staining to evidence nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) is a widely adopted methodology. The aim of the present work was to improve this technique, reducing the preparation time without decreasing the quality of the results. Microwave irradiation proved to be quite efficient and reliable for this purpose, as it allowed to identify Ag-NORs equivalent to those obtained by the conventional procedure and also to reduce the concentration of the employed reagents, as well as the precipitation of debris on the preparation.