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ABSTRACT Objective: To assess differences in the sputum microbiota of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) patients with either COPD or asthma, specifically focusing on a patient population in Turkey. Methods: This retrospective study included hospitalized patients > 18 years of age with a diagnosis of pneumonia between January of 2021 and January of 2023. Participants were recruited from two hospitals, and three patient groups were considered: CAP patients with asthma, CAP patients with COPD, and CAP patients without COPD or asthma. Results: A total of 246 patients with CAP were included in the study, 184 (74.8%) and 62 (25.2%) being males and females, with a mean age of 66 ± 14 years. Among the participants, 52.9% had COPD, 14.2% had asthma, and 32.9% had CAP but no COPD or asthma. Upon analysis of sputum cultures, positive sputum culture growth was observed in 52.9% of patients. The most commonly isolated microorganisms were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 40), Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 20), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 16), and Moraxella catarrhalis (n = 8). CAP patients with COPD were more likely to have a positive sputum culture (p = 0.038), a history of antibiotic use within the past three months (p = 0.03), utilization of long-term home oxygen therapy (p < 0.001), and use of noninvasive ventilation (p = 0.001) when compared with the other patient groups. Additionally, CAP patients with COPD had a higher CURB-65 score when compared with CAP patients with asthma (p = 0.004). Conclusions: This study demonstrates that CAP patients with COPD tend to have more severe presentations, while CAP patients with asthma show varied microbial profiles, underscoring the need for patient-specific management strategies in CAP. Objective communityacquired community acquired (CAP Turkey Methods 1 202 2023 hospitals considered Results 24 74.8% 748 74 8 (74.8% 6 25.2% 252 25 2 (25.2% females participants 529 52 9 52.9 142 14.2 329 32 32.9 cultures n 40, 40 , 40) 20, 20 20) 16, 16 16) 8. . 8) p 0.038, 0038 0.038 0 038 0.038) 0.03, 003 0.03 03 0.03) longterm long term 0.001, 0001 0.001 001 Additionally CURB65 CURB 65 CURB-6 0.004. 0004 0.004 004 0.004) Conclusions presentations profiles patientspecific specific 74.8 7 (74.8 25.2 (25.2 5 52. 14. 3 32. 4 00 0.0 000 0.00 CURB6 CURB- 74. (74. 25. (25. 0. (74 (25 (7 (2 (