RESUMO: Neste estudo, foi feita uma análise fitoquímica e do potencial antifúngico in vitro de frutos, folhas e caule de Lantana camara L. A análise fitoquímica indicou a presença de alcaloides, flavonoides, taninos, saponinas, glicosídeos e terpenoides em frutos, caule e folhas de L. camara. A atividade antifúngica in vitro de frutos, caule e folhas de L. camara foi testada contra Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. Diferentes concentrações (1-5%) do extrato metanólico de todas as partes selecionadas de L. camara foram aplicadas in vitro contra o fungo de teste. Os resultados do experimento in vitro revelaram que a maior concentração do extrato metanólico da fruta (5%) reduziu significativamente a biomassa de C. gloeosporioides em até 66%. Esse extrato eficaz de L. camara foi dividido em seções com n-hexano, clorofórmio, acetato de etila e n-butanol. A bioatividade dessas frações foi testada contra C. gloeosporioides. Os testes mostraram que a concentração de 0,5% da fração de n-hexano do extrato metanólico da fruta causou a maior redução (45%) no crescimento de colónias radial do fungo de teste. Essa fração eficaz de n-heaxane foi selecionada por análise GC-MS para identificar vários compostos antifúngicos possíveis. Ciclopropano, ácido carboxílico, ácido 5-heptônico, 2,2-dimetil-1-4-pentenoato e 2-Propilocta-hidro-1-benzotiofeno foram identificados com os principais compostos. Esse estudo pode concluir que o fruto de L. camara compreendido de compostos de bioativos que possuem atividade antifúngica contra C. gloeosporioides.

ABSTRACT: In the current study phytochemical analysis and in vitro antifungal potential of fruits, leaves and stem of Lantana camara L. were studied. The phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides and terpenoids in fruit, stem and leaves of L. camara. The in vitro antifungal activity of fruit, stem and leaves of L. camara was tested against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. Different concentrations (1-5%) of methanolic extract of all the selected parts of L. camara were applied in vitro against the test fungus. The results of in vitro experiment revealed that higher concentration of methanolic fruit extract (5%) significantly reduced the biomass C. gloeosporioides up to 66%. This effective extract of L. camara was partitioned with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The bioactivity of these fractions was tested against C. gloeosporioides. The trials showed that 0.5% concentration of n-hexane fraction of methanolic fruit extract caused the highest reduction (45%) in the radial colony growth of the test fungus. This effective n-hexane fraction was selected for GC-MS analysis to identify various possible antifungal compounds. Cyclopropane, carboxylic acid, 5-heptonic acid, 2,2-dimethyl1-4-pentenoate and 2-Propyloctahydro-1-benzothiophene were identified as major compounds. This study can be concluded that L. camara fruit comprised of bioactive compounds which possess antifungal activity against C. gloeosporioides.

RESUMO: Foi realizada uma avaliação do potencial antifúngico da parte aérea da gramínea alelopática Cenchrus pennisetiformis (Hochst. & Steud.) Wipff. contra Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Snyder & Hansen, um patógeno fúngico que causa a doença de murcha no tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Diferentes concentrações (1% a 6%) do extrato metanólico da folha, do caule e da inflorescência da gramínea reduziram significativamente a biomassa fúngica em 40-88%, 13-89% e 26-76%, respectivamente. O extrato metanólico (folha + caule) foi fracionado, utilizando-se quatro solventes orgânicos: n-hexano, clorofórmio, acetato de etila e n-butanol. Todas as subfrações de extrato metanólico da parte aérea apresentaram significativo potencial antifúngico em graus variáveis. Concentrações diferentes (1,56-200 mg mL-1) da subfração do acetato de etila exibiram a melhor atividade antifúngica, com supressão de 49-100% na biomassa fúngica. A análise CG-EM da subfração do acetato de etila revelou a presença de 10 compostos. O principal composto (30,99%) foi o fenol, 2,4-bis{1,1-dimetiletil}, seguido de ácido hexadecanoico, éster etílico (21,72%), 2,3-di-hidrobenzofurano (10,65%), 1-propanol-2-2-hidroxipropil (10,60%) e 1-eicoseno (8,32%).

ABSTRACT: Antifungal potential of aerial parts of an allelopathic grass Cenchrus pennisetiformis (Hochst. & Steud.) Wipff. was evaluated against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Snyder & Hansen, a fungal pathogen causing wilt disease in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Different concentrations (1% to 6%) of methanolic leaf, stem and inflorescence extract of the grass significantly reduced fungal biomass by 40-88%, 13-89%, and 26-76%, respectively. Methanolic shoot (leaf + stem) extract was fractionated using four organic solvents viz. n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. All the sub-fractions of methanolic shoot extract showed remarkable antifungal potential to variable extents. Different concentrations (1.56-200 mg mL-1) of ethyl acetate sub-fraction exhibited the best antifungal activity resulting in 49-100% suppression in the fungal biomass. GC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate sub-fraction showed the presence of 10 compounds. Phenol, 2,4-bis{1,1-dimethlethyl}- was the major compound (30.99%) followed by hexadecanoic acid, ethyl-ester (21.72%), benzofuran 2,3-dihydro (10.65%), 1-propanol-2-2-hydroxypropxy (10.60%) and 1-eicosene (8.32%).

Salinity adversely affects physiological and biochemical processes in plants. Plants might have different methods to decrease the harmful effects of salinity, such as the accumulation of osmolytes and antioxidant compounds. An experiment was conducted in the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Sargodha, Pakistan to determine the effect of different levels of phosphorus (P) on wheat under saline conditions. Data of shoot and root fresh and dry weights, chlorophyll contents, different ion accumulation and yield components of wheat were collected. When different levels of phosphorus were applied on wheat plant under saline conditions, phosphorus reduced the effect of salinity. Applications of phosphorus decreased Na+ uptake and increased potassium concentrations, chlorophyll contents and enhanced growth of wheat plants under saline and non-saline conditions. This indicated that application of phosphorus stabilized the physiology of the wheat plants, as phosphorus activated potassium transport in wheat plants. Therefore, application of phosphorus had a positive effect on yield of the wheat plants. In conclusion, all these investigations showed that phosphorus induced the salt tolerance in wheat plants.

La salinidad afecta negativamente a los procesos fisiológicos y bioquímicos en las plantas. Las plantas pueden tener diferentes métodos para disminuir los efectos perjudiciales de la salinidad, tales como acumulación de osmolitos y compuestos antioxidantes. Se realizó un experimento en el Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Sargodha, Pakistán para determinar el efecto de diferentes niveles de fósforo en el trigo bajo condiciones salinas. Se recogieron datos de diferentes parámetros tales como los pesos seco y fresco de tallo y raíces; contenido de clorofila, y la acumulación de diferentes iones y componentes del rendimiento de trigo. Cuando se aplicaron diferentes niveles de fósforo en plantas de trigo bajo condiciones salinas, el fósforo redujo los efectos de la salinidad. Las aplicaciones de fósforo disminuyeron la absorción de Na+ e incrementaron las concentraciones de potasio, contenidos de clorofila y mejoró el crecimiento de plantas de trigo bajo condiciones salinas y no salinas. Esto indicó que la aplicación de fósforo estabilizó la fisiología de las plantas de trigo, desde que el fósforo activó el transporte de potasio en plantas de trigo. Luego, la aplicación de fósforo tuvo un efecto positivo en el rendimiento de las plantas de trigo. En conclusión, estas investigaciones mostraron que el fósforo indujo la tolerancia a la sal en plantas de trigo.