Abstract: Increasing concerns over the environmental impact of chemical pesticides have prompted the exploration of alternative, and eco-friendly solutions for controlling insect pests. The use of entomopathogenic fungus (EPF) as a biological control agent is of paramount importance. We aimed to investigate the effect of different concentrations ofMetarhizium anisopliae(Metschnikoff) Sorokin on larval mortality and pupal formation, of sawfly larvae, a major pest of rose plants. Our study revealed a concentration-dependent effect ofM. anisopliaeon sawfly larvae. At 7 days after EPF exposure, the highest concentration (1 × 109conidia/ml) led to a mortality rate of 65.0% and at the 11th day, the larval mortality was reached up to 82.5%. The highest EPF concentration resulted in a minimal pupal formation (7.5%). This study demonstrates the potential ofM. anisopliaeas a valuable biological control agent against sawfly larvae infestations in rose plants.

Resumen: La creciente preocupación por el impacto ambiental de los pesticidas químicos ha impulsado la exploración de soluciones alternativas y ecológicas para controlar las plagas de insectos. El uso de hongos entomopatógenos (FPE) como agente de control biológico es de suma importancia. Nuestro objetivo fue investigar el efecto de diferentes concentraciones deMetarhizium anisopliae(Metschnikoff) Sorokin sobre la mortalidad larvaria y la formación de pupas de larvas de mosca sierra, una plaga importante de las plantas de rosas. Nuestro estudio reveló un efecto dependiente de la concentración deMetarhizium anisopliaesobre las larvas de mosca sierra. A los 7 días después de la exposición al EPF, la concentración más alta (1 × 109conidios/ml) condujo a una tasa de mortalidad del 65.0 % y al día 11 la mortalidad larvaria alcanzó hasta el 82.5 %. La concentración más alta de EPF resultó en una formación de pupas mínima (7.5 %). Este estudio demuestra el potencial deMetarhizium anisopliaecomo un valioso agente de control biológico contra las infestaciones de larvas de mosca sierra en plantas de rosas.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar as alterações precoces após a primeira injeção de anticorpos antifator de crescimento endotelial vascular (anti-VEGF) em casos de edema macular secundário à retinopatia diabética e oclusão da veia da retina e a relação entre essas alterações e o resultado a longo prazo. Métodos: Foram incluídos no estudo pacientes que receberam uma injeção de antifator de crescimento endotelial vascular para edema macular, virgem de tratamento e devido à oclusão da veia retiniana ou a retinopatia diabética. A espessura macular central foi medida no início do tratamento e no 1º dia, 2ª semana e 1º mês após a injeção, bem como na última visita, através de tomografia de coerência óptica de domínio espectral. Definiu-se uma “boa resposta” como uma redução ≥10% na espessura macular central no 1º dia após a injeção. Os pacientes foram reavaliados na última visita com relação à resposta ao tratamento no 1º dia após a injeção, com base em um resultado anatômico favorável, definido como uma espessura macular central <350 µm. Resultado: Foram registrados 26 (44,8%) pacientes com edema macular e oclusão da veia da retina e 32 (55,2%) com edema macular e retinopatia diabética. O tempo médio de acompanhamento foi de 24,0 meses (desvio-padrão de 8,5 meses). Foi observada uma diminuição estatisticamente significativa da espessura macular central após o tratamento antifator de crescimento endotelial vascular tanto em pacientes com edema macular e oclusão da veia retiniana quanto naqueles com edema macular e retinopatia diabética (p<0,001 para ambos). Todos os pacientes com edema macular e oclusão da veia retiniana responderam bem no 1º dia pós-injeção. Todos os que responderam mal no 1º dia pós-injeção pertenciam ao grupo com edema macular e retinopatia diabética (n=16,50%). A presença de manchas hiperrefletivas foi maior nos pacientes que responderam mal do que naqueles que tiveram boa resposta no grupo com edema macular e retinopatia diabética (p=0,03). Um dos 42 (2,4%) pacientes com boa resposta total teve espessura macular central >350 um, enquanto 5 (31,2%) do total de 16 pacientes com resposta ruim apresentaram espessura macular central >350 µm na última visita (p=0,003). Conclusão: O resultado anatômico de longo prazo do edema macular secundário à oclusão da veia retiniana e à retinopatia diabética pode ser previsto pela resposta ao tratamento no 1º dia após a injeção de antifator de crescimento endotelial vascular. Objetivo antiVEGF anti VEGF (anti-VEGF Métodos º ª espectral Definiuse Definiu se 10 ≥10 favorável 350 <35 Resultado 2 44,8% 448 44 8 (44,8% 3 55,2% 552 55 (55,2% 240 24 0 24, desviopadrão desvio padrão 85 8, meses. . meses) p<0,001 p0001 p 001 (p<0,00 ambos. ambos ambos) pósinjeção. pósinjeção pós n=16,50%. n1650 n n=16,50% 50 (n=16,50%) p=0,03. p003 p=0,03 03 (p=0,03) 4 2,4% (2,4% >35 31,2% 312 31 (31,2% 1 p=0,003. p0003 p=0,003 003 (p=0,003) Conclusão ≥1 35 <3 44,8 (44,8 55,2 (55,2 p<0,00 p000 00 (p<0,0 n165 n=16,50 (n=16,50% p00 p=0,0 (p=0,03 2,4 (2,4 >3 31,2 (31,2 p=0,00 (p=0,003 ≥ < 44, (44, 55, (55, p<0,0 (p<0, n16 n=16,5 (n=16,50 p0 p=0, (p=0,0 2, (2, > 31, (31, (p=0,00 (44 (55 p<0, (p<0 n1 n=16, (n=16,5 p=0 (p=0, (2 (31 (4 (5 p<0 (p< n=16 (n=16, p= (p=0 ( (3 p< (p n=1 (n=16 (p= n= (n=1 (n= (n

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate early changes after the first antivascular endothelial growth factor injection for macular edema secondary to diabetic retinopathy and retinal vein occlusion and the relationship between longterm outcomes. Methods: The study enrolled patients who received anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections for treatment-naive macular edema due to retinal vein occlusion and diabetic retinopathy. The central macular thickness was measured at baseline, post-injection day 1, week 2, and month 1, and at the last visit using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. A good response was defined as a central macular thickness reduction of ≥10% on post-injection day 1. Patients were reassessed at the last visit with regard to treatment response on post-injection day 1 based on the favorable anatomic outcome defined as a central macular thickness <350 µm. Results: In total, 26 (44.8%) patients had macular edema-retinal vein occlusion and 32 (55.2%) had macular edema-diabetic retinopathy. The mean follow-up time was 24.0 (SD 8.5) months. A statistically significant decrease in the central macular thickness was observed in both patients with macular edema-retinal vein occlusion and macular edema-diabetic retinopathy after antivascular endothelial growth factor injection therapy (p<0.001 for both). All patients with macular edema-retinal vein occlusion were good responders at post-injection day 1. All nongood responders at post-injection day 1 belong to the macular edema-diabetic retinopathy group (n=16.50%). The rate of hyperreflective spots was higher in nongood responders than in good responders of the macular edema-diabetic retinopathy group (p=0.03). Of 42 (2.4%) total good responders, one had a central macular thickness >350 µm, whereas 5 (31.2%) of 16 total nongood responders had a central macular thickness >350 µm at the last visit (p=0.003). Conclusion: The longterm anatomical outcomes of macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion and diabetic retinopathy may be predicted by treatment response 1 day after antivascular endothelial growth factor injection. Purpose Methods anti vascular treatmentnaive naive baseline postinjection post 2 spectraldomain spectral domain tomography 10 ≥10 350 <35 Results 44.8% 448 44 8 (44.8% edemaretinal 3 55.2% 552 55 (55.2% edemadiabetic followup follow up 240 24 0 24. SD 8.5 85 months p<0.001 p0001 p 001 (p<0.00 both. . both) n=16.50%. n1650 n n=16.50% 50 (n=16.50%) p=0.03. p003 p=0.03 03 (p=0.03) 4 2.4% (2.4% >35 31.2% 312 31 (31.2% p=0.003. p0003 p=0.003 003 (p=0.003) Conclusion ≥1 35 <3 44.8 (44.8 55.2 (55.2 8. p<0.00 p000 00 (p<0.0 n165 n=16.50 (n=16.50% p00 p=0.0 (p=0.03 2.4 (2.4 >3 31.2 (31.2 p=0.00 (p=0.003 ≥ < 44. (44. 55. (55. p<0.0 (p<0. n16 n=16.5 (n=16.50 p0 p=0. (p=0.0 2. (2. > 31. (31. (p=0.00 (44 (55 p<0. (p<0 n1 n=16. (n=16.5 p=0 (p=0. (2 (31 (4 (5 p<0 (p< n=16 (n=16. p= (p=0 ( (3 p< (p n=1 (n=16 (p= n= (n=1 (n= (n

RESUMO: A criação de cabras é uma atividade econômica nas zonas rurais da região mediterrânica oriental da Anatólia, na Turquia. O projeto de criação de pequenos ruminantes em condições de exploração extensiva é um projeto destinado a melhorar a qualidade e a quantidade da produção de carne e leite das raças de cabras autóctones da Anatólia desde 2015. Um destes projetos, o melhoramento genético das cabras indígenas da Anatólia, teve início em 2015 e terminou em 2020, utilizando 5985 fêmeas e 252 machos, com a participação de 60 agricultores voluntários locais no sistema agrícola rural da Anatólia Oriental da Turquia. No final do estudo, observou-se que a taxa de natalidade por ano variou entre 81.88 e 98.18%, enquanto a taxa de gemelaridade foi entre 5.26 e 13.54%, a prolificidade foi entre 103.00 e 111.00%, o tamanho da ninhada foi entre 1.11 e 1.27 e a taxa de sobrevivência foi entre 92.67% e 99.06%. Além disso, observou-se que o peso ao nascer dos cabritos variou entre 2.60 kg e 3.07 kg, o peso ao desmame foi entre 8.21 kg e 10.77 kg e o ganho de peso vivo foi entre 107.74 e 149.15 g. As diferenças observadas por anos em termos de características de crescimento dos cabritos foram observadas como significativamente diferentes umas das outras (P < 0.001). No final deste estudo, concluiu-se que melhores estratégias de criação de raças locais, esquemas simples de registro para a avaliação objetiva de características de desempenho e esquemas de acasalamento planeados ajudarão a melhorar o desempenho da produção animal em sistemas agrícolas tradicionais. RESUMO Turquia projetos 201 2020 598 25 machos 6 estudo observouse observou se 8188 81 88 81.8 9818 98 18 98.18% 526 5 26 5.2 1354 13 54 13.54% 10300 103 00 103.0 11100 111 111.00% 1 11 1.1 127 27 1.2 9267 92 67 92.67 9906 99 06 99.06% disso 260 2 2.6 307 3 07 3.0 821 8 21 8.2 1077 10 77 10.7 10774 107 74 107.7 14915 149 15 149.1 g P 0.001. 0001 0.001 . 0 001 0.001) concluiuse concluiu tradicionais 20 202 59 818 81. 981 9 98.18 52 5. 135 13.54 1030 103. 1110 111.00 1. 12 926 92.6 990 99.06 2. 30 3. 82 8. 7 10. 107. 1491 14 149. 000 0.00 98.1 13.5 111.0 92. 99.0 0.0 98. 13. 111. 99. 0.

ABSTRACT: Goat breeding is an economic activity carried out in the rural areas of the Eastern Mediterranean region of Türkiye. The small ruminants breeding project carried out in extensive farmer conditions was a project which aimed to improve the quality and quantity of meat and milk yields of domestic goat breeds of Anatolia since 2015. The genetic improvement study of indigenous Hair goats was started in 2015 and ended in 2020, using 5985 does and 252 bucks, with the participation of 60 local volunteer farmers in the rural farming system of Eastern Anatolia of Türkiye. At the end of the study, it was found that the birth rate, twinning rate, prolificacy, litter size, and survival rate varied between, 81.88 to 98.18%, 5.26 to 13.54%, 103.00 to 111.00%, 1.11 to 1.27 and 92.67% to 99.06%, by years respectively. As a result of the breeding study, it was determined that the birth weight, weaning weight, and daily body weight gain of the offspring were increased from 2.60 to 3.07 kg, from 8.21 to 10.77 kg, and from 107.74 to 149.15 g, respectively. It was determined that the growth characteristics of kids differed significantly over the years (P < 0.001). As a result of this study, it was determined that production based on local gene resources with improved genetic capacity in rural areas is important for sustainability. Simple recording schemes for the objective assessment of performance traits and planned mating schemes will help enhance animals’ production performances in traditional farming systems. ABSTRACT Türkiye 201 2020 598 25 bucks 6 prolificacy size between 8188 81 88 81.8 9818 98 18 98.18% 526 5 26 5.2 1354 13 54 13.54% 10300 103 00 103.0 11100 111 111.00% 1 11 1.1 127 27 1.2 9267 92 67 92.67 9906 99 06 99.06% respectively 260 2 2.6 307 3 07 3.0 kg 821 8 21 8.2 1077 10 77 10.7 10774 107 74 107.7 14915 149 15 149.1 g P 0.001. 0001 0.001 . 0 001 0.001) sustainability animals systems 20 202 59 818 81. 981 9 98.18 52 5. 135 13.54 1030 103. 1110 111.00 1. 12 926 92.6 990 99.06 2. 30 3. 82 8. 7 10. 107. 1491 14 149. 000 0.00 98.1 13.5 111.0 92. 99.0 0.0 98. 13. 111. 99. 0.

Resumo A pecuária é uma parte fundamental da indústria agrícola no Paquistão e contribui com 11,53% do PIB nacional. Entre as espécies de gado, os búfalos são considerados o ouro negro do Paquistão. Sendo os maiores produtores de leite em todo o mundo, os búfalos Nili-Ravi são os mais famosos. Os búfalos são afetados por muitas doenças endêmicas, entre as quais a “septicemia hemorrágica” (SH). Este estudo busca verificar os efeitos da exposição experimental de P. multocida B:2 (oral) e seus imunógenos, ou seja, LPS (oral e intravenoso) e OMP (oral e subcutâneo), nos perfis hormonais reprodutivos em búfalos Nili-Ravi. Amostras de soro repetidas foram coletadas da veia jugular de animais experimentais por 21 dias (0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36, 48, 72, 120, 168, 216, 264, 360, 456 e 504 horas). Os ensaios hormonais para determinar as concentrações séricas do hormônio liberador de gonadotrofina (GnRH), hormônio foliculoestimulante (FSH), hormônio luteinizante (LH), estrogênio (E2) e progesterona (P4) foram realizados usando kits comerciais Elisa (MyBioSource). O perfil hormonal de todos os grupos de tratamento das novilhas bubalinas apresentou variações significativas (P < 0,05) em relação ao grupo controle (G-1). Esses resultados indicam supressão no perfil hormonal reprodutivo de búfalos Nili-Ravi na exposição a P. multocida B:2 e seus imunógenos. Essa influência garante que a exposição à SH possa ser uma possível razão para o atraso da puberdade e o baixo desempenho reprodutivo em búfalos Nili-Ravi.

Abstract Livestock is a fundamental part of the agriculture industry in Pakistan and contributes more than 11.53% to GDP. Among livestock species, the buffaloes are regarded as the black gold of Pakistan. Being the highest milk producers globally, Nili-Ravi buffaloes are the most famous ones. Buffaloes are affected by many endemic diseases, and "Hemorrhagic septicemia" (HS) is one of them. This study was designed to ascertain the effects of experimental exposure ofP. multocida B:2 (oral) and its immunogens, i.e., LPS (oral and intravenous) and OMP (oral and subcutaneous) on reproductive hormonal profiles in Nili-Ravi buffaloes. Repeated serum samples were collected from the jugular vein of experimental animals for 21 days (0, 02, 04, 08, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36, 48, 72, 120, 168, 216, 264, 360, 456 and 504 hours). Hormonal assays to determine the serum concentrations of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Estrogen (E2) and progesterone (P4) were performed using (MyBioSource) commercial Elisa kits. The hormonal profile of all treatment groups of the buffalo heifers exhibited significant (P<0.05) variations as compared to the control group (G-1). These results indicate suppression in Nili-Ravi buffaloes' reproductive hormonal profile on exposure to P. multocida B:2 and its immunogens. This influence warrants that exposure to H.S may be a possible reason for delayed puberty and poor reproduction performance in Nili-Ravi buffaloes.

Resumo As samambaias são frequentemente usadas pelos indígenas em Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão. Este estudo foi desenhado para coletar o conhecimento etnomedicinal e tradicional desses moradores sobre este grupo de plantas vasculares. Quarenta táxons pertencem a dezenove gêneros, e dez famílias são utilizadas no tratamento de diferentes doenças. Pteridaceae foi a família mais representativa com doze táxons (30%), seguida por Athyriaceae e Dryopteridaceae com seis táxons cada (30%), e Thelypteridaceae com cinco táxons (12,5%). Em relação aos gêneros, Adiantum, Asplenium e Dryopteris ficaram em primeiro lugar com quatro táxons cada (30%), seguidos por Aleuritopteris, Diplazium, Pteris e Equisetum com três táxons cada (30%), e Athyrium, Oeosporangium, Polystichum e Pseudophegopteris com dois táxons cada (20%). Estes táxons foram comumente usados no tratamento de distúrbios respiratórios, isto é, asma, bronquite, enfisema, pneumonia; úlcera intestinal, estômago, doenças urinárias e doenças da pele pelos métodos de decocção e infusão. O conhecimento tradicional sobre plantas etnomedicinais é uma fonte valiosa e essencial para a descoberta de medicamentos alopáticos, fitoterápicos e homeopáticos.

Abstract Ferns are often used by indigenous people in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. This study was designed to collect the ethnomedicinal and traditional knowledge of these locals about this group of vascular plants. Forty taxa belong to nineteen genera and ten families are used in the treatment of different diseases. The Pteridaceae was the most representative family with twelve taxa (30%), followed by Athyriaceae and Dryopteridaceae with six taxa each (30%), and Thelypteridaceae with five taxa (12.5%). Regarding the genera, Adiantum, Asplenium and Dryopteris ranked first with four taxa each (30%), followed by Aleuritopteris, Diplazium, Pteris and Equisetum with three taxa each (30%), followed by Athyrium, Oeosporangium, Polystichum and Pseudophegopteris with two taxa each (20%). These taxa were commonly used in the treatment of respiratory disorders i.e. asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia; intestinal ulcer, stomach, urinary ailments and skin disorders by the methods of decoction and infusion. Traditional knowledge about ethnomedicinal plants is a valuable and essential source for the discovery of allopathic, herbal and homeopathic medicines.

Resumo Juglans regia L. são plantas frutíferas nutritivas encontradas nas áreas do norte do Paquistão. A população de nozes foi explorada do distrito de Dir e Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão por sua divergência geográfica, climática e química. As diferenças geográficas, como altitude, latitude e longitude, enquanto as diferenças climáticas viz. Ec do solo, pH do solo, precipitações, intensidade de luz, temperatura e temperatura do solo. Em ambos os distritos, o TPC variou de 211,2±0,6 a 227,8±0,4 mg/100g, o RSA variou de 43,32±1,5% a 52,18±0,4%, a condutividade variou de 296,43±0,6 a 312,22±0,3 S/m e composição elementar como ferro, cobre, cálcio, zinco e magnésio em Dir difere de 0,312±0,032, 0,209±0,13, 20,0±0,313, 0,406±0,10 e 10,2±0,030 mg/L a 0,543±0,65, 0,698±0,82, 28,7±0,234, 0,685±0,15 e 17,6±0,015 mg/L respectivamente. A altitude e a temperatura mostraram correlação com os teores de fenólicos totais e atividade de eliminação de radicais, enquanto o pH do solo, precipitações, temperatura do solo, Ec do solo e intensidade de luz indicaram uma correlação fraca com características químicas das nozes. Mais estudos de nozes são necessários para explorar seus fitoquímicos terapeuticamente importantes para obter naturalmente nutrientes farmacêuticos de máxima importância para a saúde dos seres humanos.

Abstract Juglans regia L. are nutritious fruit bearing plants mostly found in Northern areas of Pakistan. The population of walnuts was explored from district Dir and Swat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan for their geographical, climatic and chemical divergence. The geographical differences such as altitude, latitude and longitude whereas climatic differences viz. soil EC, soil pH, precipitations, intensity of light, temperature and soil temperature. In both districts TPC ranged from 211.2±0.6 to 227.8±0.4 mg/100g, RSA ranged from 43.32±1.5% to 52.18±0.4%, conductivity ranged from 296.43±0.6 to 312.22±0.3 S/m and elemental composition such as iron, copper, calcium, zinc and magnesium in Dir differs from 0.312±0.032, 0.209±0.13, 20.0±0.313, 0.406±0.10 and 10.2±0.030 mg/L to 0.543±0.65, 0.698±0.82, 28.7±0.234, 0.685±0.15 and 17.6±0.015 mg/L respectively. Altitude and temperature showed a correlation with total phenolics contents and radical scavenging activity while soil pH, precipitations, soil temperature, soil Ec and light intensity indicated a weak correlation with chemical traits of walnuts. Further studies of walnuts are needed to explore their therapeutically important phytochemicals to succeed naturally pharmaceutical nutrients of the maximum significance for the health of human beings.

Resumo Os cupins são conhecidos como insetos sociais em todo o mundo. Atualmente na China foram relatadas 473 espécies, 44 gêneros e 4 famílias de cupins. Destas, 111 espécies de Reticulitermes estão amplamente distribuídas em diferentes zonas da China. A temporada de voo de dispersão dessas espécies chinesas de Reticulitermes geralmente começa de fevereiro a junho, mas em algumas regiões diferentes espécies são distribuídas, compartilhando seus limites e tendo temporadas de voo sobrepostas. Essas razões tornam-se importantes fontes de hibridização entre duas populações heteroespecíficas de cupins. Foi confirmado que os ovos fertilizados e não fertilizados de alguns cupins Reticulitermes possuem capacidade de clivagem. Já os ovos não fertilizados de R. aculabialis, R. chinensis e R. labralis clivaram normalmente, e os únicos ovos não fertilizados de R. aculabialis se desenvolvem em embriões. R. flaviceps e R. chinensis foram observados com desenvolvimento embrionário anormal, e não eclosão de ovos por partenogênese. Eles foram relatados como mais ameaçadores para os recursos chineses à medida que se propagam com partenogênese, hibridização e reprodução sexual. Casca de ovo e macrófilos de ovos desempenham papéis importantes na identificação e controle de espécies, embora sejam pragas graves e causem uma ampla gama de danos a estruturas e produtos de madeira em residências, edifícios, materiais de construção, árvores, plantações e florestas na China continental.

Abstract Termites are known as social insects worldwide. Presently in China 473 species, 44 genera and 4 families of termites have been reported. Of them, 111 Reticulitermes species are widely spread in different zones of China. The dispersion flight season of these Chinese Reticulitermes species are usually started from February to June, but in some regions different species are distributed, sharing their boundaries and having overlapping flight seasons. These reasons become important sources of hybridization between two different heterospecific populations of termites. It was confirmed that the fertilized eggs and unfertilized eggs of some Reticulitermes termites have the capacity of cleavage. While the unfertilized eggs of R. aculabialis, R. chinensis and R. labralis cleaved normally and the only R. aculabialis unfertilized eggs develop in embryos. While, the R. flaviceps and R. chinensis were observed with their abnormal embryonic development, and not hatching of eggs parthenogenetically. They were reported more threatening to Chinese resources as they propagate with parthenogenesis, hybridization and sexual reproduction. Eggshell and macrophiles of eggs play important roles in species identification and control. Although, they are severe pests and cause a wide range of damages to wooden structures and products in homes, buildings, building materials, trees, crops, and forests in China’s Mainland.

Resumo Chrozophora tinctoria (L.) A.Juss. é uma planta anual herbácea, monoica, usada tradicionalmente para curar distúrbios gastrointestinais. O presente estudo foi realizado para encontrar os compostos bioativos por Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massa (GC-MS), a toxicidade aguda do potencial inibitório da acetilcolinesterase e a atividade emética presente na fração acetato de etila de Chrozophora tinctoria (EAFCT) e fração diclorometano de Chrozophora tinctoria (DCMFCT). Os compostos detectados em ambas as frações foram principalmente ácidos graxos, com cerca de sete compostos em EAFCT e 10 em DCMFCT. Estes incluíam compostos farmacologicamente ativos, como a imipramina, usada para tratar a depressão, ou éster metílico do ácido hexadecanoico, um antioxidante, nematicida, pesticida, hipocolesterolêmico, ácido 9,12,15-octadecatrienoico, éster etílico, (Z,Z,Z)- é usado como preventivo do câncer, antiartrítico, anti-histamínico, hepatoprotetor, inseticida, nematicida, ácido pentadecanoico, 14-metil-, éster metílico tem atividades antifúngicas, antimicrobianas e antioxidantes, ácido 10-octadecanoico, éster metílico tem a propriedade de diminuir o colesterol no sangue, antioxidante e antimicrobiano, o 1-Eicosanol é usado como antibacteriano, o 1-Hexadeceno possui atividades antibacteriana, antioxidante e antifúngica. Ambas as frações DCMFCT e EAFCT inibiram a atividade da acetilcolinesterase (AChE) com valores de IC50 de 10µg e 130µg, respectivamente. Ambas as frações foram consideradas tóxicas de maneira dose-dependente, induzindo vômitos a partir de 0,5g e letargia e mortalidade de 3g a 5g para cima. Ambas as frações combinadas com água destilada apresentaram atividade altamente emética. O aumento significativo no número de vômitos foi demonstrado pelo EAFCT mais água destilada, que são 7,50±1,29, 7,25±3,10 e 11,75±2,22 número de vômitos nas concentrações de 1g, 2g e 3g/kg, respectivamente, enquanto DCMFCT mais água destilada mostrou 5,25±2,22, 7,50±2,52 e 10,25±2,22 número de vômitos em 1g, 2g e 3g/kg, respectivamente. A droga padrão antiemética metoclopramida tem um impacto maior contra a emese induzida por ambas as frações do que o dimenidrinato. A metoclopramida diminui o número de vômitos causados por EAFCT para 1,00±0,00, 2,00±0,00, 4,00±1,00 a 1g, 2g e 3g/kg, sequencialmente, enquanto o dimenidrinato diminui o número de vômitos para 1,33±0,58, 2,33±1,15, 4,33± 0,58 a 1g, 2g e 3g, respectivamente. Da mesma forma, a metocloprimida diminui o número de vômitos causados por DcmCt de 5,25±2,22, 7,50±2,52, 10,25±2,22 para 1,33±0,58, 2,33±1,1, 4,33±0,58 nas concentrações de 1g, 2g e 3g/kg. O presente estudo é o primeiro relato documentado que valida cientificamente o uso folclórico de Chrozophora tinctoria como agente emético.

Abstract Chrozophora tinctoria (L.) A.Juss. is herbaceous, monecious annual plant used traditionally to cure gastrointestinal disorders. The present study was carried out to find the bioactive compounds by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory potential acute toxicity, and emetic activity present in the ethyl acetate fraction of Chrozophora tinctoria (EAFCT) and dichloromethane fraction of Chrozophora tinctoria (DCMFCT). The compounds detected in both fractions were mostly fatty acids, with about seven compounds in EAFCT and 10 in DCMFCT. These included pharmacologically active compounds such as imipramine, used to treat depression, or hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, an antioxidant, nematicide, pesticide, hypocholesterolemic, 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, ethyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)- is used as a cancer preventive, antiarthritic, antihistaminic, hepatoprotective, insectifuge, nematicide, Pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-, methyl ester have antifungal, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, 10-Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester have the property to decrease blood cholesterol, Antioxidant and antimicrobial, 1-Eicosanol is used as an antibacterial, 1-Hexadecene has antibacterial, antioxidant, and antifungal activities. Both DCMFCT and EAFCT fractions inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity with IC50 values of 10 µg and 130 µg, respectively. Both the fractions were found to be toxic in a dose-dependent manner, inducing emesis at 0.5g onward and lethargy and mortality from 3–5 g upwards. Both the fractions combined with distilled water showed highly emetic activity. The significant increase in the number of vomits was shown by EAFCT plus distilled water which are 7.50±1.29, 7.25±3.10, and 11.75±2.22 number of vomits at 1g, 2g, and 3g/kg concentration respectively, while DCMFCT plus distilled water showed 5.25±2.22, 7.50±2.52 and 10.25±2.22 number of vomits at 1g, 2, and 3g/kg correspondingly. The antiemetic standard drug metoclopramide has a higher impact against the emesis induced by both the fractions than dimenhydrinate. Metoclopramide decreases the number of vomits caused by EAFCT to 1.00±0.00, 2.00±0.00, 4.00±1.00 at 1g, 2, and 3g/kg sequentially, while dimenhydrinate decreases the number of vomits to 1.33±0.58, 2.33±1.15, 4.33±0.58 at 1g, 2, and 3g respectively. In the same way, Metochloprimide decreases the number of emesis caused by DcmCt from 5.25±2.22, 7.50±2.52, 10.25±2.22 to 1.33±0.58, 2.33±1.1, 4.33±0.58 at 1g, 2, and 3g/kg concentrations. The present study is the first documented report that scientifically validates the folkloric use of Chrozophora tinctoria as an emetic agent.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To investigate the association of pre--photorefractive keratectomy Schirmer-1 test value with post--photorefractive keratectomy central corneal epithelial thickness, ocular surface disease index score, and uncorrected distance visual acuity. Methods: Patients were categorized according to preoperative Schirmer-1 value: the normal Schirmer Group (n=54; Schirmer-1 test value, >10 mm) and the low Schirmer Group (n=52; Schirmer-1 test value, between 6 and 10 mm). We analyzed ablation depth, visual acuity, result of Schirmer-1 test (with anesthesia), tear film break-up time, ocular surface disease index score, central corneal epithelial thickness, and spherical equivalent refraction. Results: We found significant differences between the groups in Schirmer-1 test value, tear film break-up time, and ocular surface disease index score, both preoperatively and postoperatively (p<0.001). The preoperative central corneal epithelial thicknesses of the two groups were similar (p>0.05). After photorefractive keratectomy, the Schirmer-1 test value and spherical equivalent refraction decreased in both groups (p<0.05), and ocular surface disease index scores and central corneal epithelial thickness values increased in the low Schirmer Group (p<0.001) but not in the normal Schirmer Group (p>0.05). The postoperative central corneal epithelial thicknesses of the low Schirmer Group were significantly higher than those of the normal Schirmer Group (p<0.001). Postoperative uncorrected distance visual acuity did not differ significantly between the two groups (p>0.05). Conclusions: In patients with low Schirmer-1 test values before photorefractive keratectomy, the corneal epithelium thickened and ocular surface complaints increased during the postoperative period. However, changes in the corneal epithelium did not affect the postoperative uncorrected distance visual acuity. To reduce postoperative problems on the ocular surface in these patients, we recommend that dry eye be treated before photorefractive keratectomy. Purpose prephotorefractive pre Schirmer1 1 Schirmer- postphotorefractive post score Methods n=54 n54 n 54 (n=54 >1 mm n=52 n52 52 (n=52 mm. . depth anesthesia, anesthesia , anesthesia) breakup break up time Results p<0.001. p0001 p p<0.001 0 001 p>0.05. p005 p>0.05 05 (p>0.05) p<0.05, p<0.05 (p<0.05) (p<0.001 Conclusions period However n=5 n5 5 (n=5 > p000 p<0.00 00 p00 p>0.0 (p>0.05 p<0.0 (p<0.05 (p<0.00 n= (n= p0 p>0. (p>0.0 p<0. (p<0.0 (n p>0 (p>0. p<0 (p<0. p> (p>0 p< (p<0 (p> (p< (p

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Familial Mediterranean fever is the most common monogenic autoinflammatory disease. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between sacroiliitis observed in familial Mediterranean fever and hematological inflammatory markers. METHODS: In this study, 168 familial Mediterranean fever patients were examined. A total of 61 familial Mediterranean fever patients who had sacroiliac magnetic resonance imaging due to waist and hip pain were included in the study. According to the magnetic resonance imaging findings, patients were divided into two groups: with and without sacroiliitis. The relationship between hematological inflammatory markers and sacroiliitis was investigated. RESULTS: The frequency of sacroiliitis was found to be 13.6% in all familial Mediterranean fever patients and 37.8% in patients with low back pain who underwent sacroiliac magnetic resonance imaging. Neutrophil count, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, monocyte/lymphocyte ratio, and systemic immune-inflammatory index were significantly higher in the sacroiliitis group than in the other group, and this difference was found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). As a result of the receiver operating characteristic analysis, it was observed that neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, monocyte/lymphocyte ratio, and systemic immune-inflammatory index were very sensitive parameters in determining sacroiliitis in patients with familial Mediterranean fever. CONCLUSION: It was observed that the frequency of sacroiliitis was increased in familial Mediterranean fever patients. It is predicted that hematological inflammatory markers such as neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, monocyte/lymphocyte ratio, and systemic immune-inflammatory index can be used in the diagnosis of sacroiliitis. OBJECTIVE disease METHODS 16 examined 6 findings groups investigated RESULTS 136 13 13.6 378 37 8 37.8 count neutrophillymphocyte neutrophil lymphocyte ratio monocytelymphocyte monocyte immuneinflammatory immune p<0.05. p005 p p<0.05 . 0 05 (p<0.05) analysis CONCLUSION 1 13. 3 37. p00 p<0.0 (p<0.05 p0 p<0. (p<0.0 p<0 (p<0. p< (p<0 (p< (p

ABSTRACT Purpose: To investigate the association of pre-photorefractive keratectomy Schirmer-1 test value with post-photorefractive keratectomy central corneal epithelial thickness, ocular surface disease index score, and uncorrected distance visual acuity. Methods: Patients were categorized according to preoperative Schirmer-1 value: the normal Schirmer Group (n=54; Schirmer-1 test value, >10 mm) and the low Schirmer Group (n=52; Schirmer-1 test value, between 6 and 10 mm). We analyzed ablation depth, visual acuity, result of Schirmer-1 test (with anesthesia), tear film break-up time, ocular surface disease index score, central corneal epithelial thickness, and spherical equivalent refraction. Results: We found significant differences between the groups in Schirmer-1 test value, tear film break-up time, and ocular surface disease index score, both preoperatively and postoperatively (p<0.001). The preoperative central corneal epithelial thicknesses of the two groups were similar (p>0.05). After photorefractive keratectomy, the Schirmer-1 test value and spherical equivalent refraction decreased in both groups (p<0.05), and ocular surface disease index scores and central corneal epithelial thickness values increased in the low Schirmer Group (p<0.001) but not in the normal Schirmer Group (p>0.05). The postoperative central corneal epithelial thicknesses of the low Schirmer Group were significantly higher than those of the normal Schirmer Group (p<0.001). Postoperative uncorrected distance visual acuity did not differ significantly between the two groups (p>0.05). Conclusions: In patients with low Schirmer-1 test values before photorefractive keratectomy, the corneal epithelium thickened and ocular surface complaints increased during the postoperative period. However, changes in the corneal epithelium did not affect the postoperative uncorrected distance visual acuity. To reduce postoperative problems on the ocular surface in these patients, we recommend that dry eye be treated before photorefractive keratectomy. Purpose prephotorefractive pre Schirmer1 1 Schirmer- postphotorefractive post score Methods n=54 n54 n 54 (n=54 >1 mm n=52 n52 52 (n=52 mm. . depth anesthesia, anesthesia , anesthesia) breakup break up time Results p<0.001. p0001 p p<0.001 0 001 p>0.05. p005 p>0.05 05 (p>0.05) p<0.05, p<0.05 (p<0.05) (p<0.001 Conclusions period However n=5 n5 5 (n=5 > p000 p<0.00 00 p00 p>0.0 (p>0.05 p<0.0 (p<0.05 (p<0.00 n= (n= p0 p>0. (p>0.0 p<0. (p<0.0 (n p>0 (p>0. p<0 (p<0. p> (p>0 p< (p<0 (p> (p< (p

Abstract Genetic diversity plays a critical role in crop improvement. Radish is one of the important vegetable crops of Rabi season, however, there is a lack of information about radish germplasm resources available in Pakistan. The present research was carried out to characterize radish gene pool on the basis of qualitative and quantitative traits. Twelve genotypes of radish comprised of local and exotic sources were evaluated for genetic variability through morphological, quality, and quantitative traits. Analysis of variance depicted maximum variation among genotypes for all studied straits. High genotypic co-efficient of variance (GCV) value (>20%) in all traits indicates that these traits can be improved through selection. The estimate of genotypic co-efficient of variance (GCV) in present research was closer to phenotypic co-efficient of variance (PCV), suggesting the key role of genotype as compared to the environment. However, high heritability along with genetic advance (as % of mean) among studied genotypes suggests that the selection of studied traits simply on phenotypic basis can also be effective for the breeding program. Cluster analysis based on morphological traits, grouped genotypes into three clusters and cluster I, contained the maximum number of genotypes. In correlation analysis, significant positive correlation among plant fresh weight, root length, root weight, number of leaves and yield can be directly used a selection criteria. Studying of variability in qualitative traits through frequency distribution exhibited maximum variation for root shape and root base. This study showed considerable variability exists in studied genotypes that can further be used for the improvement of radish breeding. season however Pakistan quality straits coefficient co efficient GCV (GCV >20% 20 (>20% PCV, PCV , (PCV) environment However mean program I weight length criteria base >20 2 (>20 (PCV >2 (>2 > (> (

Resumo A artéria do cone (AC) irriga a via de saída do ventrículo direito (VSVD). A elevação do segmento ST nas derivações V1-3, que pode assemelhar-se aos padrões de eletrocardiograma (ECG) de Brugada, foi relatada devido à oclusão da AC. Um paciente do sexo masculino, 68 anos de idade, foi internado no hospital com diagnóstico de infarto do miocárdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Uma angiografia coronária revelou uma dissecção na AC, provavelmente causada pelo cateter. Devido ao pequeno calibre da AC, a terapia medicamentosa foi escolhida como curso de ação. No entanto, após o procedimento, um ECG mostrou alterações consistentes com características dos padrões de Brugada tipo 1 e tipo 2, com elevações do segmento ST nas derivações V1-4. A imagem coronariana subsequente revelou que a AC havia progredido para oclusão total. Apesar das diversas tentativas de obter a reentrada no lúmen verdadeiro, não houve êxito. Com base na relação risco-benefício, foi tomada a decisão de continuar com a terapia medicamentosa. Este é o primeiro caso relatado de oclusão da AC induzida por dissecção por cateter, que se manifesta como elevação ântero-septal do segmento ST. O paciente não relatou sintomas anginosos ou eventos arrítmicos, o que contrasta com o conhecimento convencional. Nem todas as obstruções da AC ou infartos da VSVD causam padrões semelhantes aos de Brugada. Quando isso ocorre, as elevações de ST tendem a ser menores do que as da verdadeira síndrome de Brugada. (AC VSVD. . (VSVD) V13, V13 V V1 3, 3 V1-3 assemelharse assemelhar (ECG masculino 6 idade cateter ação entanto procedimento 2 V14. V14 4. 4 V1-4 total verdadeiro êxito riscobenefício, riscobenefício risco benefício, benefício risco-benefício ânteroseptal ântero septal arrítmicos convencional ocorre (VSVD V1-

Abstract The conus artery (CA) supplies the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT). ST-segment elevation in leads V1-3, which can resemble Brugada electrocardiogram (EKG) patterns, has been reported due to occlusion of the CA. A 68-year-old male was admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction. A coronary angiogram revealed a dissection in the conus artery, most likely caused by the catheter. Due to the small caliber of the CA, medical therapy was chosen as the course of action. However, after the procedure, an EKG showed changes consistent with features of both type-1 and type-2 Brugada patterns, with ST-segment elevations in leads V1-4. Subsequent coronary imaging revealed that the CA had progressed to total occlusion. Despite multiple attempts to gain reentry into the true lumen, they were unsuccessful. Based on the risk-benefit ratio, the decision was made to continue with medical therapy. This is the first reported case of CA occlusion induced by catheter dissection, which manifested as anteroseptal ST-segment elevation. The patient did not report any anginal symptoms or arrhythmic events, which contrasts with conventional knowledge. Not all CA obstructions or RVOT infarcts cause Brugada-like patterns. When they do, ST elevations tend to be less than those in true Brugada syndrome. (CA RVOT. . (RVOT) STsegment segment V13, V13 V V1 3, 3 V1-3 (EKG patterns 68yearold yearold 68 year old nonSTelevation non infarction action However procedure type1 type 1 type- type2 2 V14. V14 4. 4 V1-4 lumen unsuccessful riskbenefit risk benefit ratio events knowledge Brugadalike like do syndrome (RVOT V1- 6

Resumo O levantamento fitossociológico foi realizado durante o período 2018-2020. A área de pesquisa foi classificada em cinco zonas ecológicas com base no habitat, na fisionomia e na composição de espécies. O software Pc-Ord foi utilizado para análise de agrupamento e quatro comunidades de vegetação foram estabelecidas. A comunidade Quercus baloot-Quercus incana está situada em Sair, a uma altitude de 1.196 m (média ± SE) de altitude, com um ângulo de inclinação de 14,1° ± 0, e contém 11 espécies de árvores. A comunidade Pinus wallichiana-Ailanthus altissima teve um número relativamente pequeno de espécies de árvores relatadas em Shakawlie, em 1.556 m (média ± SE) de altitude, com um ângulo de inclinação de 17,5° ± 0. A comunidade de Pinus wallichiana-Quercus incana está distribuída em Wali Kandao e Mangi Kandao, em altitude de 2.030,5 m (média ± SE) e ângulo de inclinação de 19,2° ± 1,4. Esta comunidade possui um total de 21 espécies de árvores e é altamente diversificada. Da mesma forma, o grupo Populus alba-Platanus orientalis esteve presente em Banr Pate, com altitude de 1.613 m (média ± SE) e ângulo de inclinação de 16,3°. Os métodos de análise de componentes principais (PCA) e ordenação de escala multidimensional não métrica (NMS) foram aplicados para estudar as relações entre variáveis ecológicas e de solo com espécies arbóreas. A ordenação NMS do eixo 1 foi significativamente correlacionada com as porcentagens de Areia (p<0,2), Nitrogênio (p<0,1) e Chumbo (mg/kg) (r=0,876751, p<0,05), enquanto a ordenação do eixo 2 foi significativamente correlacionada com as porcentagens de Silte (p<0,2), Areia (p<0,2), Matéria Orgânica (p<0,2), Potássio (mg/kg) (r=0,882433, p<0,02), Ferro (mg/kg) (r=0,614833, p<0,2), Cálcio (mg/kg) (r=0,721712, p< 0,2) e Zinco (mg/kg) (r=0,609545, p<0,2). Da mesma forma, a ordenação PCA do eixo 1 revelou que estava significativamente correlacionada com fósforo e cálcio, e ângulo de inclinação, enquanto a do eixo 2 estava significativamente correlacionada com zinco e manganês, e altitude. 20182020. 20182020 2018 2020. 2020 2018-2020 habitat PcOrd Pc Ord estabelecidas balootQuercus baloot Sair 1196 196 1.19 média SE 141 14 14,1 0 wallichianaAilanthus wallichiana Ailanthus Shakawlie 1556 556 1.55 175 17 5 17,5 wallichianaQuercus 20305 030 2.030, 192 19 19,2 4 1,4 diversificada forma albaPlatanus alba Platanus Pate 1613 613 1.61 163 16 3 16,3° (PCA (NMS arbóreas p<0,2, p02 p p<0,2 , (p<0,2) p<0,1 p01 (p<0,1 mg/kg mgkg mg kg (mg/kg r=0,876751, r0876751 r 876751 (r=0,876751 p<0,05, p005 p<0,05 05 p<0,05) r=0,882433, r0882433 882433 (r=0,882433 p<0,02, p002 p<0,02 02 p<0,02) r=0,614833, r0614833 614833 (r=0,614833 p<0,2) r=0,721712, r0721712 721712 (r=0,721712 0,2 r=0,609545, r0609545 609545 (r=0,609545 p<0,2. . cálcio manganês 2018202 201 202 2018-202 119 1.1 14, 155 55 1.5 17, 2030 03 2.030 19, 1, 161 61 1.6 16,3 p0 p<0, (p<0,2 (p<0, r=0,876751 r087675 87675 (r=0,87675 p00 p<0,0 r=0,882433 r088243 88243 (r=0,88243 r=0,614833 r061483 61483 (r=0,61483 r=0,721712 r072171 72171 (r=0,72171 r=0,609545 r060954 60954 (r=0,60954 201820 20 2018-20 1. 15 203 2.03 6 16, p<0 (p<0 r=0,87675 r08767 8767 (r=0,8767 r=0,88243 r08824 8824 (r=0,8824 r=0,61483 r06148 6148 (r=0,6148 r=0,72171 r07217 7217 (r=0,7217 r=0,60954 r06095 6095 (r=0,6095 20182 2018-2 2.0 (p< r=0,8767 r0876 876 (r=0,876 r=0,8824 r0882 882 (r=0,882 r=0,6148 r0614 614 (r=0,614 r=0,7217 r0721 721 (r=0,721 r=0,6095 r0609 609 (r=0,609 2018- 2. (p r=0,876 r087 87 (r=0,87 r=0,882 r088 88 (r=0,88 r=0,614 r061 (r=0,61 r=0,721 r072 72 (r=0,72 r=0,609 r060 60 (r=0,60 r=0,87 r08 8 (r=0,8 r=0,88 r=0,61 r06 (r=0,6 r=0,72 r07 7 (r=0,7 r=0,60 r=0,8 r0 (r=0, r=0,6 r=0,7 r=0, (r=0 r=0 (r= r= (r

Abstract The phytosociological survey was conducted during 2018-2020. The research area was classified into five ecological zones based on habitat, physiognomy and species composition. Pc-Ord software was used for cluster analysis and four vegetation communities were established. The Quercus baloot-Quercus incana community is situated in Sair at an altitude of 1196 (mean ± SE) m altitude with a 14.1 ± 0 slope angle and contains eleven tree species. The Pinus wallichiana- Ailanthus altissima community had a relatively small number of tree species reported in Shakawlie at 1556 (mean ± SE) with a 17.5 ± 0 slope angle. The Pinus wallichiana- Quercus incana community is distributed in Wali Kandao and Mangi Kandao at altitudes of 2030.5 (mean ± SE) m and the slope angle was 19.2 ± 1.4. This community possesses a total of twenty-one tree species and is highly diverse. Similarly, the Populus alba - Platanus orientalis group was present in Banr Pate, with an altitude of 1613 (mean ± SE) m and a 16.3 slope angle. The principal component analysis (PCA) and non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordination methods were applied to study the relationships between ecological and soil variables with trees species. The NMS ordination of axis 1 was significantly correlated with Sand% (p<0.2), Nitrogen% (p<0.1) and Pb (mg/kg) (r= 0.876751, p<0.05), while the ordination of axis 2 was significantly correlated with Silt% (p<0.2), Sand% (p<0.2), Organic matter% (p<0.2), K (mg/kg) (r=0.882433, p<0.02), Fe (mg/kg)(r=0.614833, p<0.2), Ca (mg/kg) (r=0.721712, p< 0.2) and Zn (mg/kg) (r=0.609545, p<0.2). Similarly, the PCA ordination of axis 1 revealed that it was significantly correlated with phosphorus, calcium and slope angle, while that of axis 2 was significantly correlated with altitude, zinc and manganese. 20182020. 20182020 2018 2020. 2020 2018-2020 habitat composition PcOrd Pc Ord established balootQuercus baloot 119 mean SE 141 14 14. wallichiana 155 175 17 5 17. 20305 2030 2030. 192 19 19. 4 1.4 twentyone twenty one diverse Similarly Pate 161 163 16 3 16. (PCA nonmetric non metric (NMS Sand p<0.2, p02 p p<0.2 , (p<0.2) Nitrogen p<0.1 p01 (p<0.1 mg/kg mgkg mg kg (mg/kg r= r (r 0876751 876751 0.876751 p<0.05, p005 p<0.05 05 p<0.05) Silt matter r=0.882433, r0882433 882433 (r=0.882433 p<0.02, p002 p<0.02 02 p<0.02) mg/kgr=0.614833, mgkgr0614833 mgkgr r=0.614833, 614833 (mg/kg)(r=0.614833 p<0.2) r=0.721712, r0721712 721712 (r=0.721712 0.2 r=0.609545, r0609545 609545 (r=0.609545 p<0.2. . phosphorus manganese 2018202 201 202 2018-202 11 15 203 1. p0 p<0. (p<0.2 (p<0. 087675 87675 0.87675 p00 p<0.0 r=0.882433 r088243 88243 (r=0.88243 kgr mg/kgr=0.614833 mgkgr061483 r0614833 r=0.614833 61483 (mg/kg)(r=0.61483 r=0.721712 r072171 72171 (r=0.72171 0. r=0.609545 r060954 60954 (r=0.60954 201820 20 2018-20 p<0 (p<0 08767 8767 0.8767 r=0.88243 r08824 8824 (r=0.8824 mg/kgr=0.61483 mgkgr06148 r061483 r=0.61483 6148 (mg/kg)(r=0.6148 r=0.72171 r07217 7217 (r=0.7217 r=0.60954 r06095 6095 (r=0.6095 20182 2018-2 (p< 0876 876 0.876 r=0.8824 r0882 882 (r=0.882 mg/kgr=0.6148 mgkgr0614 r06148 r=0.6148 614 (mg/kg)(r=0.614 r=0.7217 r0721 721 (r=0.721 r=0.6095 r0609 609 (r=0.609 2018- (p 087 87 0.87 r=0.882 r088 88 (r=0.88 mg/kgr=0.614 mgkgr061 r0614 r=0.614 61 (mg/kg)(r=0.61 r=0.721 r072 72 (r=0.72 r=0.609 r060 60 (r=0.60 08 8 0.8 r=0.88 r08 (r=0.8 mg/kgr=0.61 mgkgr06 r061 r=0.61 6 (mg/kg)(r=0.6 r=0.72 r07 7 (r=0.7 r=0.60 r06 (r=0.6 r=0.8 r0 (r=0. mg/kgr=0.6 mgkgr0 r=0.6 (mg/kg)(r=0. r=0.7 r=0. (r=0 mg/kgr=0. (mg/kg)(r=0 r=0 mg/kgr=0 (mg/kg)(r= mg/kgr= (mg/kg)(r mg/kgr

Abstract Background Anxiety and mood disorders are the main cause of illness in people under the age of 25, accounting for 45% of the global disease burden, whereas 4.6% of teenagers aged 15 to 19 are predicted to experience anxiety. Pakistan country, with a population of 200 million, has the worst mental health indicators and fewer than 500 psychiatrists. Despite the existence of various treatments for anxiety, this goes unrecognized and untreated. Due to a lack of awareness, evaluation, prevention, and interventional programs related to being implemented among adolescents in Pakistan, there is a rise in mental health issues in the earlier years of life. It calls for a critical need for indigenous, evidence-based interventions. The present study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)-based interventions to reduce anxiety symptoms among school children in Pakistan. Methods This study was a pre-post design, two-arm, single-blinded, feasibility, randomized controlled trial. Thirtyfour participants (experimental group, n = 17; control group, n = 17) were recruited from four semi-government schools in Rawalpindi with a mean age of 15 (M = 15, SD = 0.73). Two instruments Beck Anxiety Inventory for Youth (BAI-Y II) and BASC-3 Behavioural and Emotional Screening System Student (BESS-SF) were used to assess the severity of symptoms. Participants in the intervention arm received eight-group therapy CBT sessions. A two-way factorial analysis was used to examine the efficacy of CBT in reducing symptom severity. Results This study’s findings showed that in comparison to the wait-list control group, CBT successfully improved anxiety symptoms among school children while enhancing their social skills. Conclusion This study will help improve the treatment for anxiety in Pakistan by prioritizing school-based intervention and group-based CBT intervention. Trial registration The trial has been registered at the American Economic Association’s registry for randomized controlled trials. RCT ID: AEARCTR-00095 51. Registered 2022–07-04. 25 45 burden 46 4 6 4.6 1 country 20 million 50 psychiatrists untreated awareness evaluation prevention life indigenous evidencebased evidence based CBTbased prepost pre post design twoarm, twoarm two arm, two-arm singleblinded, singleblinded single blinded, blinded single-blinded experimental group 17 semigovernment semi government M 0.73. 073 0.73 . 0 73 0.73) BAIY BAI Y II BASC3 BASC 3 BASC- BESSSF BESS SF (BESS-SF eightgroup eight sessions twoway way studys s waitlist wait list skills schoolbased groupbased Associations Association trials ID AEARCTR00095 AEARCTR 00095 AEARCTR-0009 51 2022–0704. 20220704 2022–07 04. 2022 07 04 2022–07-04 2 4. 5 0.7 7 AEARCTR0009 0009 AEARCTR-000 0704 2022–0704 2022070 202207 2022–0 202 2022–07-0 0. AEARCTR000 000 AEARCTR-00 070 2022–070 20220 2022– 2022–07- AEARCTR00 00 AEARCTR-0 AEARCTR0 AEARCTR-