Resumo Este trabalho teve por objetivo sintetizar in situ pelo método Pechini, pós do compósito magnetoelétrico Sr0,61Ba0,39Nb2O6/NiFe2O4 (SBN61/NFO), na proporção 50/50 molar, visando obter amostras sinterizadas com controle de crescimento anormal de grãos da fase SBN61. As amostras de SBN61/NFO foram caracterizadas por análise termogravimétrica, difratometria de raios X, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e transmissão. Refinamento pelo método de Rietveld foi utilizado para quantificar as fases presentes nas amostras sintetizadas e o resultado revelou redução de fases espúrias no compósito SBN61/NFO quando comparado só com o SBN61. O compósito SBN61/NFO após sinterização apresentou densidade relativa acima de 98%, excelente dispersão das fases NFO e SBN61, baixo grau de percolação da fase NFO e microestrutura sem crescimento anormal de grãos da fase SBN61.

Abstract This work involved the in situ synthesis, by the Pechini method, of powders of the magnetoelectric composite Sr0.61Ba0.39Nb2O6/NiFe2O4 (SBN61/NFO), in a 50/50 ratio, to obtain sintered samples with control of abnormal grain growth of the SBN61 phase. The SBN61/NFO samples were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The phases in the synthesized samples were quantified by the Rietveld refinement method and the result revealed that the SBN61/NFO composite contained fewer spurious phases than the SBN61 phase alone. After sintering, the SBN61/NFO composite showed a relative density of 98.6%, excellent dispersion of the NFO and SBN61 phases, a low degree of percolation of the NFO phase, and microstructure without abnormal grain growth of the SBN61 phase.

The present study was aimed at assessing the nutritional effect of including chemical silage of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mikiss) viscera (0, 10, 20 and 30 %) in broiler chick (Gallus domesticuset al.) diets. A completely randomized design was used and the productive and economical parameters were determined. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in feed consumption, live weight gain, feed conversion index, mortality, carcass yield, economic conversion index and economic profitability index. The best results were obtained in diets including 10 and 20 % silage. Results demonstrated that the chemical silage had a high nutritional value constituting a protein and alternative energy source for broiler feeding

El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto nutricional de la inclusión de ensilado químico de vísceras de Trucha arcoíris (Oncorhynchus mikiss) (0%, 10%, 20% y 30%) en dietas para de pollos de engorde (Gallus domesticuset al.). Mediante un diseño completamente al azar se determinaron parámetros productivos y económicos. Se presentaron diferencias significativas (P < 0.05) en el consumo de alimento, ganancia de peso, índice de conversión alimentaria, mortalidad, rendimiento en canal, índice de conversión económica y de rentabilidad económica. Se obtuvieron los mejores resultados en dietas con inclusión del 10 y 20 % de ensilado. Los resultados demostraron que el ensilado químico tuvo alto valor nutricional y constituye una fuente proteica y energética alternativa para la alimentación en pollos de engorde

The purpose of this review is to compile available knowledge on content and anthocyanin type in different pigmented maize (Zea mays L.) varieties. Additionally, the effects of traditional nixtamalization processing on these compounds are listed, and the studies performed to reduce the negative effects of traditional nixtamalization are described. The use of pigmented maize varieties has increased due to their high phenolic compound content, mainly anthocyanins. These compounds are responsible for the blue-red color in plants like maize, and they have antioxidant capacity. Anthocyanins are contained in the aleurone layer at the endosperm and in the pericarp of corn kernels. The non-acyl type anthocyanins, such as cyanidin 3-glucoside, pelargonidin 3-glu-coside and peonidin 3-glucoside are the most abundant compounds in colored maize; they have high antioxidant capacity. Generally, maize varieties with blue, purple and black color kernels contain the highest anthocyanin contents. Traditional nixtamalization processing is highly aggressive for anthocyanins in maize; it causes anthocyanin losses of up to 100 % during traditional nixtamalization. However, alternative processes of nixtamalization, such as lime-cooking extrusion and fractionated nixtamalization can have higher anthocyanin and phenolic content retention. These newer nixtamalization processes can be more efficient than traditional nixtamalization. Nonetheless, more research is needed to further reduce losses of these natural compounds, which are useful for obtaining new nutraceutical products from pigmented maize varieties.

El objetivo de esta revisión es compilar el conocimiento disponible acerca del contenido y los tipos de antocianinas identificadas en diferentes variedades de maíces (Zea mays L.) pigmentados. Principalmente, se pretende identificar el efecto en estos compuestos causado por la nixtamalización tradicional, y especificar los estudios desarrollados con tecnologías alternativas de nixtamalización para disminuir los efectos negativos en la calidad funcional del producto final. El uso de maíces pigmentados se ha incrementado debido al contenido superior de compuestos fenólicos, sobre todo por su contenido de antocianinas. Las antocianinas son los compuestos responsables del color rojo-azul de plantas como el maíz, y poseen propiedades antioxidantes benéficas para la salud. Estos pigmentos se encuentran en la capa de aleurona del endospermo y en el pericarpio del grano. Las antocianinas no aciladas de mayor abundancia en los maíces pigmentados son cianidina 3-glucósido (70 %), pelargonidina 3-glucósido y peonidina 3-glucósido, las cuales poseen una alta capacidad antioxidante. En general, los maíces de variedades de color morado, azul y negro son las que contienen más antocianinas. La nixtamalización tradicional es un proceso agresivo para las antocianinas contenidas en los granos pigmentados, ya que provoca pérdidas hasta de 100 % en los productos obtenidos por esta tecnología. No obstante, se puede retener una mayor cantidad de compuestos fenólicos, antocianinas y mayor capacidad antioxidante en productos obtenidos con nixtamalización por extrusión y nixtamalización fraccionada, los cuales son procesos alternativos eficientes a la nixtamalización tradicional. Sin embargo, son necesarias más investigaciones que permitan disminuir la pérdida de estos compuestos naturales útiles para la obtención de nuevos productos nutracéuticos desarrollados con maíces pigmentados.

A sinterização por micro-ondas é uma técnica que oferece enorme potencial para a fabricação de diversos materiais cerâmicos com microestruturas cerâmicas diferenciadas. Este trabalho teve por objetivo sinterizar cerâmicas de ferrita de níquel (NiFe2O4) em forno de micro-ondas, visando controle de crescimento de grão e alta densificação. Para realizar esta investigação, foi utilizado o processo de síntese por Pechini para a preparação do pó das ferritas de níquel. Amostras desse material foram sinterizadas em forno convencional e de micro-ondas. A caracterização foi feita por difração de raios X, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, determinação de densidade aparente e obtenção das curvas de histerese magnética. A sinterização da ferrita de níquel por micro-ondas levou apenas 10% do tempo gasto da sinterização convencional. As amostras apresentaram menor tamanho de grão, e densidade e magnetização de saturação semelhantes às obtidas pela sinterização convencional, mostrando o alto potencial de aplicação da técnica de micro-ondas para o processamento desses materiais.

Microwave sintering is a technique with a huge potential for the manufacture of a variety of ceramic materials with controlled ceramic microstructure. The objective of the present work was the microwave sintering of NiFe2O4 in a microwave oven. In this research, we used a NiFe2O4 synthesized by Pechini method. Samples of this powder were sintered by the conventional and microwave process, and characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, and their density and magnetic properties were also determined. The microwave sintering process took less than 10% of the time required for conventional sintering, and the samplebulk density and saturation magnetization values were similar to those observed forthe conventional sintered ones.

Se registra por primera vez el género Choroterpes (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) para el departamento de Caldas, Colombia. El género se encontraba previamente reportado para Suramérica basado en un material sin datos precisos de procedencia y no formalmente publicado, proveniente de los departamentos de Antioquia y Tolima (Colombia), respectivamente. En este trabajo, las numerosas ninfas recolectadas se encontraron asociadas a hojarasca en un afluente del río Manso en el municipio de Norcasia, Caldas.

The genus Choroterpes (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) is recorded for the first time from Caldas department, Colombia. This genus was previously reported from South America, based on a Colombian material lacking precise locality data from Antioquia and Tolima departments, respectively. In this paper, the numerous nymphs were found associated with leaf litter in río Manso stream in the municipality of Norcasia, Caldas.

We present two cases of urinary undiversion from an ileal loop (Bricker) to an orthotopic neobladder. Due to miss adaptation to the stoma, two patients demanded reconversion to a continent urinary diversion. We proceed to change their urinary diversion to an ileal neobladder (Studer), one by open surgery and the other by laparoscopic surgery. In both cases immediate postoperative went uneventful. Both patients are continent, satisfied with their new situation, and without metabolic complications. Urinary undiversion from an ileal conduit to an orthotopic neobladder is technically feasible by open or laparoscopic surgery. It is a valid alternative for patients with complications due to their urinary diversion or miss adaptation to the cutaneous stoma.

Exponemos dos casos de reconversión de una derivación urinaria con asa ileal (Bricker) a neovejiga ortotópica. Exponemos dos casos de reconversión de una derivación urinaria con asa ileal (Bricker) a neovejiga ortotópica, uno mediante cirugía abierta y otro por laparoscopia. En ambos casos el postoperatorio transcurrió sin incidencias. Los dos pacientes se encuentran satisfechos con su nueva situación, continentes y sin presentar complicaciones metabólicas. La reconversión de un conducto ileal hacia una neovejiga ortotópica es técnicamente viable tanto por cirugía abierta como por laparoscopia, planteándose como una alternativa válida en pacientes que presentan complicaciones secundarias a la derivación inicial o mala adaptación a la misma.

Objective: To report the complications and their respective management in our series of laparoscopic nephrectomy. Material and methods: Between November 1992 and March 2004, 319 patients underwent laparoscopic ablative renal surgery: 152 were women and 167 were men, mean age was 45 years (range: 0,5 - 82 years). There were 70 radical nephrectomies, 16 radical nephroureterectomies, 63 partial nephrectomies, 124 simples nephrectomies, 15 simples nephroureterectomies, 8 heminephrectomies and 23 living donor nephrectomies. Results: The complication rate was 5.64%. The most frequent complications were bleeding (2.5%) and retroperitoneal haematoma (1.2%). There was not statically difference in complications rate by age, sex, or approach via: transperitoneal versus retroperitoneal. Complication rate was alike with laparoscopic or hand assisted technique. There was not mortality in the series. Conclusions: We have a low complication rate in laparoscopic nephrectomy. We believe that laparoscopy is a safe technique for patients that require ablative renal surgery when the surgical team has experience in advanced laparoscopic surgery.

Objetivos: Presentamos las complicaciones en nuestra serie de nefrectomía laparoscópica y el manejo dado a cada una de ellas. Métodos: Entre noviembre de 1992 y marzo de 2004, 319 pacientes fueron llevados a cirugía renal ablativa con técnica laparoscópica: 152 mujeres y 167 hombres, con edad promedio de 45 años (rango: 0,5 - 82 años). Se realizaron 70 nefrectomías radicales, 16 nefroureterectomías radicales, 63 nefrectomías parciales, 124 nefrectomías simples, 15 nefroureterectomías simples, 8 heminefrectomías y 23 nefrectomías de donante vivo para trasplante. Resultados: La tasa de complicaciones fue del 5,64%. Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron sangrado (2,5%) y hematoma retroperitoneal (1,2%). No hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la tasa de complicaciones por sexo, edad o vía de abordaje: transperitoneal o lumboscópica. El realizar una técnica laparoscópica pura o con asistencia manual, no representó cambio en la tasa de complicaciones. No hubo casos de mortalidad en la serie. Conclusiones: Nuestra serie de nefrectomía laparoscópica muestra una baja tasa de complicaciones. Consideramos que en manos experimentadas, la laparoscopía es una técnica segura en pacientes que requieren cirugía renal ablativa.

Existing reports evaluate the management of infected pancreatic necrosis. Most of the authors choose between percutaneous and retroperitoneoscopic drainage. The high morbidity and mortality of this pathology distorts the objective evaluation of the treatment employed. With present a case of infected pancreatic collection favorably resolved with retroperitoneoscopic drainage evidencing the low morbidity of this technique.

Las publicaciones existentes evalúan el manejo de las necrosis pancreáticas infectadas. Dichas son tratadas por diversos autores en forma percutánea o por la vía retroperitoneoscópica. La morbilidad y mortalidad de dicha patología prevalece por encima de la vía empleada para su resolución dificultando la evaluación objetiva del método empleado. Presentamos un caso de drenaje de una colección pancreática por retroperitoneoscopia con resolución favorable evidenciando la escasa morbilidad y las ventajas de este método.

We review the effect of finite amplitude circularly polarized waves on the behavior of linear ion-beam plasma instabilities. It has been shown that left-hand polarized waves can stabilize linear right-handed instabilities [1]. It has also been shown that for beam velocities capable of destabilizing left-handed waves, left-hand polarized large amplitude waves can also stabilize these waves. On the other hand, when the large amplitude wave is right-hand polarized, they can either stabilize or destabilize right-handed instabilities depending on the wave frequency and beam speed [2]. Finally, we show that the presence of large amplitude left-hand polarized waves can also trigger electrostatic ion-acoustic instabilities by forcing the phase velocities of two ion acoutic waves to become equal, above a threshold amplitude value.