Abstract Objective Movies and TV programs directed to children contain food information that can potentially negative influence their food consumption. The NOVA classification is a useful system for monitoring food informational environment. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate food content on children movies using the NOVA classification. Methods The 13 top box office children movies released from 2013 to 2018 were evaluated. Each food reference was classified as unprocessed or minimally processed, processed and ultra-processed food (UPF) and as positive, negative, and neutral message transmitted. Results One hundred and ninety-eight (n = 198) scenes that contained 555 food references were included. The frequency of references to unprocessed and minimally processed foods (60.1%) was similar to references of UPF (59.1%). Fruit/vegetables and sweets represented 37.9% of food appearances each. Scenes containing fruit/vegetables conveyed more negative (62.5%) or neutral messages (49.3%) than positive (26.4%). UPF scenes contained more positive (70.9%) and negative content (75.0%) than neutral (37.3%). Regarding UPF subcategories, sweets scenes were more positive (49.1%) than neutral (22.4%) and fast food meals scenes were more negative (37.5%) than neutral (5.9%). Conclusions UPF, unprocessed food, and minimally processed foods have similar frequency in the movies. Except for fast food meals, UPF were commonly more associated with positive situations and unprocessed and minimally processed foods were more commonly associated with negative contexts.

Resumo Objetivo: Comparar a participação dos alimentos in natura e minimamente processados, processados e ultraprocessados na alimentação de 1.357 escolares de Belo Horizonte (MG) de acordo com o número de refeições escolares consumidas diariamente. Métodos: Foram definidos quatro grupos de estudo: crianças que não consumiam a alimentação escolar e crianças que consumiam uma, duas ou três refeições escolares diariamente. A participação na dieta dos grupos de alimentos, em g/1.000 kcal, foi obtida a partir de dois recordatórios alimentares de 24 horas. Foram analisados três modelos de regressão linear, nos quais o consumo de cada um dos três grupos de alimentos constituiu a variável dependente, o número de refeições escolares consumidas diariamente constituiu a variável independente e os dados sociodemográficos (sexo, idade, índice de vulnerabilidade à saúde) e de excesso de peso constituíram-se as variáveis de ajuste. Resultados: Verificou-se que as crianças que consumiam duas e três refeições escolares diariamente apresentaram, respectivamente, 7,3% e 10,5% maior ingestão de alimentos in natura e minimamente processados quando comparadas com as crianças que não consumiam a alimentação escolar. Além disso, a participação de ultraprocessados foi 18,0% menor na alimentação das crianças que consumiam duas refeições escolares e 26,0% menor entre as que consumiam três refeições escolares diariamente, em comparação com aquelas que não consumiam a alimentação escolar. Conclusão: O estudo apontou possível efeito dose-resposta na proteção da alimentação dos estudantes a partir do consumo de duas refeições escolares diárias, destacando a relevância da permanência da criança em período integral na escola para a promoção da alimentação saudável.

Abstract Objective: To compare the participation of food groups - fresh and minimally processed, processed, and ultra-processed - in the diet of students (n = 1357) from Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, in accordance with the number of school meals consumed daily. Methods: Four groups were defined: children that did not consume school meals and children that consumed one, two, or three school meals daily. Food groups participation, in g/1000 kcal, was obtained using two 24-hour recalls. Three linear regression models were analyzed, in which the consumption of each of the food groups was the dependent variable, the number of school meals was the independent variable, and sociodemographic data (gender, age, health vulnerability) and overweight condition were the control variables. Results: Children that consumed 2 or 3 school meals daily showed, respectively, 7.3% and 10.5% higher ingestion of fresh and minimally processed food in comparison to children that did not consume school meals. Moreover, ultra-processed food participation was 18.0% lower among students that consumed two school meals and 26.0% lower among children that consumed three meals daily, in comparison to students that did not consume school meals. Conclusion: The study showed a possible dose-response effect in children's daily diets with two or three school meals and highlighted the relevance of the prolonged stay at school for healthy eating promotion in children.

OBJETIVO: Analisar a ocorrência de anemia e de deficiência de ferro em crianças de 1 a 5 anos e a associação destes desfechos com a deficiência de retinol. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo observacional analítico do tipo transversal, realizado no município de Vitória - ES, entre abril e agosto de 2008, com crianças (n = 692) saudáveis de 1 a 5 anos, residentes em áreas de abrangência de Unidades Básicas de Saúde. Foram avaliados dados sociodemográficos, econômicos, dietéticos (ingestão de energia, proteína, ferro e vitamina A), antropométricos (índice de massa corporal-por-idade e estatura-por-idade) e bioquímicos (níveis séricos de ferritina, hemoglobina e retinol). RESULTADOS: Detectou-se anemia, deficiência de ferro e deficiência de retinol em 15,7%, 28,1% e 24,7% das crianças, respectivamente. A análise univariada evidenciou maior ocorrência de anemia (RP: 4,62; IC 95%: 3,36; 6,34, p < 0.001) e de deficiência de ferro (RP: 4,51; IC 95%: 3,30; 6,17, p < 0.001) entre crianças que apresentavam deficiência de retinol. As mesmas relações se mantiveram após o ajuste pelas variáveis socioeconômicas, demográficas, dietéticas e antropométricas. Houve relação positiva entre os valores de ferritina sérica vs. retinol (r = 0,597; p < 0,001) e hemoglobina vs. retinol (r = 0,770; p < 0,001). CONCLUSÕES: A anemia e a deficiência de ferro mostraram-se associadas com baixos níveis de retinol em crianças de 1 a 5 anos, e houve correlação positiva dos níveis de retinol com os de ferritina sérica e hemoglobina. Isto torna importante iniciativas que estimulem o desenvolvimento de novos tratamentos e a ampliação de pesquisas em relação à deficiência de retinol.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the occurrence of anemia and iron deficiency in children aged 1 to 5 years and the association of these events and retinol deficiency. METHODS: This was an observational analytic cross-sectional study conducted in Vitoria, ES, Brazil, between April and August of 2008, with healthy children aged 1 to 5 years (n = 692) that lived in areas covered by primary healthcare services. Sociodemographic and economic conditions, dietary intake (energy, protein, iron, and vitamin A ingestion), anthropometric data (body mass index-for-age and height-for-age), and biochemical parameters (ferritin, hemoglobin, and retinol serum) were collected. RESULTS: The prevalence of anemia, iron deficiency, and retinol deficiency was 15.7%, 28.1%, and 24.7%, respectively. Univariate analysis showed a higher prevalence of anemia (PR: 4.62, 95% CI: 3.36, 6.34, p < 0.001) and iron deficiency (PR: 4.51, 95% CI: 3.30, 6.17, p < 0.001) among children with retinol deficiency. The same results were obtained after adjusting for socioeconomic and demographic conditions, dietary intake, and anthropometric variables. There was a positive association between ferritin vs. retinol serum (r = 0.597; p < 0.001) and hemoglobin vs. retinol serum (r = 0.770; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Anemia and iron deficiency were associated with low levels of serum retinol in children aged 1 to 5 years, and a positive correlation was verified between serum retinol and serum ferritin and hemoglobin levels. These results indicate the importance of initiatives encouraging the development of new treatments and further research regarding retinol deficiency.