ABSTRACT Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can enhance plant resistance particularly against soil-borne pathogenic fungi. However, little is known about the effects of Funneliformis mosseae on the community composition of rhizosphere fungi in soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) continuous cropping soil. Here, the disease index of soybean root rot was analyzed, and high throughput sequencing technology was applied to investigate whether F. mosseae could change the composition of fungal communities in the rhizosphere of continuous cropping soybean during seedling period. The results indicated that the disease index of soybean root rot decreased significantly after inoculation of F. mosseae. The root rot disease index was also affected by the increasing of continuous cropping regimes. Furthermore, the relative abundance of fungal community in soybean rhizosphere soil and root samples was influenced after inoculation. Ascomycota was the dominant phylum in most samples. Basidiomycota was the second dominant phylum in all the soil samples, but Olpidiomycota was the second phylum in most root samples. At the genus level, both inoculation and continuous cropping regimes had significant effects on the dominant genus and their relative abundances in all the samples. The relative abundance of some plant pathogenic fungi such as Fusarium in the inoculated root samples was lower than those in the non-inoculated root samples in the same continuous cropping regime. The results can provide new insights into the interactive effects of AM fungi and rhizosphere fungi, and also provide theoretical evidence on biological solutions to alleviate the obstacles of soybean continuous cropping

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), the causative agent of tuberculosis, still causes higher mortality than any other bacterial pathogen until now. With the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR-TB) strains, it becomes more important to search for alternative targets to develop new antimycobacterial drugs. Lupulone is a compound extracted from Hops (Hurnulus lupulus), which exhibits a good antimicrobial activity against M. tuberculosis with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 10 µg/mL, but the response mechanisms of lupulone against M. tuberculosis are still poorly understood. In this study, we used a commercial oligonucleotide microarray to determine the overall transcriptional response of M. tuberculosis H37Rv triggered by exposure to MIC of lupulone. A total of 540 genes were found to be differentially regulated by lupulone. Of these, 254 genes were upregulated, and 286 genes were downregulated. A number of important genes were significantly regulated which are involved in various pathways, such as surface-exposed lipids, cytochrome P450 enzymes, PE/PPE multigene families, ABC transporters, and protein synthesis. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR was performed for choosed genes to verified the microarray results. To our knowledge, this genome-wide transcriptomics approach has produced the first insights into the response of M. tuberculosis to a lupulone challenge.