Abstract Conservation agriculture practices can contribute to changes in soil nutrient dynamics over time. This experiment evaluated the changes in total stocks and distribution of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur concentrations in soil, during 60 months, in an integrated crop-livestock system (ICLS) due to anticipated fertilization of sources and doses phosphates applied in soil surface. The experiment was conducted over a period of five years, under Typic Dystrudept, using a randomized block design, in an incomplete factorial scheme (3×3+1), with four replications. Treatments consisted of three sources of P [triple superphosphate (TSP), rock phosphate - Arad (RP) and magnesium thermophosphate (MTP)], along with four doses of P (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1 P2O5 total). Samples of soil were collected in 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20 and 20-30 cm layers at 24, 36, 48 and 60 months after beggining of experiment where the following chemical attributes were evaluated: (i) total organic carbon (TOC); (ii) total nitrogen Kjeldahl (TNK); (iii) available P by ion exchange resin method (P-IER); and (iv) available S-SO4 2-. The ICLS conditions provided increased total stocks and concentrations of TOC, TNK, P-IER and S-SO4 2- over time. The applications of different phosphates had no influence on soil TOC concentrations during the five years of experimentation. The concentrations of TNK, P-IER and S-SO4 2- showed an increase in different layers of soil, with the application of sources and doses of P. The P fertilization practice that was anticipated can consist of an efficient management of soil fertility, using properly managed conservation systems.

RESUMO Práticas de agricultura conservacionista, como o sistema integrado de produção agropecuária (SIPA), podem resultar em eficiência no uso de P e em benefícios econômicos e ambientais. A maior ciclagem de nutrientes e a deposição de resíduos vegetais e animais na superfície do solo podem promover a manutenção da fertilidade do solo. Assim, a antecipação da adubação fosfatada pode ser uma estratégia viável de adubação para a cultura da soja, neste sistema. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o rendimento, eficiência de uso de P (EUP) e acúmulo deste nutriente na biomassa seca e nos grãos da cultura da soja, em SIPA devido à adubação antecipada de fontes e doses fosfatos aplicados anualmente na superfície do solo. O experimento foi conduzido durante cinco anos, em Castro-PR, sob um Cambissolo Háplico, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial incompleto (3×3+1), com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de três doses (60, 120 e 180 kg ha-1 de P2O5 total), mais um controle absoluto, e três fontes (superfosfato triplo, fosfato natural reativo - Arad e termofosfato magnesiano) de P. As diferentes fontes não influenciaram e não houve interação entre fontes e doses de P para os atributos: rendimento de grãos (RG), massa seca da parte aérea (MSPA), peso de mil sementes (PMS), acúmulo de P na soja (APS), concentração de P nos grãos de soja (CPGS), EUP e P na massa seca residual (PMSR). Aumentos lineares foram observados em PG, MSPA, PMS, CPGS e PMSR e aumentos quadráticos em APS e EUP.

ABSTRACT Conservation agriculture practices, such as integrated crop-livestock system (ICLS), can result in efficiency of phosphorus use and, economic and environmental benefits. The higher nutrient cycling, deposited crop and animal residues in the soil surface can promote the maintenance of soil fertility. Thus, the anticipated of phosphate fertilization may be a viable strategy of fertilization for soybean crop, in this system. The objective of this work was to determine the yield, accumulation of P and phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) on the dry biomass and grains of the soybean crop, in an integrated crop-livestock system (ICLS) due to anticipated fertilization of sources and doses phosphates annually applied in the soil surface. The experiment was conducted over a period of five years, in Castro-PR, under a Typic Dystrudept, using a randomized block design, in an incomplete factorial scheme (3×3+1), with four replications. The treatments consisted of three doses (60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1 of total P2O5) plus absolute control, and three sources (triple superphosphate, rock phosphate - Arad and magnesium thermophosphate) of P. The different sources no influenced and there were no interactions between P sources and doses for the attributes: grain yield (GY), shoot dry mass (SDM), weight of thousand seeds (WTS), P accumulation in soybean (PAS), P concentration in soybean grains (PCSG), PUE and P in residual dry mass (PRDM). Linear increases were observed in GY, SDM, WTS, PCSG and PRDM and quadratic increases in PAS and PUE.