ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate a biofilm model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in excisional cutaneous wound in mice. Methods: Preclinical, translational study conducted with 64 C57BL/6 mice randomly assigned to control and intervention groups. Evaluation was on days D0, D3, D5, D7 and D10 of wound making. The profile of biofilm formation and induction was evaluated using wound closure kinetics, quantitative culture, and evaluation of wounds using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Clinical evaluation was performed by liver tissue culture, weight variation, and quantification of leukocytes in peripheral blood. Analyses were performed with GraphPad Prism software. Results: Bacterial load for induction of infection with P. aeruginosa and survival of animals was 104 UFC·mL-1. In D5 (p < 0.0001) and D7 (p < 0.01), animals in the intervention group showed a delay in the healing process and had their wounds covered by necrotic tissue until D10. Statistical differences were observed in wound cultures and weight at D5 and D7 (p < 0.01). Liver cultures and leukocyte quantification showed no statistical differences. No bacteria in planktonic or biofilm form were identified by TEM. Conclusions: The findings raise questions about the understanding of the ease of formation and high occurrence of biofilm in chronic wounds.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To analyze the influence of occlusive dressing on the healing of excisional skin wounds in mice. Methods: Pre-clinical, comparative, and translational study. Mice were divided into three experimental groups: wounds occluded with hydrocolloid (HD) dressings, transparent polyurethane film (TF) dressings, and without occlusion (WO), monitored at three, six and 14 days, with eight animals each. Closure rate, infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages, measurement of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and, histologically, angiogenesis were evaluated. Results: Wound closure was accelerated in the occlusive groups. There was a decrease in TNF-α levels in the HD group when compared to the WO and TF groups. Neutrophils accumulation decreased in the HD group. Increased dosages of macrophages were evidenced in the HD group, compared to the WO and TF groups. Levels of VEGF were increased in the TF and HD groups. Conclusions: It is suggested that the occlusion of wounds modulates the inflammatory response.

Abstract In this nonsystematic review, the complementary diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control of human papillomavirus are discussed. The histopathology is addressed regarding its indications, main findings and limitations, as a complementary diagnostic method largely used by dermatologists. Electron microscopy is briefly reviewed, along with its contribution to the accumulated knowledge on HPV, as well as the relevance of research in using this technology for future advances in diagnosis and treatment. Molecular information about the virus is continuously increasing, and the practical applications of HPV serology, molecular identification and genotyping are discussed. Vaccines are a valuable tool in primary HPV infection prevention and are now available in many countries; their composition, indications, and adverse effects are revisited. Local and systemic treatment options are reviewed and off-label prescriptions are discussed. Finally, health education focusing on HPV infection as a sexually transmitted infection of worldwide relevance and the many barriers to improve primary and secondary prevention are addressed.

Abstract Infection with human papilloma virus (HPV) is related to a great number of cutaneous and mucosal manifestations. The spectrum of HPV ranges from inapparent infections, through various clinical benign presentations including cutaneous and mucosal disease, to malignant and premalignant conditions. New HPV types are currently described in the literature; many of them are characterized as high-risk types due to their oncogenic potential. Knowledge regarding their epidemiology and pathogenesis is important to understand not only infection and disease processes, but also to formulate the clinical and laboratory basis for diagnosis, therapeutics, and prophylactic measures. This non-systematic review aims to discuss and to update those aspects, with an emphasis on relevant topics for dermatologists. HPV infection and related diseases in the Brazilian scenario are highlighted, including common dermatologic conditions seen at clinics as well as the condition of a public health problem as a sexually transmitted infection. The oncogenicity of the virus and the variety of clinical outcomes - especially in the immunocompromised individuals - are addressed.

BACKGROUND Leprosy is an infectious-contagious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that remain endemic in 105 countries. This neglected disease has a wide range of clinical and histopathological manifestations that are related to the host inflammatory and immune responses. More recently, the inflammasome has assumed a relevant role in the inflammatory response against microbiological agents. However, the involvement of inflammasome in leprosy remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVES The aim is to associate biomarkers of inflammasome with the different immunopathological forms of leprosy. METHODS We performed an observational, cross-sectional, and comparative study of the immunophenotypic expression of inflammasome-associated proteins in immunopathological forms of leprosy of 99 skin lesion samples by immunohistochemistry. The intensity and percentage of NLRP3, Caspase-1, Caspases-4/5, interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 immunoreactivities in the inflammatory infiltrate of skin biopsies were evaluated. FINDINGS Strong expression of NLRP3 and inflammatory Caspases-4/5 were observed in lepromatous leprosy (lepromatous pole). In addition, were observed low expression of caspase-1, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-18 in tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy. The interpolar or borderline form showed immunophenotype predominantly similar to the lepromatous pole. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that the NLRP3 inflammasome is inactive in leprosy, suggesting immune evasion of M. leprae.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar fatores associados à ferida cirúrgica complexa em mama e abdome em pacientes ambulatoriais. Método: estudo observacional do tipo caso-controle, envolvendo 327 pacientes, sendo 160 casos (ferida cirúrgica complexa) e 167 controles (ferida cirúrgica simples). Os dados foram extraídos dos prontuários e para análise foi utilizado o modelo de regressão logística binária, considerando nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: os fatores associados a uma maior chance de ocorrência da ferida cirúrgica complexa foram faixa etária 18 a 59 anos (p = 0,003), escolaridade < 8 anos (p = 0,049), radioterapia (p < 0,001), histerectomia (p = 0,017), hernioplastia (p = 0,003), laparotomia (p = 0,004), glicemia ≤ 99 mg/dL (p = 0,007) e hipertensão arterial (p = 0,033), enquanto quadrantectomia (p = 0,025) atuou como fator protetor. Conclusão: a radioterapia foi o fator com maior significância para complicações da ferida cirúrgica. Alteração glicêmica foi um resultado inesperado, o que mostra a necessidade de mais estudos relacionados a esse tema.

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify factors associated with complex surgical wounds in the breasts and abdomen in outpatients. Method: observational case-control study involving 327 patients, distributed into 160 cases (complex surgical wound) and 167 controls (simple surgical wound). Data were extracted from the medical records and a binary logistic regression model was used for analysis, considering a significance level of 5%. Results: the factors associated with greater chance of occurrence of complex surgical wound were 18 to 59 years of age (p = 0.003), schooling < 8 years (p = 0.049), radiotherapy (p < 0.001), hysterectomy (p = 0.003), glycemia (≤ 99 mg/dL) and arterial hypertension (p = 0.033), while quadrantectomy (p = 0.025) served as a protective factor. Conclusion: radiotherapy was the most significant factor for surgical wound complications. Glycemic alteration was an unexpected result and shows the need for further studies related to this topic.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar factores asociados a la herida quirúrgica compleja en mama y abdomen en pacientes de ambulatorios. Método: estudio observacional del tipo caso-control, envolviendo 327 pacientes, siendo 160 casos (herida quirúrgica compleja) y 167 controles (herida quirúrgica simple). Los datos fueron extraídos de los expedientes médicos y fue utilizado el modelo de regresión logística binaria para análisis, considerando nivel de significancia de 5%. Resultados: los factores asociados a una mayor chance de ocurrencia de la herida quirúrgica compleja fueron las edades de 18 a 59 años (p = 0,003), escolaridad < 8 años (p = 0,049), radioterapia (p < 0,001), histerectomía (p = 0,017), cirugía de hernia (p = 0,003), laparotomía (p = 0,004), glicemia ≤ 99 mg/dL (p = 0,007) e hipertensión arterial (p = 0,033), mientras cuadrantectomía (p = 0,025) actuó como factor protector. Conclusión: la radioterapia fue el factor con mayor significancia para complicaciones de la herida quirúrgica. Alteración glicémica fue un resultado inesperado, lo que muestra la necesidad de más estudios relacionados a ese tema.

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify factors associated with complex surgical wounds in the breasts and abdomen in outpatients. Method: observational case-control study involving 327 patients, distributed into 160 cases (complex surgical wound) and 167 controls (simple surgical wound). Data were extracted from the medical records and a binary logistic regression model was used for analysis, considering a significance level of 5%. Results: the factors associated with greater chance of occurrence of complex surgical wound were 18 to 59 years of age (p = 0.003), schooling < 8 years (p = 0.049), radiotherapy (p < 0.001), hysterectomy (p = 0.003), glycemia (≤ 99 mg/dL) and arterial hypertension (p = 0.033), while quadrantectomy (p = 0.025) served as a protective factor. Conclusion: radiotherapy was the most significant factor for surgical wound complications. Glycemic alteration was an unexpected result and shows the need for further studies related to this topic.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar factores asociados a la herida quirúrgica compleja en mama y abdomen en pacientes de ambulatorios. Método: estudio observacional del tipo caso-control, envolviendo 327 pacientes, siendo 160 casos (herida quirúrgica compleja) y 167 controles (herida quirúrgica simple). Los datos fueron extraídos de los expedientes médicos y fue utilizado el modelo de regresión logística binaria para análisis, considerando nivel de significancia de 5%. Resultados: los factores asociados a una mayor chance de ocurrencia de la herida quirúrgica compleja fueron las edades de 18 a 59 años (p = 0,003), escolaridad < 8 años (p = 0,049), radioterapia (p < 0,001), histerectomía (p = 0,017), cirugía de hernia (p = 0,003), laparotomía (p = 0,004), glicemia ≤ 99 mg/dL (p = 0,007) e hipertensión arterial (p = 0,033), mientras cuadrantectomía (p = 0,025) actuó como factor protector. Conclusión: la radioterapia fue el factor con mayor significancia para complicaciones de la herida quirúrgica. Alteración glicémica fue un resultado inesperado, lo que muestra la necesidad de más estudios relacionados a ese tema.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar fatores associados à ferida cirúrgica complexa em mama e abdome em pacientes ambulatoriais. Método: estudo observacional do tipo caso-controle, envolvendo 327 pacientes, sendo 160 casos (ferida cirúrgica complexa) e 167 controles (ferida cirúrgica simples). Os dados foram extraídos dos prontuários e para análise foi utilizado o modelo de regressão logística binária, considerando nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: os fatores associados a uma maior chance de ocorrência da ferida cirúrgica complexa foram faixa etária 18 a 59 anos (p = 0,003), escolaridade < 8 anos (p = 0,049), radioterapia (p < 0,001), histerectomia (p = 0,017), hernioplastia (p = 0,003), laparotomia (p = 0,004), glicemia ≤ 99 mg/dL (p = 0,007) e hipertensão arterial (p = 0,033), enquanto quadrantectomia (p = 0,025) atuou como fator protetor. Conclusão: a radioterapia foi o fator com maior significância para complicações da ferida cirúrgica. Alteração glicêmica foi um resultado inesperado, o que mostra a necessidade de mais estudos relacionados a esse tema.

A histiocitose de células de Langerhans é doença rara, clinicamente heterogênea. Como há considerável sobreposição clínica entre as quatro variantes descritas (Hand-Schüller-Christian, granuloma eosinofílico, Letterer-Siwe e Hashimoto-Pritzker), o conceito de doença espectral aplica-se a esta entidade. A variante de Hashimoto-Pritzker foi descrita em 1973. Classicamente, está presente ao nascimento ou nos primeiros dias de vida, acomete exclusivamente a pele e o prognóstico é favorável, com regressão espontânea. Relatamos caso de paciente recém-nascido, masculino, com doença de Hashimoto-Pritzker, que se apresenta com positividade para S100 e CD1a, observando-se lesão congênita única perianal com involução rápida em dois meses.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a rare, clinically heterogeneous desease. Since there is considerable clinical overlap among the four described variants (Hand-Schüller-Christian, eosinophilic granuloma, Letterer-Siwe and Hashimoto-Pritzker), the concept of spectral disease applies to this entity. The Hashimoto-Pritzker variant was first described in 1973. Characteristically, it is present at birth or during the first days of life, impairment is limited to the skin and prognosis is favorable with spontaneous resolution. We report a newborn male patient with Hashimoto-Pritzker disease presenting as a S100 + and CD1a + single congenital perianal lesion with rapid involution in two months.

A síndrome KLICK é uma genodermatose rara, autossômica recessiva, caracterizada pela associação de queratodermia palmo-plantar difusa e transgressiva, com esclerodactilia, placas hiperqueratóticas lineares localizadas preferencialmente em flexuras e ictiose congênita. Não há alterações em fâneros ou mucosas, assim como sintomas sistêmicos associados. O tratamento consiste no uso de queratolíticos tópicos e retinóides orais

Keratosis linearis with ichthyosis congenita and sclerosing keratoderma (KLICK) syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive skin disorder characterized by the association of diffuse, transgressive palmoplantar keratoderma with sclerodactyly, linear hyperkeratotic plaques generally located in flexures, and congenital ichthyosis. The patient is physically and mentally healthy and has no history of any problems related to teeth, nails, hair or mucous membranes. Treatment is based on the use of topical keratolytics and oral retinoids

Fibromatose hialina juvenil e hialinose sistêmica infantil são desordens autossômicas recessivas, raras da infância. À histologia, há depósito de material hialino na derme e subcutâneo. As características clínicas principais são: lesões pápulo-nodulares, hipertrofia gengival, contratura articular, lesões ósseas osteolíticas e retardo no crescimento. Mutações no mesmo gene foram identificadas nas duas condições, sugerindo que sejam espectros da mesma doença.

Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis and infantile systemic hyalinosis are rare autossomal recessive disorders with onset in infancy or early childhood. Histological examination shows deposit of hyaline material in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Clinical features include papulonodular skin lesions, gingival hypertrophy, flexion contractures of joints, osteolytic bone lesions and stunted growth. Mutations in the same gene were detected in both conditions, suggesting that they may be variants of the same disorder.

Um jovem do sexo masculino desenvolveu perda auditiva, vertigem, cefaléia e paralisia facial. Exame neurológico sem alterações. Dois anos mais tarde, linfadenopatia cervical, hepatoesplenomegalia e linfócitos atípicos no sangue periférico divulgado leucemia. Concomitante, observou-se ictiose adquirida e, posteriormente, anormalidades neurológicas revelaram mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1, transmitido verticalmente.

A young male developed hearing loss, vertigo, headache and facial palsy. Neurological examination did not show any abnormalities. Two years later, cervical lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly and atypical lymphocytes in peripheral blood revealed leukemia. At the same time, acquired ichthyosis was observed. Subsequently, neurological abnormalities revealed myelopathy associated with HTLV-1, due to vertical transmission.

O vírus linfotrópico humano de células T do tipo 1 (HTLV-1) é o primeiro retrovírus isolado do ser humano. Descreveu-se, em pouco tempo, o seu papel etiológico em algumas doenças, com destaque para a leucemia/linfoma de células T do adulto (ATLL), a mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1/paraparesia espástica tropical (HAM/TSP) e a uveíte associada ao HTLV-1 (HAU). Na década de 90, o HTLV-1 foi associado a eczema grave da infância, conhecido como dermatite infecciosa (DI). Desde então, diversos outros tipos de lesões cutâneas têm sido observados em pacientes infectados pelo HTLV-1, em especial, nos doentes de HAM/TSP ou de ATLL. Porém, mesmo portadores assintomáticos do vírus apresentam doenças dermatológicas. Excetuando-se a dermatite infecciosa, não há lesão da pele específica da infecção pelo HTLV-1. Aqui, os autores apresentam as principais lesões dermatológicas descritas em pacientes infectados pelo HTLV-1, destacando o valor epidemiológico e clínico desses achados.

Human T-cell Lymphotropic vírus type I (HTLV-1) was the first human retrovírus described. Some time after its discovery a group of diseases were related to this vírus, such as, adult T-cell leukemia lymphoma (ATLL), HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and HTLV-1 associated uveitis (HAU). In the nineties, HTLV-1 was associated to a severe eczema of children, called infective dermatitis (ID). Since then, several other skin manifestations have been observed in HTLV-1-infected individuals, particularly in patients with ATLL or HAM/TSP. However, according to some reports, dermatologic lesions are also common in asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers. Besides ID, all other skin lesions reported are nonspecific. The aim of this review is to outline the dermatologic manifestations reported in HTLV-1 infected patients, emphasizing the clinical and epidemiological value of these findings.

Os autores relatam caso de linfoma não Hodgkin em paciente do sexo feminino, de 28 anos, ressaltando o diagnóstico diferencial com formas multibacilares de hanseníase. Além de achados clínicos passíveis de confusão, a histologia mostrava, de modo não usual, infiltrado inflamatório mononuclear perineural e perianexial.

The authors report a case of a 28-year-old woman with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, first diagnosed as multibacillary leprosy. The differential diagnosis is discussed, with emphasis on leprosy, since there were similarities in the clinical aspects. Furthermore the histopathological findings were unusual, displaying perineural and periannexal inflammatory infiltrate composed of mononuclear cells.

A infecção pelos vírus HTLV-I/II encontra-se presente em todas as regiões brasileiras, mas as prevalências variam de um estado para outro, sendo mais elevadas na Bahia, Pernambuco e Pará. As estimativas indicam que o Brasil possui o maior número absoluto de indivíduos infectados no mundo. Testes de triagem de doadores e estudos conduzidos em grupos especiais (populações indígenas, usuários de drogas intravenosas e gestantes) constituem as principais fontes de informação sobre essas viroses em nosso país. O HTLV-I causa a leucemia/linfoma de células T do adulto (LLTA), a paraparesia espástica tropical/mielopatia associada ao HTLV (TSP/HAM), uveíte associada ao HTLV (HAU) e anormalidades dermatológicas e imunológicas. O HTLV-II não se mostrou associado a nenhuma doença até o momento. O diagnóstico é feito com testes de triagem (ELISA, aglutinação) e confirmatórios (Western Blot, PCR). Estes vírus são transmitidos pelo sangue e agulhas contaminadas, através de relações sexuais e de mãe para filho, especialmente através do aleitamento materno. Medidas de prevenção devem focalizar a orientação de doadores soropositivos, mães infectadas e usuários de drogas intravenosas.

HTLV-I/II infection is present in all regions of Brazil, but its prevalence varies according to the geographical area, being higher in Bahia, Pernambuco and Pará. It has been estimated that Brazil has the highest absolute number of infected individuals in the world. Blood donors screening and research conducted with special groups (indigenous population of Brazil, IV drug users and pregnant women) are the major sources of information about these viruses in our Country. HTLV-I causes adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), HTLV associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), HTLV associated uveitis (HAU), dermatological and immunological abnormalities. HTLV-II is not consistently associated with any disease. Diagnosis is established using screening (enzymatic assays, agglutination) and confirmatory (Western blot, PCR) tests. The viruses are transmitted by blood and contaminated needles, by sexual relations and from mother to child, especially by breast feeding. Prevention efforts should focus on education of positive blood donors, infected mothers and IV drug users.