Abstract Gender equality, which becomes a reality when all genders are treated fairly and allowed equal opportunities, is a complicated human rights issue for all countries in the world. The recent statistics are alarming. According to the World Economic Forum, it will take more than 100 years to achieve gender parity. However, the greatest gaps are found in the empowerment that must be promoted from universities and/or higher education institutions, either as female and male students or in the vast majority of cases; linking the “power to do” immersed in the knowledge emanating from university research with women who do not have the benefit of higher-level studies. Additionally, there are currently only six countries that grant women and men equal legal employment rights. Below, an inclusive, equitable society is described that is also opposed to the total integration of the gender perspective that does not leave room for female empowerment.

Resumen La igualdad de género, que se alcanza cuando todos los géneros son tratados de manera justa y se les brinda igualdad de oportunidades, es una cuestión compleja de derechos humanos para todos los países del mundo. Las estadísticas recientes son alarmantes. Según el Foro Económico Mundial, se necesitarán más de 100 años para lograr la paridad de género. Las mayores brechas se encuentran en el empoderamiento, que debe fomentarse desde las universidades y otras instituciones de educación superior, ya sea como estudiantes mujeres y hombres o vinculando el “poder hacer” de los conocimientos emanados de la investigación universitaria con las mujeres que no tienen acceso a estudios de nivel superior. Además, actualmente solo hay seis países que otorgan a mujeres y hombres los mismos derechos laborales legales. A continuación, se describe una sociedad inclusiva y equitativa que, sin embargo, se opone a la plena integración de la perspectiva de género, lo cual impide el empoderamiento femenino.

Resumo A igualdade de género, que se torna uma realidade quando todos os géneros são tratados de forma justa e têm oportunidades iguais, é uma questão complicada e complexa de direitos humanos para todos os países do mundo. As estatísticas recentes são alarmantes. De acordo com o Fórum Económico Mundial, serão necessários mais de 100 anos para alcançar a paridade de género. No entanto, as maiores lacunas encontram-se no empoderamento, que deve ser promovido a partir das universidades e/ou outras instituições de ensino superior, quer como estudantes do sexo feminino e masculino ou na grande maioria dos casos; vincular o “poder de fazer” imerso nos saberes emanados da pesquisa universitária com mulheres que não têm o benefício do acesso a estudos de nível superior. Além disso, existem actualmente apenas seis países que concedem a mulheres e homens direitos laborais legais iguais. A seguir, descreve-se uma sociedade inclusiva, equitativa e que também se opõe à integração total da perspectiva de género que não deixa espaço para o empoderamento feminino. Além disso, existem actualmente apenas seis países que concedem às mulheres e aos homens os mesmos direitos legais de emprego. O seguinte descreve uma sociedade inclusiva e equitativa que, no entanto, se opõe à plena integração da perspectiva de género, o que impede o empoderamento feminino.

Abstract The objective of this paper is to present the measurement of the computational cost of some image recognition algorithms in soybean leaves based on the experimentation of these algorithms. It is a quantitative and experimental study. Starting from a search of the theoretical foundation of the algorithms, the implementation and experimentation of these algorithms tested with images of soybean crop leaves was carried out. As for the results obtained, it is found that between the descriptor detection algorithms SIFT and SURF in obtaining descriptors for each image tested there is no clear choice because while one has more processing time in milliseconds, its memory consumption is lower and vice versa. In relation to the Harris and Shi-Tomasi corner search algorithms, there is one that clearly shows that it is better both in the number of corners detected, as well as the time in milliseconds is less and the memory consumption is also lower, in this case it is the Shi-Tomasi. And among the active contour algorithms we have that both the Snake and Chan-Vese algorithms, among them the one with the best response time is the Snake with less time in milliseconds and less memory consumption. Summarizing the results, it can be suggested that the Shi-Tomasi algorithm for the recognition of leaves in soybean plants would be adequate since it obtains optimal results in terms of time and memory consumption of the computer equipment in comparison with the other mentioned algorithms.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue presentar la medición del costo computacional de varios algoritmos de reconocimiento de imágenes en hojas de soya, a través de un enfoque cuantitativo y experimental. Después de revisar la base teórica, se procedió a la implementación y experimentación de estos algoritmos utilizando imágenes de hojas de soya. Los resultados demuestran que no se puede establecer claramente cuál es la mejor elección entre los algoritmos detectores de descriptores como SIFT y SURF, pues mientras uno de ellos tiene un mayor tiempo de procesamiento en milisegundos, su consumo de memoria es menor, y viceversa. Por otro lado, en cuanto a los algoritmos de búsqueda de esquinas, como Harris y Shi-Tomasi, este último demostró ser superior tanto en términos del número de córneres detectados como en el tiempo de procesamiento en milisegundos y el consumo de memoria. Finalmente, en el grupo de algoritmos de contornos activos, se observó que el algoritmo Snake supera al Chan-Vese con un menor tiempo de procesamiento en milisegundos y un menor consumo de memoria. En síntesis, se puede sugerir que, para el reconocimiento de hojas en plantas de soya, el algoritmo Shi-Tomasi podría ser una opción adecuada debido a su desempeño óptimo en cuanto al tiempo de procesamiento y al consumo de memoria en comparación con los otros algoritmos analizados.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar a mensuração do custo computacional de diversos algoritmos de reconhecimento de imagens em folhas de soja, através de uma abordagem quantitativa e experimental. Após revisão da base teórica, procedemos à implementação e experimentação desses algoritmos utilizando imagens de folhas de soja. Os resultados mostram que não se pode estabelecer claramente qual a melhor escolha entre algoritmos detectores de descritores como SIFT e SURF, pois embora um deles tenha maior tempo de processamento em milissegundos, seu consumo de memória é menor, e vice-versa. Por outro lado, no que diz respeito aos algoritmos de busca de cantos, como Harris e Shi-Tomasi, este último mostrou-se superior tanto no número de cantos detectados como no tempo de processamento em milissegundos e no consumo de memória. Por fim, no grupo de algoritmos de contorno ativo, observou-se que o algoritmo Snake supera o Chan-Vese com menor tempo de processamento em milissegundos e menor consumo de memória. Em resumo, pode-se sugerir que, para reconhecimento de folhas em plantas de soja, o algoritmo Shi-Tomasi poderia ser uma opção adequada devido ao seu ótimo desempenho em termos de tempo de processamento e consumo de memória em comparação aos demais algoritmos analisados.

ABSTRACT The conservation of forage as silage allows its application during the dry season in dairy cattle feeding. The most commonly used forage for this purpose is maize (Zea mays L.), but due to the possible effects of climate change, the diversification of crops with shorter agronomic cycles as wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) should be considered. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the chemical composition of silages, the productive response of dairy cows fed wheat and maize silage, as well as their feeding costs. Three treatments were evaluated with 9.8 kg DM cow-1 d-1 silage plus 4.6 kg DM cow-1 d-1 commercial concentrate each. Treatments were 100% wheat silage (WS), 50% wheat silage-50% maize silage (WMS), and 100% maize silage (MS). Six Holstein cows were used in groups of three randomly assigned to treatment sequence in a 3×3 Latin square design repeated twice. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) between treatments in silage chemical composition, except in NDF and ADF (P > 0.05). There were nonsignificant differences in animal variables (P > 0.05) with mean milk yield of 15.4 kg cow-1 d-1, 33.7 g kg-1 milkfat, 30.5 g kg-1 milk protein, 481.2 kg live weight and 2.1 body condition score. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in silage and total DM intake in the third experimental period (three periods, 14 d each one) with 8.1 and 12.7 kg DM cow-1 d-1, respectively. Although cost for wheat silage were higher than maize silage, all three treatments showed positive margins on feeding costs.

Resumen El objetivo fue evaluar ensilado de Tithonia tubiformis con diferentes aditivos para determinar composición química, parámetros de fermentación ruminal y de producción de gas in vitro. Se evaluaron dos etapas fenológicas (floración y reproductiva) y tres tratamientos de aditivos; control (CTR), melaza (MLZ) y bacterias ácido lácticas (BAL), mediante un diseño experimental factorial 3x2. Las variables evaluadas fueron materia seca (MS), materia orgánica (MO), proteína cruda (PC), fibra detergente neutro (FDN), fibra detergente acido (FDA), energía metabolizable estimada (eEM), digestibilidad in vitro de la MS (DIVMS), MO (DIVMO) y de la FDN (DIVFDN) y producción de gas in vitro. Se presentaron diferencias (P < 0.05) en las variables de composición química, digestibilidad in vitro, eEM y parámetros de cinética de fermentación entre tratamientos a excepción de FDA, DIVFDN, C1, B, C2 y lag, para etapas fenológicas se presentaron diferencias (P < 0.05) en todas las variables a excepción de FDN, FDA, A y C1.

Abstract The objective was to evaluate Tithonia tubiformis silage with different additives to determine its chemical composition, ruminal fer mentation parameters and in vitro gas production, two phenological stages (flowering and reproductive) and three additive treatments for the silages were evaluated; control (CTR), molasses (MLZ) and lactic acid bacteria (BAL), through an analysis of variance with a 3x2 factorial experimental design. The variables evaluated were dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), estimated metabolizable energy (eEM), in vitro digestibility of DM (IVDDM), MO (IVDOM) and NDF (IVDNDF), as well as in vitro gas production. Differences (P < 0.05) were found in the chemical composition, in vitro digestibility, eEM and parameters of fermentation kinetics variables between treatments, except for ADF, IVNDF, C1, B, C2 and lag, regarding phenological stages there were differences (P < 0.05) in all variables except for NDF, ADF, A and C1.

Abstract: The arrival of Joint-Stock Companies for Professional Sports (SADP) to sports clubs inaugurates the neoliberal modernization of Chilean football. This business model redefined the role of supports and partners, starting from the market and the show. Based on the experience of Colo-Colo and Universidad de Chile, this article analyzes the conflict between partners and supports against the SADP on the reconfiguration of social participation, in the soccer field, during the process of deepening neoliberalism in Chile. Through oral history and the analysis of State policies, it is suggested that the process of neoliberalization of football, on the one hand, constrained the participation tools that exist in a sports club, and on the other, produced a response from fans and partners who articulated new projects to strengthen the social fabric in their institutions, redefine the socio-political limits of a club and dispute spaces of power with the SADP.

Resumen: La llegada de Sociedades Anónimas del Deporte Profesional (SADP) a los clubes deportivos inaugura la modernización neoliberal del fútbol chileno. Este modelo empresarial redefinió el papel de hinchas y socios a partir del mercado y el espectáculo. En base a la experiencia de Colo-Colo y Universidad de Chile, este artículo analiza el conflicto de socios e hinchas contra las SADP sobre la reconfiguración de la participación social, en el campo del fútbol, durante el proceso de profundización del neoliberalismo en Chile. A través de la historia oral y el análisis de las políticas del Estado, se plantea que el proceso de neoliberalización del fútbol, por un lado, constriñó las herramientas de participación que existen en un club deportivo y, por otro, produjo una respuesta de hinchas y socios que articularon nuevos proyectos para fortalecer el tejido social en sus instituciones, redefinir los límites sociopolíticos de un club y disputar espacios de poder con las SADP.

Abstract Background: Goat production has grown worldwide as a way to improve the quality of rural life and reduce the environmental footprint; nevertheless, there is a need to increase productivity through improved feeding strategies. The market demands healthier products with organoleptic characteristics similar to the traditional ones; thus, it is necessary to evaluate the effect of new forages for goats and its acceptance by consumers. Chemical and organoleptic composition of goat milk vary according to the diet which, in turn, affects the characteristics of cheese. Cheese texture, taste and smell are the most important sensory attributes for consumers. Objective: To evaluate the effect of substituting corn straw with sunflower hay associated with chickpea for dairy goats on yield, chemical composition and sensory acceptability of cheese, as well profitability. Methods: Twenty-eight Saanen dairy goats were randomly assigned to two treatments in a 30-day experiment on a small farm. The daily ration per goat in the MZST treatment (control treatment) consisted of alfalfa hay (200 g/goat/day) and concentrate (400 g/goat/day) plus 600 g/goat/day (50% of the ration) of corn straw. The SFCP treatment substituted corn straw with sunflower-chickpea hay; it had the same alfalfa and concentrate content, but with no corn straw and was added with 600 g/goat/day of sunflower-chickpea hay. The yield, composition and sensory evaluation of fresh cheese made with milk from each treatment were recorded, and the feeding costs and returns evaluated. Variables for the chemical composition of cheese were analyzed following a completely randomized design. Results: Significant differences were observed in cheese yield and all chemical composition variables. According to sensory evaluation, SFCP cheese had significantly higher scores for texture and odor but lower for taste and overall acceptability compared to MZST. In terms of profitability, SFCP increased feed costs by 5% but resulted in higher margins over feed costs of 12 and 24% for milk and cheese, respectively, compared to MZST. Conclusion: In spite of favorable performance and economic returns of MZST treatment (control treatment), the organoleptic characteristics of the cheese reduced its general acceptance.

resumen está disponible en el texto completo

Resumo Antecedentes: A produção de caprinos em todo o mundo tem crescido como forma de melhorar a qualidade de vida rural e reduzir a pegada ambiental; pero há uma necessidade de aumentar a produtividade através de estratégias de alimentação melhoradas. A crescente procura dos consumidores por produtos mais saudáveis mas com características organolépticas semelhantes aos tradicionais, tornou necessário desenvolver estratégias para satisfazer esta necessidade, pelo que é necessário avaliar o efeito de novas forrageiras nas dietas na sua aceitação pelos consumidores. A composição química e organoléptica do leite de cabra varia de acordo com a dieta, o que por sua vez afeta as características do queijo de leite de cabra. Entre os atributos sensoriais mais importantes para os consumidores estão textura, sabor e cheiro. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da substituição da palha de milho por feno de girassol associada ao grão-de-bico na alimentação de cabras leiteiras, em termos de rendimento, composição química e aceitabilidade sensorial do queijo, bem como desempenho econômico. Métodos: Vinte e oito cabras leiteiras Saanen foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em dois tratamentos em um experimento de 30 dias em uma fazenda de pequena escala. A ração diária por cabra no tratamento MZST (tratamento controle) consistia em feno de alfafa (200 g/cabra/dia) e concentrado (400 g/cabra/dia) mais 600 g/cabra/dia (50% da ração) de a palha de milho e o tratamento SFCP (tratamento substituiu o feno de girassol-grão moído) continham os mesmos teores de alfafa e concentrado, mas com 600 g/cabra/dia de feno de girassol-grão. O rendimento, a composição e a avaliação sensorial dos queijos in natura feitos com leite de cada tratamento foram registrados e os custos de alimentação e retornos avaliados. As variáveis de composição química dos queijos foram analisadas seguindo um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Resultados: Houve diferenças significativas no rendimento do queijo e para todas as variáveis de composição química. A avaliação sensorial mostrou que o queijo SFCP teve pontuações significativamente mais altas para textura e odor, mas significativamente mais baixas para sabor e aceitabilidade geral em comparação com o MZST. Em termos econômicos, o SFCP aumentou os custos com alimentação em 5%, mas resultou em margens mais altas sobre os custos com alimentação de 12 e 24% para leite e queijo, respectivamente, em comparação com o MZST. Conclusão: Apesar do desempenho favorável e do retorno econômico com o tratamento MZST (tratamento controle), mudanças nas características organolépticas do queijo reduziram sua aceitação geral.

ABSTRACT Small-grain cereals may be a forage alternative for small-scale dairy systems under limiting climatic conditions given their short agronomic cycle. Cereals as dual-purpose forages (grazing and silage) have not been evaluated in Mexico. The objective was to assess the inclusion of rye (Secale cereale L.) (SCS) or triticale (×Triticosecale spp.) silage (TRS). The treatments were: T1 = 10 kg DM cow-1 d-1 SCS, T2 = 10 kg DM TRS, in both treatments with grazing access (8 h d-1) of a Kikuyu grass (Cenchrus clandestinus (Hochst. ex Chiov.) Morrone) pasture and supplemented with 3.6 kg DM cow-1 d-1 concentrate; in a double cross-over with six cows and three 14 d experimental periods, animal (milk yield, live weight, body condition score, and sampling for milk composition) and feed variables (net herbage accumulation, sward height and sampling for chemical composition) were recorded during the last 4 d of each period. There were no differences (P > 0.05) between treatments for milk yield (13.3 ± 2.8 kg cow-1 d-1), live weight (512.1 ± 85.9 kg), body condition score (2.2 ± 0.2), milk fat (35.8 ± 5.2 g kg-1), milk protein (27.8 ± 0.6 g kg-1), milk urea N (9.8 ± 2.5 mg dL-1) or milk pH (6.8 ± 0.07). Feeding costs were lower in SCS (P < 0.05); which may be an alternative for small-scale dairy systems. It is concluded that both rye and triticale are good alternatives as dual-purpose forage crops.

Resumen En el presente trabajo se analizan algunos de los errores que realizan con más frecuencia al estudiar la integral definida los alumnos de Ingeniería en Gestión Empresarial (IGE) del Instituto Tecnológico José Mario Molina (ITJMM), así como la forma en que esto los afecta para alcanzar la competencia matemática requerida. Por ello, fue necesario investigar sobre tres elementos clave: competencia, competencia matemática y revisión en la literatura sobre los principales errores de los alumnos en el tema de la integral definida. En síntesis, al examinar los resultados de un examen diagnóstico aplicado, se observó que 89 % de los alumnos presentaban uno o más de estos tipos de problemas. Sin embargo, después de la aplicación del estudio este porcentaje se redujo a 47 %.

Abstract This paper analyzes some of the main mistakes frequently made by Business Management Engineering (IGE) students at the José Mario Molina Technological Institute (ITJMM) when studying the definite integral and the way in which they affect them in order to achieve math proficiency required. For this reason, it was necessary to investigate 3 key elements: competence, mathematical competence and to review the literature on the main errors that students make on the subject of the definite integral. When examining the results of the diagnostic test, it was observed that 89% of the students presented one or more of these types of problems. However, after the application of the study this percentage was reduced to 47%.

Resumo No presente trabalho, são analisados alguns dos erros que os alunos de Engenharia em Gestão Empresarial (IGE) do Instituto Tecnológico José Mario Molina (ITJMM) cometem com mais frequência ao estudar a integral definida, bem como a forma como isso afeta para atingir a competência matemática necessária. Por isso, foi necessário investigar três elementos-chave: competência, competência matemática e revisão da literatura sobre os principais erros dos alunos na disciplina de integral definida. Em resumo, ao analisar os resultados de um teste de diagnóstico aplicado, observou-se que 89% dos alunos apresentaram um ou mais desses tipos de problemas. No entanto, após a aplicação do estudo, esse percentual foi reduzido para 47%.

ABSTRACT: Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dislocation involves a non-self-limited displacement of the condyle out of its functional positions within the glenoid fossa and posterior aspect of the articular eminence. TMJ dislocation accounts for 3 % of all reported dislocated joint cases in the body. The TMJ is more flexible in women and therefore more prone to dislocation. Chronic dislocations include acute dislocations that are not self-limiting and progress without treatment, as well as recurrent chronic dislocations, in which individuals experience multiple dislocations as a result of daily activities. Regardless of the subtype, chronic dislocation can be managed by surgical or non-surgical treatment modalities. Surgical/invasive interventions aim at anatomical modification of the eminence, condyle, or musculocapsular tissues. We report the case of a 75-year-old female patient who was admitted to the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery service of the Hospital de Traumatología y Ortopedia “Dr. Victorio de la Fuente Narváez” in Mexico City for presenting recurrent mandibular dislocation on the left side for 3 years. It was decided to perform eminoplasty with chin graft as a definitive surgical treatment for this condition, obtaining excellent functional results up to one year of follow-up.

RESUMEN: La luxación de la articulación temporomandibular (ATM) implica un desplazamiento no autolimitado del cóndilo fuera de sus posiciones funcionales dentro de la fosa glenoidea y vertiente posterior de la eminencia articular. La luxación de la ATM representa el 3 % de todos los casos de articulaciones dislocadas reportadas en el cuerpo. La ATM es más flexible en las mujeres y, por lo tanto, más propensas a luxarse. Las luxaciones crónicas incluyen luxaciones agudas que no son autolimitadas y progresan sin tratamiento, además de las luxaciones crónicas recidivantes, en las que los individuos experimentan múltiples luxaciones como resultado de las actividades cotidianas. Independientemente del subtipo, la luxación crónica se puede manejar mediante modalidades de tratamiento quirúrgico o no quirúrgico. Las intervenciones quirúrgicas/invasivas tienen como objetivo la modificación anatómica de la eminencia, el cóndilo o los tejidos musculo capsulares. Reportamos el caso de una paciente femenina de 75 años de edad, quien ingresa al servicio de Cirugía Oral y Maxilofacial del Hospital de Traumatología y Ortopedia “Dr. Victorio de la Fuente Narváez” del Instituto Mexicano de Seguridad Social de la Ciudad de México por presentar luxación mandibular recidivante del lado izquierdo desde hace 3 años. Se decide realizar eminoplastía con injerto de mentón como tratamiento quirúrgico definitivo para esta condición obteniendo excelentes resultados funcionales hasta después de un año de seguimiento.

Abstract Traditional Zacazonapan cheeses have unique organoleptic characteristics and are characterized by being linked to the territory of origin. In the maturation process, there are many interactive variables that are responsible for physical, chemical, biological and structural changes. In order to evaluate the bacteriological evolution of artisanal cheeses during their maturation under non-controlled conditions in two production periods, samples of raw milk and cheese were collected at 0, 30, 60, 120 and 150 d of maturation. The presence of molds and yeasts (MaY), mesophilic aerobic bacteria (MAB), Staphylococcus spp. (Staph), total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC), Salmonella spp. (Salm) and Listeria spp. (List) was determined. The average microbial load was 9.68, 9.38, 8.55 and 8.10 log10 CFU/g of cheese for MaY, MAB, Staph and TC respectively, as well as 2.68 log10 MPN/g of cheese for FC. Salm was not detected but List was. The microbiological evolution of Zacazonapan matured cheese had counts that exceed the maximum levels of the Official Mexican Standard 243 SSA1 2010.

Resumen Los quesos tradicionales Zacazonapan tienen características organolépticas únicas y se caracterizan por estar vinculados al territorio de origen. En el proceso de maduración se tienen numerosas variables interactivas que son responsables de los cambios físicos, químicos, biológicos y estructurales. Con el objetivo de evaluar la evolución bacteriológica de quesos artesanales durante su maduración bajo condiciones no controladas en dos épocas de producción, se colectaron muestras de leche cruda y de queso a los 0, 30, 60, 120 y 150 días de maduración. Se determinó la presencia de mohos y levaduras (MyL), bacterias mesófilas aerobias (BMA), Staphylococcus spp. (Staph), coliformes totales (CT), coliformes fecales (CF), Salmonella spp. (Salm) y Listeria spp. (List). La carga microbiana promedio fue 9.68, 9.38, 8.55 y 8.10 log10 UFC/g de queso para MyH, BMA, Staph y CT respectivamente, así como 2.68 log10 NMP/g de queso para CF. No se detectó Salm pero si List. La evolución microbiológica del queso madurado Zacazonapan presentó conteos que superan los niveles máximos de la Norma Oficial Mexicana 243 SSA1 2010.

Resumen El presente artículo explora el conflicto entre los poderes ejecutivo y judicial iniciado en 1927, y sus consecuencias en la estructura institucional chilena, proyectadas durante las décadas siguientes. Así, se afirma que dicho episodio definió el carácter de las relaciones entre judicatura y Ejecutivo durante la República presidencialista iniciada en 1925.

Abstract Thispaper explores the conflict between the executive and judicial powers that beganin 1927, and its consequences on the Chilean institutional structure, projected during the following decades. Thus, it affirms that that episode defined the relationship between judiciary and Executive power under the Presidencialist Republic started in 1925.

Abstract Objective: Characterize the processes of collection, commercialization and consumption of herbaceous quelites, mainly native, in the city of Toluca, Mexico. Methodology: The work was carried out in four markets of the aforementioned city. The ethnographic method was used; semi-structured interview guides were applied to 20 collectors, 73 merchants and 69 quelite consumers. Results: In the city of Toluca and its surroundings, quelites continue to be collected, marketed and consumed, but in low quantities; 12 species were identified, and the ones that are mainly consumed are the following: quintoniles (Amaranthus hybridus), purslane (Portulaca oleracea), chivatitos (Calandrinia micrantha), ashes (Chenopodium berlandieri) and huauzontles (Chenopodium berlandieri subsp. nuttalliae). They are prepared at least 12 ways. Limitations: The research was restricted to the markets of the city of Toluca during one time of the year. Conclusions: The quelites that are sold in the traditional markets in the city of Toluca are collected in the surrounding rural areas or are purchased in the large distribution centers; there has been a reduction in their consumption in the last five or eight years.

Resumen Objetivo: Caracterizar los procesos de recolección, comercialización y consumo de quelites herbáceos, principalmente nativos, en la ciudad de Toluca, México. Metodología: El trabajo se realizó en cuatro mercados de la ciudad referida. Se empleó el método etnográfico, se aplicaron guías de entrevista semiestructurada a 20 recolectores, 73 comerciantes, 69 consumidoras de quelites. Resultados: En la ciudad de Toluca y sus alrededores, los quelites se siguen recolectando, comercializando y consumiendo, pero en bajas cantidades. Se identificaron doce especies; las que se consumen principalmente son las siguientes: quintoniles (Amaranthus hybridus), verdolagas (Portulaca oleracea), chivatitos (Calandrinia micrantha), cenizos (Chenopodium berlandieri) y huauzontles (Chenopodium berlandieri subsp. nuttalliae). Se preparan, al menos, de doce maneras. Limitaciones: La investigación se restringió a los mercados de la ciudad de Toluca durante una época del año. Conclusiones: Los quelites que se comercializan en los mercados tradicionales en la ciudad de Toluca se recolectan en las zonas rurales aledañas o se adquieren en los grandes centros distribuidores. Se ha presentado una reducción en su consumo en los últimos cinco u ocho años.

ABSTRACT Battarrea phalloides, a conspicuous mushroom-forming fungus with worldwide but scattered distribution in xeric habitats, has a relatively recent history of records in Chile, with most locations in the arid north of the country. Recent findings of the species in central Chile, particularly in the Larger Santiago area, indicate its possible expansion towards higher latitudes. An update of the regional map of B. phalloides which includes records obtained from social media and common use databases, suggests a possible temporal and spatial correlation between the observed expansion and the regional climate phenomenon known as megadrought.

Resumen Las neoplasias apendiculares se presentan hasta en el 50 % de los casos como un episodio de apendicitis aguda. Existen características demográficas, clínicas y radiológicas que aumentan las posibilidades de un tumor apendicular subyacente, sin embargo, en la mayoría de los casos, son los hallazgos intraoperatorios los que alertan al cirujano. A pesar de que el tipo histológico determina la radicalidad del manejo quirúrgico de estos pacientes, algunas características macroscópicas pueden orientar a las patologías específicas y a una conducta adecuada. En general, los objetivos del manejo quirúrgico inicial se cumplen con una resección limitada al apéndice cecal, asociada a la citología de mucina y biopsia de los implantes peritoneales si están presentes, reservando las resecciones extendidas, como hemicolectomía derecha oncológica, para los pacientes con compromiso extenso de la base o del mesenterio apendicular ante la sospecha de neoplasias neuroendocrinas o adenocarcinoma del apéndice cecal.

Abstract Appendicular neoplasms present in up to 50% of cases as an episode of acute appendicitis. There are demographic, clinical and radiological characteristics that increase the chances of an underlying appendicular tumor; however, in most cases are the intraoperative findings that alert the surgeon. Although the histological type determines the radical nature of the surgical management of these patients, some macroscopic characteristics can guide specific pathologies and appropriate behavior. In general, the objectives of initial surgical management are met with a limited resection of the cecal appendix, associated with mucin cytology and biopsy of peritoneal implants if present, reserving extended resections such as oncological right hemicolectomy for patients with extensive compromise of the base or appendicular mesentery when neuroendocrine neoplasms or adenocarcinoma of the cecal appendix are suspected.

Resumen La posibilidad de encontrar una neoplasia benigna o maligna del ovario, de forma inesperada durante una intervención quirúrgica abdominal, es una realidad para todos los especialistas en cirugía. Si bien en muchos casos se tratará de una lesión benigna, el riesgo de cáncer no debe subestimarse, ya que, por ejemplo, la ruptura intraoperatoria de una lesión quística maligna puede reestadificar a una paciente con cáncer de ovario del estadio IA al IC, con todas las consecuencias que esto implica, como la necesidad de requerir quimioterapia adyuvante y tener un peor pronóstico. Por otro lado, en mujeres premenopáusicas debe discutirse con la familia o la paciente (idealmente) el riesgo e implicaciones de la ooforectomía uni o bilateral, incluso si esto amerita dejar el quirófano para obtener el consentimiento, o posponer el procedimiento definitivo para un segundo tiempo. La consulta intraoperatoria a un ginecólogo, siempre que sea posible, se debe llevar a cabo con el fin de respaldar la conducta adoptada. Conocer el manejo adecuado de las masas anexiales encontradas de forma incidental durante una cirugía abdominal, es una prioridad para todos los cirujanos generales.

Abstract The possibility of finding a benign or malignant neoplasm of the ovary unexpectedly during abdominal surgery is a reality for all specialists in surgery. Although in many cases it will be a benign lesion, the risk of cancer should not be underestimated, since, for example, the intraoperative rupture of a malignant cystic lesion may well re-stage a patient with ovarian cancer from stage IA to IC, with the consequences that this implies, such as the need for adjuvant chemotherapy and a worse prognosis. On the other hand, in premenopausal women, the risk and implications of unilateral or bilateral oophorectomy should be discussed with the family or the patient (ideally), even if this implies leaving the operating room to obtain consent, or postponing the definitive procedure for a second time. Intraoperative consultation with a gynecologist, whenever possible, should be carried out in order to support the adopted behavior. Knowing the proper management of adnexal masses found incidentally during abdominal surgery is a priority for all general surgeons.