Uma das alternativas para diminuir o volume de lixo urbano a ser descartado é a compostagem, cujo produto - o composto - é utilizado na agricultura. Esses compostos podem apresentar substâncias tóxicas ao ser humano, a exemplo dos metais pesados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características químicas de compostos de lixo urbano de seis capitais brasileiras. Analisaram-se, também, amostras de esterco, calcário, superfosfato simples, KCl e uréia, para comparações com os compostos de lixo. Foram feitas determinações de M.O., C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Mn, Mo, Zn, Fe, Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti e V. As análises foram realizadas, em 1995, nos Laboratórios do Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura - CENA/USP. Houve diferenças nos teores de nutrientes entre os compostos, provavelmente devidas aos diferentes processos de compostagem, estando alguns deles acima dos níveis toleráveis em compostos na Alemanha. Os demais elementos analisados, incluindo os metais pesados, estão dentro da faixa observada em lodo de esgoto na Inglaterra. De acordo com a legislação alemã, o Pb, Cr, Ni e o Cd estão acima dos valores toleráveis para compostos de lixo. Na maioria dos compostos analisados, os teores totais de nutrientes foram menores do que no esterco, mas a concentração dos outros elementos, incluindo metais pesados, foi mais elevada do que no esterco. Embora os teores dos elementos avaliados nos compostos sejam os totais, é necessário cautela para seu uso, até que sejam obtidos resultados seguros sobre a "disponibilidade" desses elementos para as plantas.

One of the alternatives to diminish the urban waste volume to be discarded is the composting process, whose final product - the compost - can be used in agriculture. However, these composts may present toxic substances for humans, i.e. heavy metals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition of waste composts from six Brazilian capitals. Samples of cattle manure, lime, ordinary phosphate, potassium chloride, and urea were analysed to compare with the waste compost. Determinations of organic matter, C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Mn, Mo, Zn, Fe, Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti, and V were made. Nutrient contents in the compost samples were dependent on the composting processes involved. Micronutrient content was variable, some presenting values above the tolerable level of the German waste composts. The other elements analyzed, including heavy metals, were at the same reported levels for sludges in England. Considering the German tables of tolerable levels in waste compost values for Pb, Cr, Ni, and Cd, some of the samples were very high. In most of them, the total content of nutrients was smaller than in cattle manure, while that of heavy metals was higher. Considering that the content of analyzed elements is the total content, caution is advised on its use until secure results are available on the bioavailability to the plants of these elements in the composts.

The multi-element determination of Al, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ba, Pb, SO4= and Cl- in riverine water samples was accomplished by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The sample passed through a column containing the anionic resin AG1-X8 and the metals were determined directly. The retained anionic species were eluted and SO4= and Cl- were determined at m/z 48 and 35 correspondent to the ions SO+ and Cl+ formed at the plasma. Accuracy for metals was assessed by analysing the certified reference TM-26 (National Water Research Institute of Canada). Results for SO4= and Cl- were in agreement with those obtained by turbidimetry and spectrophotometry. LOD's of 0.1 µg l-1 for Cd, Ba and Pb; 0.2 µg l-1 for Al, Mn and Cu; 0.5 µg l-1 for Cr; 0.9 for Zn; 2.0 µg l-1for Ni , 60 µg l-1 for S and 200 µg l-1 Cl were attained.