ABSTRACT The present study aimed to assess the precision of oxygen uptake with heart rate regression during treadmill running in highly trained runners. Twenty national and international level male runners were divided into two equal groups. Group A was formed of 10 sprinters (31.5± 4.7 years, height 1.74± 0.04 m and mass 61.8± 5.2 kg), and group B comprised 10 endurance runners (25.7± 4.5 years, height 1.77± 0.08 m and mass 71.2± 5.8 kg). Each participant performed six min bouts at a constant velocity on a level treadmill, with each bout at an increased running velocity. The starting velocity was 3.33 m·s-1, with a 0.56 m·s-1 increase in each subsequent bout. VO2 and HR were measured during all runs. Mean peak VO2 and mean peak HR for Group A were, respectively, 71.7± 7.0 mL·kg-1·min-1 and 179.8± 12.7 beats·min-1, while for Group B were 67.3± 4.9 mL·kg-1·min-1 and 198.2± 9.8 beats·min-1. The linearity of the regressions between VO2 and HR in both groups was very high (R2= 0.97 and R2=0.76) with small standard errors of regression. Despite a stronger correlation in endurance-trained athletes, the results of the present study indicate that it is possible to use HR as an indicator of exercise intensity in individuals trained in both speed and longer distances.

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to compare the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic among Physical Education professionals in the Northeast and South of Brazil. This is a cross-sectional study. Data collection took place digitally. Through Google® Forms, a questionnaire was created, with multiple choice questions disseminated through the social networks Whatsapp®, Instagram@ and Facebook@. A total of 746 participants answered the questionnaire, 50.8% from the South Region and 49.2% from the Northeast Region. Regarding education and professional activity, most had graduated for up to 10 years (59.5%), had a full degree or both (61.3%) and worked in the private/liberal professional sector (52%). Considering financial and health planning issues, most participants were the main household income provider (64.9%), had no financial reserve (75.9%), nor had a health plan (58.6 %) or retirement plan (67%). Regarding attitudes and risks in the face of the pandemic, 94.5% of Physical Education professionals said they were in isolation. It can be concluded that the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic had an impact on Physical Education professionals. The ban on professional practice caused by social isolation demonstrated a profession with little planning and a vulnerable financial situation regardless of the Brazilian region.

RESUMO O presente estudo teve como objetivo geral comparar o impacto da pandemia da COVID-19 entre profissionais de Educação Física do Nordeste e do Sul do Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo de caráter transversal. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio digital. Através dos Formulários Google® foi criado um questionário, com perguntas de múltipla escolha, sendo este disseminado por meio das redes sociais Whatsapp®, Instagram@ e Facebook@. Foram investigados um total de 746 participantes, sendo 50,8% da Região Sul e 49,2% da Região Nordeste. Com relação à formação e atuação profissional, a maioria tinha até 10 anos de formado (59,5%), possuíam licenciatura plena ou as ambas as modalidades (61,3%) e atuavam no Setor privado/profissional liberal (52%). Considerando-se as questões de planejamento financeiro e de saúde, a maioria dos participantes era o principal mantenedor da casa (64,9%), não tinham realizado reserva financeira (75,9%), nem tinham plano de saúde (58,6%) ou de aposentadoria (67%). Com relação às atitudes e riscos frente à pandemia, um total de 94,5% dos profissionais de Educação Física afirmou estar em isolamento. Pode-se concluir que os efeitos da pandemia da Covid-19 sobre os profissionais de Educação Física foram impactantes. A proibição do exercício profissional provocada pelo isolamento social demonstrou uma profissão com pouco planejamento e vulnerável situação financeira independente da região brasileira de atuação.

Abstract Air Bike ergometers have recently appeared and become popular among fitness. These ergometers combine the use of upper or lower limbs while remaining seated. Its characteristic is that of a system of external load imposed through air resistance which increases with the cadence imposed on the equipment. The present study aimed to evaluate the reliability of the ramp test and standard leg-cycle ergometer to assess maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max). For this purpose, 18 physically active young men, aged between 19 and 29 years (mean ± standard deviation = 21.78 ± 2.44), performed three maximal incremental ramp tests in random order: one test on a cycle ergometer and two tests on an Air Bike arm- and leg- ergometer (test and re-test) with cardiorespiratory measurements throughout the tests. VO2max and maximum heart rate (HRmax) were significantly higher in the Air Bike compared with the cycle ergometer (53.06 ± 8.72 vs 47.38± 9.15 mL/min/kg), 181.93 ± 10.20 vs 176.07 ± 5.28 bpm, p < 0.001; 95%CI 3.41–7.95; ES = 0.30 and p = 0.01; 95%CI 1.44–10.29; ES = 0.34, respectively for VO2max and HRmax). There were no differences between the two ergometers in the maximum respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and test duration (1.21 ± 0.13 vs 1.21 ± 0.13, 598.06 ± 37.28 vs 612.22 ± 86.40 s, p = 0.9; IC95% –0.05 – –0.05; ES = 0 and p = 0.4; 95%CI –46.12–17.79; ES = –0.11, respectively for RER and test duration). Both VO2max and HRmax showed to be reliable when assessed with the Air Bike ergometer. The maximal test carried out on the Air Bike is a reliable ergometer to assess VO2max and probably enables a higher VO2max as compared with a standard leg-cycle ergometer.

Abstract Aim: This study aimed (i) to test the inter-rater reliability of swimming teachers, (ii) to test the swimming teacher's discussion effect on inter-rater reliability and (iii) to verify the intra-rater swimming teacher's reliability. Method: Twenty-one learning swimmers (14.1 ± 5.1 years old) performed two 25-m front crawl courses at a comfortable speed without breathing between the sixth and 20-m, and had their displacements captured on film. Three swimming teachers with different academic backgrounds and skills evaluated the swimmer right upper limb using a 20-items checklist. In the 1st-step, teachers assessed 20-items and in 2nd-step discussed their particular evaluating criteria - selecting five items considered as the most relevant. The inter- and intra-rater reliability were tested using the Fleiss Kappa Coefficient. Results: In the 1st-step substantial reliability was found for item three and in movement descriptor for items three and 20. Nearly perfect reliability was found in the movement descriptor for item 13. In 2nd-step, moderate reliability was found only in the movement descriptor for item 20. Only the most experienced evaluator showed substantial intra-rater reliability for items four and 10 and moderate for item 20. Conclusion: The proposed discussion method did not cause the expected effect on inter-rater reliability. The swimming teacher with a higher degree and swimming skills showed better intra-rater reliability. Some items and movement descriptors proposed at the 20-items checklist can be used in practical settings.

The evaluation of swimming technique is one of the main aspects to be considered in any training program, with biomechanics being an important source of knowledge. It was our objective to characterize the biomechanical parameters (SL and SF) relating them to the swimming velocity (v) at different intensities and to analyze within each swimming stroke cycle the intra-cyclic velocity variation (IVV) in a group of motor disabled swimmers. Eight disabled male swimmers (25.83 ± 2.93 years old, 72.45 ± 9.26 kg body mass and 1.79 ± 0.11 m of height) of the following functional classes: S6 (n = 1), S8 (n = 2) and S9 (n = 5) participated in this study. Swimmers were evaluated in the kinematic parameters v, stroke frequency (SF) and stroke length (SL) along with an incremental protocol of 6 x 200 m in the the crawl stroke. Data were registered in each step at the distances of 100 and 175 m. With increasing velocity, the mean values of SL decreased while the mean values of SF increased. To achieve higher swimming velocities, swimmers compensated the lack of the propulsive segment increasing SF to increase swimming speed. For the mean values of IVV at 100m distance, a decrease between the first and second levels, followed by a tendency to stabilize from the 2nd to the 6th level is presented. For the 175 m distance, there was a decrease in IVV with an increase in swimming velocity. Stroke frequency is directly related to the magnitude of IVV, which directly influences swimming performance.

RESUMO Introdução: Na literatura, é identificada uma lacuna em relação aos efeitos agudos do treino com restrição de fluxo sanguíneo sobre as variáveis aeróbicas. Objetivo: analisar o consumo de oxigênio (VO2) durante e após duas sessões de treino de força: tradicional de alta intensidade e baixa intensidade com restrição do fluxo sanguíneo. Métodos: Após os testes de repetição máxima, oito participantes do sexo masculino (25,7 ± 3 anos) completaram os dois protocolos experimentais, separados por 72 horas, em ordem aleatória: a) treino de alta intensidade, com 80% de 1RM (AI) e b) treino de baixa intensidade a 20% de 1RM combinado com restrição de fluxo sanguíneo (BI + RFS). Três séries de quatro exercícios (supino, agachamento, remada inclinada e levantamento terra) foram realizadas. O consumo de oxigênio e o consumo de oxigênio em excesso pós-exercício foram medidos. Resultados: foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre o treino tradicional de alta intensidade e de baixa intensidade com restrição de fluxo sanguíneo, com valores mais altos para sessões de treinamento tradicionais, exceto nos últimos cinco minutos para a medida de consumo de oxigênio pós-exercício. O VO2 medido durante o treino foi maior (p = 0.001) para a sessão de AI (20.32 ± 1.46 mL·kg-1·min-1) comparada ao treino de BI + RFS (15.65 ± 1.14 mL·kg-1·min-1). Conclusão: O consumo de oxigênio durante e após as sessões de exercício foram maiores para a metodologia de treinamento de alta intensidade. Contudo, quando se considera o volume dos treinos, estas diferenças foram atenuadas. Nível de Evidência III - Estudos de pacientes não consecutivos; sem padrão de referência “ouro” aplicado uniformemente.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The literature has shown that a gap is identified regarding the acute effects of blood flow restriction training on aerobic variables. Objective: to analyze oxygen consumption (VO2) during and after two resistance training sessions: traditional high intensity and low intensity with blood flow restriction. Methods: After one-repetition maximum tests, eight male participants (25.7±3 years) completed the two experimental protocols, separated by 72 hours, in a randomized order: a) high intensity training at 80% of 1RM (HIRE) and b) low intensity training at 20% of 1RM combined with blood flow restriction (LIRE + BFR). Three sets of four exercises (bench press, squat, barbell bent-over row and deadlift) were performed. Oxygen consumption and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption were measured. Results: the data showed statistically significant differences between the traditional high intensity training and low intensity training with blood flow restriction, with higher values for traditional training sessions, except for the last five minutes of the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption. Oxygen consumption measured during training was higher (p = 0.001) for the HIRE (20.32 ± 1.46 mL·kg-1·min-1) compared to the LIRE + BFR (15.65 ± 1.14 mL·kg-1·min-1). Conclusion: Oxygen uptakes rates during and after the exercise sessions were higher for the high intensity training methodology. However, when taking into account the volume of training provided by both methods, these differences were attenuated. Level of Evidence III - Non-consecutive studies, or studies without consistently applied reference stand.

RESUMEN Introducción: La literatura ha demostrado que se identifica una laguna con respecto a los efectos agudos del entrenamiento de restricción del flujo sanguíneo en las variables aeróbicas. Objetivo: analizar el consumo de oxígeno (VO2) durante y después de dos sesiones de entrenamiento de fuerza: tradicional de alta intensidad y baja intensidad con restricción del flujo sanguíneo. Métodos: Después del test de una repetición máxima, ocho participantes masculinos (25,7 ± 3 años) completaron los dos protocolos experimentales, separadas por 72 horas, en orden aleatorio: a) entrenamiento de alta intensidad con 80% de 1RM (AI) y b) entrenamiento de baja intensidad a 20% de 1RM combinado con restricción del flujo sanguíneo (BI + RFS). Tres series de cuatro ejercicios (supino, sentadilla, remo con barra y peso muerto), se realizaron. El consumo de oxígeno y el consumo de oxígeno en el exceso después del ejercicio se midieron. Resultados: se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el entrenamiento tradicional de alta intensidad y de baja intensidad con restricción del flujo sanguíneo, con valores más altos para las sesiones de entrenamiento tradicionales, excepto os últimos cinco minutos del consumo de oxígeno en exceso post-ejercicio. El VO2 medido durante el entrenamiento fue mayor para el AI (20.32 ± 1.46 mL·kg-1·min-1) en comparación con el BI + RFS (15.65 ± 1.14 mL·kg-1·min-1). Conclusión: El consumo de oxígeno durante y después de las sesiones de ejercicio fueron mayores para la metodología de entrenamiento de alta intensidad. Sin embargo, cuando se considera el volumen de la práctica, se atenuaron estas diferencias. Nivel de Evidencia III - Estudios de pacientes no consecutivos; sin estándar de referencia “oro” aplicado uniformemente.

One of the key factors in the swimming teaching-learning process seems to be the variation of water’s depth. However, there are almost no studies about this topic and the existing ones usually follow a basic approach and with no control of the educational program used. It was our purpose to determine the effect of deep versus shallow water differences on developing pre-schoolers’ aquatic skills after 6 months of practice. Twenty-one Portuguese school-aged children of both genders (4.70 ± 0.51 yrs.), inexperienced in aquatic programs, participated in this study. The children were divided into two groups performing a similar aquatic program but in a different water depth: shallow water (n=10) and deep water (n=11). Each participant was evaluated twice for their aquatic readiness using an observation check list of 17 aquatic motor skills: during the first session (T0) and after six months of practice (two sessions per week with a total of 48 sessions) (T1). The aquatic proficiency on each skill was compared between the groups and a stepwise discriminant analysis was conducted to predict the conditions with higher or lower aquatic competence. Results suggested that swimming practice contributed positively to improvements on several basic aquatic skills, in both groups. The results showed that shallow water group managed to acquire a higher degree of aquatic competence particularly in five basic aquatic skills (p< .05): breath control combined with face immersion and eye opening; horizontal buoyancy; body position at ventral gliding; body position at dorsal gliding; leg kick with breath control at ventral body position, without any flutter device. The discriminant function revealed a significant association between both groups and four included factors (aquatic skills) (p< .001), accounting for 88% between group variability. The body position at ventral gliding was the main relevant predictor (r=0.535). Shallow water swimming lessons generated greater aquatic competence in preschool children after a period of 6 months of practice.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar o efeito de programas de treinamento com videogames ativos (VGAs) estruturados e não estruturados sobre a composição corporal e desempenho nos testes de aptidão física durante seis semanas. Participaram do estudo 20 homens, os quais foram divididos homogeneamente em três grupos: Grupo controle - GC (n=7; 20.6 ± 2.8 anos), Grupo Experimental Estruturado -GET (n=6; 20.2 ± 2.1 anos) e Grupo Experimental Não estruturado GEN (n=7; 19,1 ± 1,2 anos). O programa com VGAs foi realizado três sessões por semana (30 minutos cada) durante seis semanas. Houve melhoras significativas nos testes de apoio de frente (GET p=0.02), flexibilidade (GEN: p=0.04 e GET: p=0.01) e preensão manual (GEN: p=0.05). E apenas o GEN aumentou significativamente o percentual de gordura (p=0.05) e massa gorda (p=0.01). Conclui-se que após seis semanas de treinamento com VGAs, os dois grupos experimentais apresentaram manutenção na massa magra e aumento no nível de aptidão física.

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of training programs with active video games (AVGs) structured and unstructured on body composition and performance in the physical fitness tests during six weeks. Study participants were 20 men who were evenly divided into three groups: Control Group - CG (n = 7; 20.6 ± 2.8 years), Experimental Structured Group -GET (n = 6; 20.2 ± 2.1 year) and Experimental Unstructured Group - GEN (n = 7; 19.1 ± 1.2 years). The AVGs program was performed three times a week (thirty minutes each) during six weeks. There were significant improvements in the front support testing (GET p = 0.02), flexibility (GEN: p = 0.04 and GET: p = 0.01) and handgrip (GEN p = 0.05). And only GEN increased significantly the fat percentage (p = 0.05) and fat mass (p = 0.01). After six weeks of each parallel AVGs training, these two groups presented maintenance in lean mass and increase in the level of physical fitness.

Este estudo analisou o efeito da suplementação com creatina ou glutamina sobre variáveis bioquímicas em policiais de militares. Neste propósito, desenvolveu-se um estudo experimental, duplo cego, com amostra de 32 homens distribuídos aleatoriamente, em três grupos: suplementados em creatina (n=10), glutamina (n=10) e grupo placebo (n=12) e avaliados em três momentos distintos, num intervalo de três meses (T1, T2 e T3) durante o período do treinamento físico militar, com frequência de cinco sessões de 90 minutos, por semana. Por meio da análise sanguínea mensuraram-se: os níveis de creatinina, triglicerídeos, colesterol total, HDL, VLDL, LDL. Deste modo, foi observado que a suplementação não foi a principal responsável pelas modificações observadas nas medidas ao longo do estudo, já que apenas o efeito do tempo foi significativo em três medidas: CREA (p= 0.001, ηp²= 0.50), HDL (p= 0.001, ηp²= 0.30), LDL (p= 0.009, ηp²= 0.20). Ou seja, a suplementação com creatina ou glutamina em policiais militares submetidos ao treinamento físico militar não causou efeito sobre as medidas bioquímicas.

The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of the supplementation of creatine and glutamine on biochemical variables in military police officers. Therefore, an experimental double blind study was developed, with final sample composed by 32 men distributed randomly, in three groups: supplemented in creatine (n=10), glutamine (n=10) and placebo group (n=12) and evaluated in three distinct moments, in an interval of three months (T1, T2 and T3). The physical training had weekly frequency of 05 sessions x 90 min of training. Through analysis of the blood is measured: the levels of creatinine, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL, VLDL, LDL. Thus, it was observed that supplementation was not primarily responsible for the changes observed in measures throughout the study, since only the time had a significant effect and in only three variables: CREA (p= 0.001, ηp2= 0.50), HDL (p= 0.001, ηp2= 0.30), LDL (p= 0.009, ηp2= 0.20). That is, supplementation with creatine or glutamine in the military police subjected to military physical training do not caused effect on biochemical measures.