Resumen La industria del olivo genera grandes volúmenes de residuos con un impacto negativo sobre el medio ambiente. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto del compost y té de compost de alperujo sobre el crecimiento y rendimiento del olivo, cv. ‘Arbequina’, así como su forma de aplicación. El ensayo se realizó en el Departamento Pomán, Catamarca, Argentina, durante 4 años. Se evaluó la aplicación al suelo de compost de alperujo (AS), y tratamientos foliares de un té de compost (AL) obtenido a partir del AS, en comparación con un tratamiento control (C). Estos tratamientos se aplicaron en un lote regado y en otro fertirrigado con AL. Se evaluó el crecimiento de los ramos del año y la evolución de la sección transversal del tronco, contenido de nitrógeno (N), fósforo (P) y potasio foliar; número, tamaño y volumen de los frutos. Los datos se analizaron ajustando un modelo mixto jerárquico con años como bloques aleatorios y los factores Lote y Tipo de fertilización como efectos fijos. Este último se anidó dentro de la interacción Riego:Año. La aplicación de AS y AL repercutió favorablemente en la concentración foliar de N (+17,3 y 24,8%, respectivamente), mientras que el P foliar fue incrementado en un 30,0% por el AS en la parcela con riego. El crecimiento de los ramos del año fue promovido por el AS (+56,2%) en la parcela con riego, mientras que el rendimiento de los frutos aumentó en respuesta al fertirriego con AL, entre el 68,2 y 83,8% según el abono adicional utilizado.

Abstract The olive industry generates a large amount of residues with a negative impact on the environment. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of solid compost and compost tea from olive mill waste and their method of application on the growth and yield of olive cv. ‘Arbequina’. The experiment was carried out in the Poman Department, Catamarca province, Argentina, for four years. Treatments were the application to the soil of compost from olive mill waste (solid compost, AS), foliar application of compost tea obtained from AS (compost tea, AL), and the control (C). These treatments were applied in an irrigated plot and in a fertigated plot with AL. Shoot growth, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium foliar content, and the size and number of fruits per plant were evaluated. Data were analyzed with a hierachical mixed model, with years as random blocks and the factors plot and fertilization type as fixed effects. The latter was nested into an irrigation:year interaction. Solid compost and AL application improved foliar N content (+17.3 and 24.8%, respectively), whereas the P foliar concentration under irrigation was increased by 30%. Shoot growth was increased up to 56.2% by AS under irrigation, whereas fruit yield increased in response to AL fertigation (68.2 to 83.8%), depending on the additional organic manure treatment.

ABSTRACT Composting is the most recommended organic waste management technique worldwide. These residues can have various origins, they can even be the result of the industrial processing of agricultural products, such as alperujo, which results from the extraction of oil from olives. This residue, once composted, has the potential to generate a compost of good quality that can be used as an amendment and / or organic fertilizer. However, little information exists regarding the quality of the compost made from alperujo with pruning remains from olive groves. The objective of the present work was to characterize physically, chemically and microbiologically the compost obtained from the composting of olive residues, both in the solid (AS) and liquid (AL) form. In addition, the presence of phytotoxic substances was analyzed through the germination test with different horticultural species. The trials comprised four productive periods. The chemical, physical and microbiological evaluated parameters (organic carbon, pH, electrical conductivity, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, soluble cations, polyphenols, biological activity, bulk density, particle density, porosity) are within the range considered adequate in both AS and AL. Phytotoxic effects of LA were not detected in the evaluated species. The results indicate that both fertilizers present highly recommended characteristics for their use as amendment and / or organic fertilizer, and that AL is capable of promoting germination in spinach, parsley, basil and alfalfa.

RESUMEN El compostaje es la técnica de manejo de los residuos orgánicos más recomendada mundialmente. Estos residuos pueden tener variados orígenes, inclusive pueden ser resultado del procesamiento industrial de productos agrícolas, como es el caso del alperujo, que resulta de la extracción de aceite de las aceitunas. Este residuo, una vez compostado, tiene potencial de generar un abono de buena calidad que puede ser aprovechado como enmienda y/o fertilizante orgánico. Sin embargo, escasa información existe respecto de la calidad que poseen los compost elaborados a base de alperujo con restos de poda de los olivares. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue caracterizar física, química y microbiológicamente el abono obtenido del compostaje de los residuos olivícolas, tanto en forma sólida (AS) como líquida (AL). Además, se analizó la presencia de sustancias fitotóxicas a través del test de germinación con diferentes especies hortícolas. Los ensayos comprendieron cuatro períodos productivos. Los parámetros químicos, físicos y microbiológicos evaluados (carbono orgánico, pH, conductividad eléctrica, nitrógeno, fósforo, potasio, cationes solubles, polifenoles, actividad biológica, densidad aparente, densidad de partículas, porosidad) se encuentran del rango considerado adecuado en AS y en el AL. No se detectó efectos fitotóxicos del AL en las especies evaluadas. Los resultados indican que ambos abonos presentan características altamente recomendables para su utilización como enmienda y/o fertilizante orgánico, y que el AL es capaz de promover la germinación en espinaca, perejil, albahaca y alfalfa.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar o comportamento fenológico das diferentes variedades de laranja-doce, tangerinas e híbridos de tangerina que crescem em condições de clima temperado. Os estádios fenológicos foram observados semanalmente, durante cinco anos consecutivos, usando uma escala BBCH (Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry) adaptada para citros. Todas as variedades apresentaram um período de repouso invernal entre junho e agosto. As primeiras variedades no início de brotação foram ‘New Hall’ e ‘Navelina’, e a última foi ‘Okitsu’. O início da floração ocorreu no período de 13 de agosto a 6 de setembro, e do dia 12 de setembro até 2 de outubro observou-se a plena floração. A colheita dos frutos foi iniciada em março com a cv. ‘Okitsu’ e foi estendida durante sete meses com as outras variedades. A variação interanual na época do início da brotação foi elevada (44 dias), e seu tempo de ocorrência foi correlacionado com o acúmulo térmico (acima 13ºC) e a quantidade de radiação solar durante julho (p<0.0001; r2=0.79). As laranjeiras-de-umbigo e o híbrido ‘Murcott’ apresentaram uma antecipação na floração de 5 a 15 dias, o que pode aumentar a probabilidade de danos ocasionados por geadas tardias.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to characterize the phenology of different sweet orange, tangerines and tangerine hybrid varieties growing under the temperate climate conditions of Santa Fe Province, Argentina. Phenological stages were observed weekly during five consecutive years using a BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt and Chemical industry) scale adapted for Citrus trees. All varieties showed a winter rest period from June to August. ‘New Hall’ and ‘Navelina’ varieties were the first to reach sprouting stage, whereas ‘Okitsu’ was the last. Inception of flowering occurred from August 13th to September 6th; and full bloom from September 12th to October 2nd. Fruit harvest started with the ‘Okitsu’ cultivar in March, and continued over a 7-month period. Interannual variation for inception of sprouting was high (44 days), and sprouting was correlated with both thermal accumulation (above 13ºC) and the amount of solar radiation measured during July (p<0.0001; r2=0.79). Navel oranges and the ‘Murcott’ hybrid bloomed 5–15 days earlier than other varieties, increasing probability of damage by late frosts.

RESUMO. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resposta ao acúmulo de refrigeração artificial de dois cultivares de maça de baixo requerimento de frio. Coletaram-se ramos a campo das cultivares "Caricia" e "Princesa", e da cultivar "Gala" (utilizada como controle), com e sem gemas apicais (ramos intactos e decapitados, respectivamente), as quais foram expostas ao acúmulo de refrigeração artificial (4.0 ± 0.5°C) de zero a 1200 unidades de frio (UF). A brotação das gemas em ambos os tipos de ramos foi maior do que 50% em todo o intervalo de acumulação de frio avaliado em "Caricia" e "Princesa". No entanto, em "Gala·" a brotação excedeu 50% somente nos ramos intactos depois de acumular 900 UF. Observou-se que o tempo médio para a brotação das gemas de "Caricia" e "Princesa" estabilizou-se acima das 600 UF, dependendo do tipo de ramo e do ano de experimentação. As gemas dos cultivares avaliados neste trabalho mostraram uma dormência pouco profunda, no entanto precisaram de acumulação moderada de frio (800 - 1150 UF) para satisfazer seus requerimentos ecofisiológicos. Portanto, apesar da dormência pouco profunda permitir que estes cultivares sejam adequadamente cultivados em zonas com invernos amenos, não podem ser considerados de baixo requerimento de frio.

ABSTRACT. The purpose of this work was to study the response of two apple cultivars bred for low chilling environments to artificial chilling accumulation. Two trials were carried out; in experiment one, excised shoots were randomly taken from "Caricia" and "Princesa", and in experiment two, intact and excised shoots of "Caricia", "Princesa" and "Gala" (control) were collected. After collection, both shoot types were exposed to artificial chilling accumulation (4.0 ± 0.5°C) from 0 to 1200 chill units (CU). Bud break of mixed buds of "Caricia" and "Princesa" was higher than 50% between 0 CU to 1200 CU, irrespective of shoot type. Bud break of "Gala" mixed buds exceeded 50% only in intact shoots after accumulating 900 CU. The mean time to bud break of "Caricia" and "Princesa" diminished with increasing chilling accumulation and stabilized after ~600 CU, depending on the type of shoot and the year of experimentation. The low-chill apple cultivars tested in this work showed shallow dormancy, but they required moderate cold accumulation (800 - 1150 CU) to fully satisfy their chilling requirements. Thus, although their shallow dormancy makes them suitable for cultivation in chill-deficient environments, they cannot be considered low-chill cultivars.

The aim of this work was to quantify frost damage and the reproductive and vegetative behaviour of some Citrus species after intense frost events registered between June 7th and 8th 2012. After the frost events, trees showed severe fruit drop, partial or total defoliation and eventually, tree death. Growth response during the following growing season showed that percentage of sprouting (y) was inversely related to defoliation (x) caused by frost (y=146. 32-0.92x). Flowering intensity was reduced in the majority of the citrus varieties tested, with a relative increase of vegetative and leafy shoots. Fruit set was increased (69-92%) in relation with years without frost occurrence with the exception of tangerines. Fruit yield of each variety was related with its mean flowering intensity at the central area of Santa Fe. Those cultivars which normally reach high flowering intensities (>250 flowers per 100 nodes) showed higher fruit yield, up to 67% compared to non-frost years. In the other hand, cultivars which normally reach lower flowering intensities showed low fruit yields (<26.3- 84.5%) in comparison with non-frost years.

En la región central de Santa Fe, durante los días 7 y 8 de junio del año 2012 se produjeron heladas advectivas de gran intensidad y duración. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue caracterizar los daños por heladas y el comportamiento vegetativo y reproductivo de diferentes variedades de cítricos, durante la siguiente estación de crecimiento. En las plantaciones se reportaron pérdidas de fruta, defoliaciones y hasta muerte de plantas. La brotación del siguiente ciclo (y) estuvo inversamente relacionada con la defoliación (x) producida (y=146,32-0,92x). Se observó una reducida intensidad de floración con predominio de brotes vegetativos y generativos con hojas. El cuajado de los frutos aumentó entre un 69 a 92% en relación con los valores medios de la zona, a excepción de las mandarinas. El rendimiento alcanzado por cada variedad luego de los daños por fuertes heladas se relacionó con su intensidad de floración media en la zona. Las varie- dades que normalmente desarrollan intensidades de floración superiores a 250 flores cada 100 nudos en años sin fuertes heladas presentaron un rendimiento superior a su valor promedio. En cambio, aquellas que normalmente presentan menores intensidades de floración tuvieron disminuciones de rendimiento entre un 26,3 y 84,5% respecto de su valor medio.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of solar radiation and temperature on the sugar melon fruit using the photothermal quotient. Outdoor experiments were conducted in three successive years, using the hybrid cultivar 'HD Nº1'. The experiments were conducted at four sites in the central region of Argentina: Concordia, Esperanza, Media Agua and Colonia Fiscal. At the time of harvest were measured Total Soluble Solid (TSS) of fruits. The photothermal quotient (PQ) was calculated through the relationship between the average incident radiation (MJ m-2 d-1) and the average daily temperature (°C) at which base temperature was subtracted. The relationship obtained between TSS (%) and the PQ (MJ m-2 d-1 °C-1) was lineal positive. The slope of the line allowed deduce that for every unit increase in the PQ represented an increase of just over 4.0% of TSS. Moreover, this model explains 63% of the variability in the TSS due to the effect of PQ. Finally, to increase the TTS the importance of the results is discussed, for guiding the crop establishment so that fruits development coincides with the period of greatest value PQ.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la radiación y la temperatura a través de un cociente fototermal sobre la acumulación de azúcar en melón. Se realizaron experimentos al aire libre en tres años consecutivos, utilizándose el híbrido ´HD Nº1´, una variedad de tipo ´Honey Dew´. Los experimentos se realizaron en cuatro localidades de la región central de Argentina: Concordia, Esperanza, Media Agua y Colonia Fiscal. Al momento de la cosecha fueron medidos los grados Brix (SST) de los frutos. Se calculó el cociente fototermal (CF) a través de la relación entre la radiación incidente media (MJ m-2 d-1) y la temperatura media diaria (ºC) a la que se sustrajo la temperatura base del cultivo. La relación obtenida entre la concentración de SST (%) y el CF (MJ m-2 d-1 ºC-1) fue lineal positiva. La pendiente de la recta permitió deducir que por cada unidad de incremento del CF representó un incremento de poco más de 4,0 % de SST. Por otra parte, este modelo lineal explica el 63 % de la variabilidad en la concentración de SST debida al efecto del CF. Finalmente, para lograr un incremento de los SST se discute la importancia de los resultados obtenidos para orientar la implantación del cultivo de manera que el desarrollo de los frutos coincida con el período de mayor valor de CF.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da carga de frutos sobre a produção total, calibre, massa média, comprimento dos ramos e intensidade da frutificação no ano seguinte, em plantas de macieira (Malus × domesticaBorkh.) cv. ‘Princesa’. Durante os anos de 2009 e 2010, as infrutescências foram submetidas a raleio manual, deixando nas árvores uma carga de 1 a 9 frutos por centímetro quadrado de superfície do tronco (FCQ). A produção total aumentou com o incremento da carga frutífera desde 1 a 9 FCQ, enquanto a massa média dos frutos diminuiu no mesmo intervalo. A quantidade de frutos pequenos aumentou até atingir 10% do total nas plantas de maior carga e a proporção de frutos de tamanho médio cresceu, alcançando 35% do total da produção. No entanto, a quantidade de frutos grandes não foi afetada pelo nível de carga, mantendo-se em maior proporção com relação ao total colhido (˜66%). O crescimento dos ramos, até 60 dias após a colheita, esteve negativamente afetado pela intensidade de carga. Observouse que não houve alternância de safra no ano seguinte ao experimento. A carga ótima para minimizar a produção de frutos pequenos, alcançando a maior produção total sem debilitar as árvores, pode-se atingir no intervalo entre 5 e 9 FCQ.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of crop load on yield, fruit size, vegetative growth and return to bloom of low-chill apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.), cv. ‘Princesa’. During 2009 and 2010 crop load was manually adjusted from 1 to 9 fruits per unit of trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA). Fruit yield was positively related tocrop load, but mean fruit weight decreased with increasing crop load. The proportion of small and middle-sized fruits increased with rising crop load reaching 10% and 35% respectively of the total yield at the highest crop load. However the proportion of large-sized fruits did not change with the increase in crop load. Shoot length at 60 days after harvest was negatively related to crop load whereas return to bloom was not affected. These results demonstrates that the optimum crop load for ‘Princesa’ apple ranges between 5 to 9 fruits per unit of TCSA.

The crop load level of an apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) tree impacts fruit yield and quality parameters, tree vigor and biennial bearing. The optimal crop load is that which allows for consistent annual cropping and fruit quality acceptable to the market. We evaluated the effect of crop load on yield and fruit quality of two low-chill apples cv. ‘Caricia’ and ‘Eva’, growing in a mild winter area. During 2010 and 2011 crop load was manually adjusted from 2 or 3 to 17 fruits cm−2 of trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA). Fruit yield was positively related to crop load in both cultivars but mean fruit weight diminished as the crop load increased. For both cultivars, the production of non-commercial and small-sized fruit increased, whereas production of middle-sized fruit diminished as the fruit load increased. Shoot length was not affected by crop load in ‘Eva’ whereas it was reduced in ‘Caricia’. Red skin color (RSC %) had a quadratic response to crop load in ‘Caricia’. On the other hand, the RSC % of ‘Eva’ fruit was adjusted to a negative logarithmic model as an effect of crop load increment. No biennial bearing was observed in either cultivar. This research study suggests that the maximum limit of crop load for both cultivars is 7 fruits cm−2 of TCSA, and the lower limit of crop load was 3 fruits cm−2 of TCSA for ‘Eva’ and 5 fruits cm−2 of TCSA for ‘Caricia’.

En la región centro de la provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina, se cultivan frutales de bajos requerimientos de frío. Una de las principales limitantes que afectan la producción de duraznero y otros frutales caducifolios es la ocurrencia de temperaturas mínimas críticas durante la floración y cuajado de frutos. La probabilidad de ocurrencia de daños por esta causa se evaluó mediante el índice de peligrosidad de heladas (IPH) el cual tiene en cuenta la fenología del cultivo y la probabilidad de ocurrencia de temperaturas críticas durante los distintos subperíodos del ciclo. En la localidad de Rafaela para el período 1970-2006, el valor de IPH obtenido fue de 71 %. Considerando la fenología de los durazneros cv. Flordaking, el riesgo de daño medio fue de un año en 1,4 (riesgo moderado). Estos resultados indican la conveniencia de usar medidas de protección contra heladas tardías

Low-chilling requirements fruit trees are grown in the central area of Santa Fe province, in Argentina. Late frost occurrence during flowering and fruit set is one of the main constraints affecting peach and other deciduous fruit trees production. The probability of frost damage occurrence was quantified by the frost risk agroclimatic index (RAI) which takes into account the tree phenology and the probability of critical temperatures occurrence during different phenological stages. In the region of Rafaela, for the period 1970-2006, the RAI reached a medium value of 71 %. Considering the phenology of peach trees cv. ‘Flordaking’ the risk of frost damage occurrence was 1:1.4 years (moderate risk). These results indicate the suitability of using protective measures against late frosts

The aim of this work was to evaluate changes in growth and productivity parameters of different precocious hybrids and a naturalized variety of papaya under both greenhouse and field cultivation in a temperate climate (the center of the province of Santa Fe, Argentina). In view of the aforesaid, the purpose of our research was to identify further genotypes better suited for the cultivation of this species in temperate climates and demonstrate the need for the use of semi-controlled systems to make possible the cultivation of these promising genotypes in middle latitudes. The average yield was 291% higher in greenhouse than in the field. The average productivity for hybrid genotypes compared with the naturalized variety more than doubled in both environments. Considering behavior in height, leaf area index and yield parameters, hybrids H2 (principally), and H4 showed a great adaptation for use in semi-forced systems. The use of greenhouse and short stature papaya hybrids allows its feasible and surely profitable cultivation in non- tropical climates.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el crecimiento y los parámetros de productividad en diferentes híbridos precoces de papaya y en una variedad naturalizada bajo dos condiciones ambientales en una zona de clima templado (Centro de la Provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina): al aire libre y en invernadero. A partir de lo anterior, el propósito de la investigación fue identificar, además, los genotipos mejor adaptados al cultivo de esta especie en clima templado y demostrar la necesidad de la utilización de sistemas semicontrolados para hacer factible el cultivo de estos genotipos promisorios en latitudes medias. El rendimiento promedio fue un 291% superior en invernadero que al aire libre. La productividad promedio de los híbridos, comparados con una variedad naturalizada de la zona, aumentó más del doble en ambas condiciones ambientales. Considerando las variables altura, índice de área foliar y rendimiento en fruto, se concluye que los híbridos H2 (principalmente) y H4 presentaron muy buena adaptación para su uso en sistemas semi-forzados. El uso de invernaderos y de genotipos de menor estatura brinda mejores condiciones medioambientales para el crecimiento y la producción. Esto permite que el cultivo de papaya sea factible en zonas no tropicales.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar índices de cosecha en manzanos con bajos requerimientos de horas de frío. Se utilizaron frutos provenientes de tres variedades de manzanos procedentes de cruzamientos realizados por IAPAR (Instituto Agronómico do Paraná Brasil): ‘Eva’ (Anna x Gala); ‘Caricia’ (Anna x Prima) y ‘Princesa’ (Anna X NJ56). El experimento se realizó durante los años 2009 y 2010, y los frutos fueron cosechados en diferentes momentos iniciándose con tamaño final y color verde dominante. Se midieron las siguientes variables: (i) Índice de Almidón IA (adim.); (ii) Firmeza externa, F (N); y (iii) concentración de Sólidos Solubles Totales, SST (%). Se elaboró una carta de IA de tipo radial con el objeto de adaptar su uso para estas variedades de manzanos. Aunque el IA fue diferente para cada variedad con respecto al tiempo desde inicio de cosecha, resultó el método con menor variabilidad (R² = 0,77) y mejor capacidad de predicción de la madurez de la fruta. Aunque las correlaciones efectuadas entre los índices de cosecha fueron bajas, resultaron mayores cuando se compararon IA y SST para las tres variedades. Se discuten la relación entre los tres índices y las posibles causas de la dispersión de los datos medidos

The aim of this work was to evaluate harvest indexes in apple trees with low winter chilling requirements. We used fruits of three apple varieties obtained from crosses made by IAPAR (Agronomic Institute of Paraná Brasil): ‘Eva’ (Anna x Gala); ‘Caricia’ (Anna x Prima) and ‘Princesa’ (Anna X NJ56). The experiment was conducted during 2009 and 2010 years, and the fruits were harvested at different times beginning after reaching the final size and a dominant green color. The following variables were measured: (i) starch index IA (adim.), (ii) external firmness, F (N), and (iii) total soluble solids content, TSS (%). We produced a radial IA chart in order to adapt its use for these varieties of apple. Although the IA was different for each variety in relation to time from start of harvest, it was the index that showed the lowest variability (R² = 0.77) and the best predictability of ripeness. Although the correlations made between the three harvest indexes were low, they were higher when we compared IA and SST for the three apple varieties. We discuss the relationship between the three indexes and the possible causes of the dispersion of the measured data

The aim of this study was to analyze the micro-economic impact of the introduction of the raspberry crop in horticultural Coronda pymes (Santa Fe-Argentina), dedicated principally to the strawberry crop. Diversification pattern is low, mainly due to financial constraints at the farm level: it combines the main crop of strawberries with some vegetable crops, a counter-season, such as zucchini, eggplant, sweet corn, watermelon and cantaloupe. The economic results for the year 2009/2010 of a pyme were analyzed, as a case study, with a Useful Agricultural Surface of 5.5 ha and produce 2 ha of strawberry with diverse horticultural crops. The introduction of raspberry (0.5 ha) in the system results a net income equivalent to $ 59,786, a return on total capital of 12.95% and on capital landless 28.79%. These three indicators are 258%, 248%% and 236% higher than the situation without raspberry, respectively. The degree of diversification is enhanced, analyzed by entropy index, and exhibits excellent complementarity in both the financial and labor.

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar el impacto micro-económico que produce la introducción del cultivo de frambuesa en una pyme hortícola de Coronda, dedicada esencialmente a la producción de frutillas.El patrón de diversificación actual es escaso, debido principalmente a las limitaciones financieras existentes a nivel predial. Se combina el cultivo de frutilla con otras hortalizas, a contra-ciclo, tales como zapallito, berenjena, choclo, sandía y melón. Se analizaron los resultados económicos del ejercicio 2009/2010 de una empresa pyme, estudiada como caso, con una Superficie Agrícola Útil de 5,5 ha, que implantó en el ejercicio evaluado 2 ha de frutilla e introdujo 0,5 ha de frambuesa al esquema productivo, en reemplazo de alguno de los cultivos hortícolas que realizaba. Se obtuvo un Ingreso al capital equivalente a $ 59.786, una rentabilidad sobre el capital total de 12,95 % y sobre el capital sin tierra de 28,79 %. Estos tres indicadores mostraron un incremento de 258%, 248% y 236% respecto de la situación sin frambuesa, respectivamente. Se mejora el grado de diversificación analizado a través del Índice de Entropía y exhibe una excelente complementariedad tanto en el aspecto financiero como laboral.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar el efecto de la defoliación otoñal anticipada y la aplicación de sustancias químicas sobre el progreso y ruptura de la dormición, y la fenología del duraznero, cv. ‘Flordaking’ en condiciones de clima templado. Al comienzo de la caída de las hojas, un grupo de árboles de duraznero (Prunus persica L. Batsch) fue defoliado o tratado con cianamida de hidrógeno (2.5 g L-1 i.a.), norflurazona (46 g L-1), o etefón (20 mg L-1). Se utilizaron árboles no tratados como control. La tasa de la brotación y el tiempo medio de brotación (TMB) fue cuantificado en varetas aisladas en una cámara de crecimiento; mientras que la fenología del árbol y características vegetativas y reproductivas se evaluaron en un experimento de campo. La defoliación y los tratamientos químicos modificaron la evolución del porcentaje de floración pero no el de brotación. Los tratamientos también afectaron significativamente la evolución del TMB, tanto para la brotación como para la floración, aunque el efecto fue más marcado sobre la floración. En el campo, la fenología de Flordaking fue más modificada por los tratamientos que fueron capaces de afectar la profundidad de la dormición (valor de TMB) que por aquellos que modificaron el porcentaje de brotación y/o floración. La defoliación y la aplicación de cianamida de hidrógeno avanzaron la brotación (15 y 10 días, respectivamente) y la floración (16 y 4 días, respectivamente), mientras que el etefón retrasó la floración y el cuajado del fruto en tres días cada uno. La defoliación otoñal al comienzo de la abscisión de las hojas parece ser una poderosa herramienta para manipular la evolución de la dormición y el momento de la floración en el cv. Flordaking, fundamentalmente cuando se pronostica una insuficiente acumulación de frío.

The aim of this work was to study the effect of fall defoliation and chemical application on the progression and release of dormancy, and phenology, of low-chill peach ‘Flordaking’ under temperate climate conditions. At the onset of leaf fall, ‘Flordaking’ peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) trees were defoliated or treated with hydrogen cyanamide (2.5 g L-1 a.i), norflurazon (46 g L-1 a.i.) or ethephon (20 mg L-1 a.i.). Untreated trees were used as the control. The rate of budbreak and the mean time to budbreak (MTB) was tested on stem isolates in a phytotron, whereas tree phenology and vegetative and reproductive traits were evaluated in a field experiment. Defoliation and chemical treatments significantly affected the rate of budbreak evolution of floral, but not of vegetative, buds. Treatments also significantly affected the evolution of the MTB of both vegetative and floral buds, but with a greater effect on the latter. In the field, the phenology of Flordaking was more affected by treatments that modified the depth of dormancy than those which affected the percentage of budbreak in excised shoots. Defoliation and hydrogen cyanamide treatments advanced sprouting (15 and ten days, respectively) and blooming (16 and four days, respectively), whereas ethephon delayed flowering and fruit set by three days each. Fall defoliation at the beginning of leaf abscission appears to be a strong tool to manipulate the evolution of dormancy and the time of spring bloom of Flordaking, mainly when insufficient chilling accumulation is forecasted.

Na região centro-leste do estado de Santa Fé, Argentina, para a expansão dos frutais é preciso introduzir variedades de baixo requerimento de frio. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar o comportamento durante as fases de crescimento e frutificação de variedades de pêssego (Prunus persica L. Batsch) e nectarina com requerimentos de frio que variam entre 150-650 horas de frio (CH). As variedades de pêssego de baixa necessidade de frio (< 450 CH) mostraram maior densidade de flores (22.0-56.5 flores m-1), de estabelecimento de frutos (26.0-56.7%), e rendimento de fruta (9.3-36.6 kg por planta) comparado com variedades de pêssego com necessidade de frio maior (>500 CH). As variedades de maior necessidade de frio tiveram a vantagem da floração, e o estabelecimento dos frutos aconteceu depois do período de risco de geadas. Porém, essas variedades não têm satisfeita sua necessidade de frio, apresentando comportamento vegetativo e reprodutivo inadequado. As variedades de baixa necessidade de frio brotaram entre 4 a 31 de julho e o período de plena floração aconteceu entre 14 de julho a 4 de agosto. A colheita de fruta começou em 19 de outubro com o cv. 'Flordastar', e sua duração foi de 58 dias. Para as variedades de baixa necessidade de frio o período de colheita foi dez dias mais curto.

In Santa Fe, the central-east area of Argentina, the expansion of fruit tree crops requires the introduction and evaluation of low chilling varieties. The aims of this study was to characterize the phenological behaviour and the reproductive traits of peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) and nectarine varieties with chilling requirements ranging from 150 to 650 chilling hours (CH). Low chilling varieties (< 450 CH) had higher flower density (22.0-56.5 flowers m-1), fruit set (26.0-56.7%), fruit yield (9.3-36.6 kg per plant), and low coefficient of fruit yield variability than varieties with a higher chilling requirement (>500 CH). The phenology of high chilling requirement varieties had the advantage that blooming and fruit set happened after the period of late frost occurrence. However, they did not satisfy their chilling requirement, showing an inadequate vegetative and reproductive behaviour. Low chilling varieties began to sprout during July, and the period of full bloom occurred from July 14th to August 4th. Fruit harvest was initiated on October 19th with the cv. 'Flordastar' and it extended for 58 days. However, on low chilling varieties the harvest time was reduced in ten days. Flower density, fruit set and fruit yield showed a negative relationship with the chilling requirement of the variety.