Abstract The article discusses about the parallelism between pictorial and musical cubism. We expound the theoretical principles of pictorial cubism and the first notions about musical cubism, mainly in the music of Igor Stravinsky. Likewise, we analyze the spatial representation in music concerning the pictorial perspective and “reverse perspective” or “multi-centric composition” of the ancient Byzantine and Russian art.

Resumen El artículo trata sobre el paralelismo entre el cubismo pictórico y musical. Se exponen los principios teóricos del cubismo pictórico y las primeras nociones del cubismo musical, principalmente en la obra de Igor Stravinsky. Asimismo, se analiza la representación del espacio en la música en relación con la perspectiva lineal pictórica y la “perspectiva inversa”, o “composición multi-céntrica”, del antiguo arte bizantino y ruso.

ABSTRACT:This article is a breve analysis of intonation as an aesthetic category, that is, about the sensory knowledge of reality that we perceive through the intuition of movement. We examine the intuition of time and space as an aesthetic perception of the movement of things in nature and arts. In the inherent contraposition of space-time in artistic representation, we define in this analysis the intonation’s intuition of time in the pictorial art, just like the intonation’s intuition of space in music. By this definition, we can understand how we perceive not only the time but the unity of space-time in music, overcoming aesthetic formalism that conceives music in only one dimension of time which measures itself, degrading music to a foolish joy of sensations without content, or to a pure entertainment.

RESUMEN: El artículo es un breve análisis de la entonación como categoría estética, es decir, sobre el conocimiento sensible de la realidad que percibimos a través de la intuición del movimiento. Se analiza la intuición del tiempo y del espacio, en tanto percepción estética del movimiento de las cosas en la naturaleza y el arte. A través de la contraposición intrínseca del espacio-tiempo en la representación artística, definimos en este análisis la intuición entonativa del tiempo en el arte pictórico, así como la intuición entonativa del espacio en la música. Esto nos permite entender cómo es que, a través de la intuición entonativa, no sólo percibimos el tiempo, sino también la unidad del espacio-tiempo en la música, superando así el formalismo estético que concibe la música en una sola dimensión, la del tiempo que se mide a sí mismo, rebajándola a un fatuo juego de sensaciones sin contenido, o a un puro entretenimiento.

Abstract This article deals with the mystification of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's death, and its dramatization in the play Mozart and Salieri by Russian poet Alexander Serguéyevich Pushkin. The analysis of the piece and a revision of its context will reveal the unstable equilibrium of the principles of artistic creation discovered by the Romantics in the Mozartian myth. In the play, Pushkin gives this myth a tragic interpretation. Its characters represent the eternal conflict between reason and nature in artistic creation. Salieri represents technè [τέχνη], the skillful craftsman [τεχνίται] who is the result of effort and thought. Mozart, on the other hand, represents mousikè [μουσική], the inspired poet-musician [ἀοιδός], whose art comes only from the divine gift conferred by the Muses.

Resumen El artículo trata sobre la mistificación de la muerte de Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, y su dramatización en la obra del poeta ruso Alexander Serguéyevich Pushkin titulada: Mozart y Salieri. Su objetivo es mostrar, mediante los antecedentes y el análisis de esta obra, el inestable equilibrio de los principios de la creación artística que el romanticismo des cubre en el mito mozartiano. El poeta lleva este mito a la tragedia. Sus personajes representan el eterno conflicto de la creación artística entre razón y naturaleza. Salieri representa la techné [τέχνη], al hábil artesano [τεχνίται] producto del esfuerzo y la razón. En cambio, Mozart representa la mousiké [μουσική], al inspirado poeta-cantor [ἀοιδός], cuyo arte solo proviene del don divino otorgado por las Musas.

Abstract This article examines the romantic conception of "genius" through the analysis of an apocryphal letter of 1791 attributed to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The document was discovered by Johann Friedrich Rochlitz and, since its publication in August, 23th, 1815 in the Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung of Leipzig, it has captured the attention of philosophers and musicologists. Interest has been focused on the process of musical creation, and how the "genius", i.e. the com poser, perceives the finished musical work in his mind before writing it. This article aims to show, through the analysis of this letter, the limitations of musical-rationalistic conceptions, which regard music as being only in the score, in the notes or in their mathematical relations subject to a visual and architectonic perception.

Resumen El artículo trata sobre la concepción romántica del "genio creador", mediante el análisis de una carta atribuida a Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, escrita en 1791. La carta la publicó Johann Friedrich Rochlitz el 23 de agosto de 1815 en la Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung de Leipzig, y desde entonces ésta ha sido el centro de atención de filósofos, historiadores y musicólogos. Su interés se centra en el proceso de la creación musical y en cómo el "genio creador", el compositor, percibe mentalmente la obra musical ya terminada antes de escribirse. Mi objetivo es mostrar, en el análisis de esta carta, las limitaciones del racionalismo musical que no ve más allá de la partitura, creyendo que la música se encuentra en las notas o en sus relaciones numéricas bajo una percepción visual y arquitectónica.

Abstract: A new species from Durango and Zacatecas, Eutrichocampa (Idiocampa) durangensis, is described and illustrated. This species presents characters that relate it to E. (I.) remyi from Macedonia Republic. The most relevant character to distinguish them is the presence of 1 + 1 macrosetae (lp) on abdominal segments IV-VII in E. (I.) durangensis, absent in E. (I.) remyi.

Resumen: Se describe una nueva especie, Eutrichocampa (Idiocampa) durangensis, hallada en los estados de Durango y Zacatecas. Dicha especie, de hábitos hemiedáficos, presenta caracteres que la relacionan con E. (I.) remyi de la República de Macedonia. Entre los caracteres que las diferencian, el más importante es la presencia en E. (I) durangensis de 1 + 1 macrosedas laterales posteriores en los segmentos abdominales IV-VII, ausente en E. (I.) remyi.

A general description of the morphology of the Diplura is done, information about their reproduction and habitats as well as their common environments and their importance in different aspects is provided. Distribution of 6 families in 23 states of Mexico is shown. An assessment of their diversity and a list of the 57 species known in the country and the states where they have been cited are provided.

Se hace una descripción general de la morfología de los Diplura, dando información sobre su reproducción, así como de sus hábitats frecuentes y su importancia desde diversos aspectos. Se muestra la distribución de 6 familias en 23 estados de México. Se hace una evaluación de la diversidad y se proporciona el listado (Apéndice) de las 57 especies que se conocen del país, señalando los estados donde han sido citados.

Los colémbolos son fragmentadores importantes de la hojarasca, presentan diferentes patrones de distribución a lo largo de un gradiente altitudinal. El objetivo del presente trabajo es determinar la diversidad y distribución de Collembola en el volcán Iztaccíhuatl. Para ello, se realizaron cuatro muestreos, a lo largo de un año en cuatro pisos altitudinales (I=2 753, II=3 015, III=3 250 y IV=3 687m.s.n.m.) y se calcularon los índices de diversidad de Shannon, equitatividad de Pielou y dominancia de Simpson, para compararlos mediante una prueba de t modificada. Los resultados muestran al piso III como el más diverso, y la mayor equitatividad se encuentra en el II. Además, se hallaron diferencias significativas entre los pisos II-III (t0.01, 187=4.11, p<0.05) y entre III-IV (t0.01, 187=3.8, p<0.05). Para las fechas de recolección no obtuvimos diferencias significativas (t0.01, 187=2.71, p<0.05). Al final encontramos que la temporalidad no incrementa la diversidad (estadísticamente), por consiguiente, condiciones como la altitud, vegetación y heterogeneidad geográfica crean microambientes, para protegerse de inclemencias ambientales. El piso I es el más homogéneo, seguida por el II y el III, además hallamos que los sitios más diversos son aquellos de pendientes menos pronunciadas.

Distribution and diversity of springtails (Hexapoda: Collembola) on the altitudinal gradient of a temperate forest in Mexico. Mountain ecosystems have shown slow mineralization activity due to weather conditions, and to some groups with arthropods with special roles. The Collembola is an important group for litter fragmentation, showing different distribution patterns. The objective of the present study was to determine the diversity of Collembola along a volcano altitudinal gradient. For this, four sampling expeditions evaluated four altitudinal levels (I=2 753, II=3 015, III=3 250 and IV=3 687 masl) in Iztaccihuatl Volcano, from November 2003, and March, June and August 2004. Shannon diversity (H’), Pielou evenness (J’) and Simpson dominance (1/λ) indices were calculated. The similarity between the associations of springtails between the sampling sites was evaluated by a cluster analysis using the Pearson correlation coefficient, as distance and the unpaired arithmetic averages (UPGMA) as amalgamation method. A total of 24 075 springtails, distributed in 12 families, 46 genera and 86 species was collected. The higher species abundance was found at the altitudinal area II. The lowest diversity value was recorded in IV, while the higher diversity values were found in III. Significant differences between Shannon indices were found between zones II-III (t0.01, 187=4.11, p<0.05) and between III-IV (t0.01, 187=3.8, p<0.05) according to modified t-test. When considering sampling dates, no significant differences were found. The dendrogram showed that in composition the level I is more homogeneous throughout the year. In conclusion, a statistically significant seasonal variation in springtail abundances was not found, but it was observed that, the lower altitude (I) resulted more homogeneous along the studied period, followed by level II and III. There is a particular assemblage of springtails community in each altitudinal area studied; in general, the sites with low slope resulted more diverse in Collembola communities. These results show that there are important factors such as altitude, vegetation type and microhabitat heterogeneity that may affect the distribution of springtails communities along an altitudinal gradient. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (1): 315-327. Epub 2011 March 01.

The description of a new genus and new species of the family Parajapygidae from Lacandon jungle of Chiapas is given. The asymmetric terminal forceps with four internal teeth as the diagnostic characters of new genus.

Se describe un nuevo género y una nueva especie de la familia Parajapygidae de la selva Lacandona, Chiapas, tomando en cuenta el cerco terminal de tipo asimétrico con cuatro dientes internos como carácter diagnóstico del nuevo género.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do gradiente de elevação na diversidade de Collembola, em uma floresta temperada no Vulcão Iztaccíhuatl, México. Quatro expedições foram organizadas de novembro 2003 a agosto 2004, em quatro altitudes (2.753, 3.015, 3.250 e 3.687 m). Em cada local foram medidas a temperatura, a concentração de CO2 e a umidade do ar, além da inclinação do terreno. A influência de fatores abióticos na composição da fauna foi avaliada nos quatro locais de coleta, por meio da análise de correspondência canônica. Coletaram-se 24.028 espécimes, distribuídos em 12 famílias, 44 gêneros e 76 espécies. Mesaphorura phlorae, Proisotoma ca. tenella e Parisotoma ca. notabilis foram as espécies mais abundantes. A diversidade e a equitabilidade mais elevadas foram registradas a 3.250 m (H' = 2.85; J' = 0.73). A análise canônica mostrou que os eixos de correspondências 1 e 2, juntos, explicam 67.4% da variação na composição específica, em que o CO2 e a altitude explicam melhor o eixo 1, ao passo que a inclinação e a umidade estão mais bem relacionadas ao eixo 2. Os resultados mostraram que o CO2 é um fator importante para explicar o agrupamento das espécies de Collembola, juntamente com a inclinação e a umidade.

The objective of this work was to elevate gradient effect on diversity of Collembola, in a temperate forest on the northeast slope of Iztaccíhuatl Volcano, Mexico. Four expeditions were organized from November 2003 to August 2004, at four altitudes (2,753, 3,015, 3,250 and 3,687 m a.s.l.). In each site, air temperature, CO2 concentration, humidity, and terrain inclination were measured. The influence of abiotic factors on faunal composition was evaluated, at the four collecting sites, with canonical correspondence analyses (CCA). A total of 24,028 specimens were obtained, representing 12 families, 44 genera and 76 species. Mesaphorura phlorae, Proisotoma ca. tenella and Parisotoma ca. notabilis were the most abundant species. The highest diversity and evenness were recorded at 3,250 m (H' = 2.85; J' = 0.73). Canonical analyses axes 1 and 2 of the CCA explained 67.4% of the variance in species composition, with CO2 and altitude best explaining axis 1, while slope and humidity were better correlated to axis 2. The results showed that CO2 is an important factor to explain Collembola species assemblage, together with slope and humidity.

A new species of the genus Willemia, anophthalma group, W. iztaccihuatlensis n. sp., from the Northwest slope of Iztaccihuatl Volcano is described. It is characterized by absence of the sensilla e 1 on antennal segment IV, post antennal organ (PAO) with eight vesicles and anal spines bigger than all of species known. A comparative table of the anophothalma group with three closer relative species and the new species is given.

Se describe una nueva especie del género Willemia del grupo anophthalma, W. iztaccihuatlensis. sp. nov., de la ladera noroeste del Volcán Iztaccíhuatl, teniendo como caracteres diagnósticos la ausencia de la sensila e 1 del antenito IV, ocho vesículas en el órgano postantenal (OPA) y espinas anales de mayor tamaño que cualquiera de las especies conocidas. Se proporciona un cuadro comparativo de tres especies más cercanas del grupo anophthalma y del nuevo taxón.

A new species of Symphylurinus for Mexico is described and illustrated based on specimens collected from Chiapas and Tabasco states. This new taxon is characterized by the absence of spiciform processes on the cerci of both sexes, the presence of two long setae on the antennal segment II, and 7+7 macrosetae on the mesonotum and urosterguito III.

Se describe e ilustra una nueva especie de Symphylurinus para México, recolectada en los estados de Chiapas y Tabasco. Este nuevo taxón se caracteriza por la ausencia de procesos espiciformes en los cercos de ambos sexos y la presencia de dos sedas largas en el artejo antenal II, 7+7 macrosetas en el mesonoto y en el uroterguito III.