Abstract Purpose. This study aims to evaluate the presence of abnormal returns due to stock splits or reverse stock splits in the Brazilian capital market context. Design/methodology/approach. The event study technique was used on data from 518 events that occurred in a 30-year period (1987-2016), comprising 167 stock splits and 351 reverse stock splits. Findings. The results revealed the occurrence of abnormal returns around the time the shares began trading stock splits or reverse stock splits at a statistical significance level of 5%. The main conclusion is that stock split and reverse stock split operations represent opportunities for extraordinary gains and may serve as a reference for investment strategies in the Brazilian stock market. Originality/value. This study innovates by including reverse stock splits, as the existing literature focuses on stock splits, and by testing two distinct “zero” dates that of the ordinary general meeting that approved the share alteration and the “ex” date of the alteration, when the shares were effectively traded, reverse split or split.

Resumo Objetivo Este artigo procurou identificar o impacto das classificações ambientais, sociais e de governança (ESG) de empresas do ramo de educação, tais como: faculdades, universidades e escolas profissionais com fins lucrativos nos seus resultados financeiros. Metodologia Foram utilizados como amostra os dados de 50 empresas de todo o mundo, listadas em bolsa e com dados ESG disponíveis para o período de 2012 a 2021 contidos na base de dados REFINITIV-EIKON. Como variáveis dependentes, foram utilizados o Q de Tobin e o Market-to-Book (MTB), variáveis amplamente adotadas em estudos econômicos similares. Como variáveis de desempenho financeiro foram utilizadas a Rentabilidade do Ativo (ROA) e a Rentabilidade sobre o Capital Próprio (ROE). Como variáveis explicativas foram usados os índices ESG-combinado, Pilar-Social, Pilar-Ambiental e Pilar de Governança. O método de regressão utilizado foi o método de momentos generalizados (GMM). Conclusões Como resultado, foi encontrada uma relação significativa e positiva entre as pontuações do ESG-combinado e Pilar-Social com o desempenho financeiro, representado pelo ROE e ROA. Este resultado é semelhante aos de outros estudos que encontraram a mesma relação positiva. Por outro lado, verificou-se uma relação significativa e negativa entre as pontuações ESG-combinado e Pilar-Social com os indicadores de mercado Q de Tobin e MTB. Implicações práticas Os resultados indicam que, apesar de as pontuações do ESG-combinado e do Pilar-Social estarem positivamente relacionados com os resultados financeiros, o mercado não reconhece positivamente nem fixa o preço das ações devido a essas pontuações. Originalidade Estes resultados ainda não tinham sido observados para o sector de educação. ambientais (ESG educação faculdades financeiros 5 mundo 201 202 REFINITIVEIKON. REFINITIVEIKON REFINITIV EIKON. EIKON REFINITIV-EIKON dependentes MarkettoBook Market to Book MTB, MTB , (MTB) similares ROA (ROA ROE. . (ROE) ESGcombinado, ESGcombinado combinado, combinado PilarSocial, PilarSocial Social, Social PilarAmbiental Ambiental Governança GMM. GMM (GMM) lado verificouse verificou se 20 (MTB (ROE (GMM 2

Abstract Purpose This paper examined the impact of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) scores of for-profit colleges, universities, and professional schools on their market and financial results. Design/methodology/approach Sample data from 50 companies, national and international, listed on a stock exchange and with ESG data available from 2012 to 2021 was obtained on the EIKON-REFINITIV information database. Performance variables comprised Tobin’s Q and Market-to-Book (MTB), widely adopted in similar economic studies. Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE) conformed to the financial performance variables. Explanatory variables consisted of ESG combined, ESG Social Pillar, Environmental Pillar, and Governance Pillar indexes. The analysis used the Generalized Method of Moments regression (GMM). Findings ESG combined showed a significant positive relationship with Social Pillar scores and financial performance, represented by ROE and ROA, as found by other studies. Conversely, we observed a significant negative relationship between ESG combined and Social Pillar scores and market indicators (Tobin’s Q and MTB). Practical implications Results indicate that although ESG combined, Social Pillar scores, and financial performance are positively related to financial results, these do not reflect positive market recognition or price shares. Originality First-time results for this sector. (ESG forprofit profit colleges universities Designmethodologyapproach Design methodology approach 5 companies international 201 202 EIKONREFINITIV EIKON REFINITIV database Tobins Tobin s MarkettoBook Market Book MTB, MTB , (MTB) studies ROA (ROA (ROE indexes GMM. GMM . (GMM) Conversely MTB. MTB) shares Firsttime First time sector 20 (MTB (GMM 2

ABSTRACT The evolution of the economic context has intensified competition in retail, creating new challenges for companies. Among these challenges are the difficulty of measuring the results of marketing activities, the inconsistency in the sources of information, and the disregard of the temporal characteristics of the returns on these investments. Considering that this context may differ depending on a country’s stage of development, the objective of this study is to analyze the impact of marketing investments on the value of companies. To this end, Tobin’s Q was used as a financial variable and the sample was divided into two groups to discriminate between developed and developing countries. The sample included 1,872 companies from 97 countries. The technique used for analysis was a hierarchical multilevel model of panel data. The results reveal that investment in marketing has a positive relationship with the financial indicator Tobin’s Q, and the impact of such investments in developing countries is greater than it is in developed countries. Thus, from the results of this work, it can be concluded that marketing investments have a beneficial potential for societies, especially those that are in economic environments considered to be in development.

Abstract Purpose . This paper aims to identify if there is an impact of the rating announcements issued by the agencies on the returns of the stocks of Brazilian companies listed on Brasil Bolsa Balcão, from August 2002 to August 2018, identifying which types of announcement (upgrade, downgrade or the same initial classification) cause variations in prices around the date of disclosure of the rating. Design/methodology/approach. The event study methodology was applied to verify the market reaction around the announcement dates in a 21-day event window (−10, +10). The market model was used to calculate the abnormal returns (ARs), and subsequently, the accumulated ARs. Findings . The hypotheses tests allowed to verify that the accumulated ARs are different, before and after the three types of rating announcements (upgrades, downgrades and the same classification); in upgrades, the mean of accumulated ARs increases in the days before the event, while in downgrades, this increase occurs after the event. This paper concluded that the rating announcements have an impact on the return of stock of the Brazilian market and that the market reaction occurs most of the time before the event happens, which indicates that the market can anticipate the information contained in the changes in credit ratings. Practical implications. The results have considerable implications for portfolio managers, institutional investors and traders. It facilitates investment decision-making in the face of rating classification announcements. Market participants can pay more attention to their investment strategies and asset allocation during periods of risk rating announcements. Additionally, traders can understand the form of investment strategy for superior earnings. Originality/value. The importance of the study is related to the fact that the results may explain the causes of specific movements in the Brazilian financial market related to a source of information that may or may not be able to influence the decisions of the financial agents that operate in this market. The justification is centred on the idea that, for investors who somehow react to the announcements, it is relevant to understand the impact of rating classifications on companies, as access to such information allows for more conscious decision-making.

Abstract This article aims to identify the determinants of the capital structure of Brazilian companies and compare it with financial theories. In addition, the normality periods (2007, 2009-2014) and financial crisis periods (2008 and 2015) will be considered in the analysis. The sample has 114 Brazilian public companies in the periods from 2007 to 2015. The methodology used for data analysis was multiple regression for panel data. The results showed that there are differences between the determinants of the capital structure in periods of crisis and of normality. Some of the hypotheses tested were accepted. These hypotheses relate financial theory to empirical analysis. Finally, the research contributed by demonstrating the main determinants of the capital structure in the analyzed periods, showing changes between such determinants.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo identificar los determinantes de la estructura de capital de las empresas brasileñas y compararlas con las teorías financieras. Además, los periodos de normalidad (2007, 2009-2014) y los períodos de crisis financiera (2008 y 2015) se considerarán en el análisis. La muestra tiene 114 empresas brasileñas en los períodos de 2007 a 2015. La metodología utilizada para el análisis de los datos fue la regresión múltiple para datos en panel. Los resultados mostraron que existen diferencias entre los determinantes de la estructura de capital en períodos de crisis y de normalidad. Algunas de las hipótesis probadas fueron aceptadas. Estas hipótesis relacionan la teoría financiera con el análisis empírico. Por último, la investigación contribuyó presentando los principales determinantes de la estructura de capital en los períodos analizados y evidenciando cambios entre estos determinantes.

RESUMO O mercado de ADRs apresentou uma importância crescente nas últimas décadas, especialmente para companhias sediadas em países emergentes, como os da América Latina. Neste contexto, neste estudo buscou-se detectar e mensurar o fenômeno da interdependência, englobando os transbordamentos de retornos e de volatilidade e suas assimetrias entre os ADRs níveis 2 e 3 dos principais mercados de capitais da América Latina (Brasil, Argentina, Chile e México) e dos países desenvolvidos (Estados Unidos, Japão, Reino Unido e França), no âmbito da última crise financeira internacional. Esse fenômeno foi investigado considerando tanto os retornos diários de seus índices acionários de mercado, como dos índices de ADRs criados neste estudo, no período de junho de 2008 a maio de 2015, por meio de modelos multivariados assimétricos VAR-MGARCH, com representação Diagonal VECH. A principal conclusão foi que os índices de ADRs apresentaram maior interdependência com os países desenvolvidos, comparados aos mercados acionários latino-americanos analisados.

ABSTRACT The ADRs market presented great growing importance in the last decades, specially for companies based on developing countries, such as those of Latin America. In this context, this research sought to detect and measure the interdependence phenomenon, comprising the returns and volatility spillovers and their asymmetries between the levels 2 and 3 ADRs of the main capital markets of Latin America (Brazil, Argentina, Chile and Mexico) and the developed ones (the United States, Japan, the United Kingdom and France), regarding the last financial crisis scope. This phenomenon was investigated considering both the daily returns of their market stock indices, such as those of the ADRs indices created in this study, from June 2008 to May, 2015, via VAR-MGARCH multivaried skewness models, with diagonal VECH representation. The main conclusion was that the ADR indices presented greater interdependence with the developed countries, compared to the analyzed Latin American equity markets.

This article approaches several different methodologies for calculation of the RAROC (Risk Adjusted Return on Capital) for Brazilian banks. Two questions gave reason to the study: whether the application of different methods for calculation of the RAROC would generate significantly different results?, and checking what is the connection between the RAROC and the generation of economic value, measured by the EVA (Economic Value Added), for the largest banks with operations in Brazil? The following methodologies for verification of the RAROC were applied: Buch's Method (2011); Prokopczuk's Method (2006); Prokopczuk's Method (2006) with application of the VaR technique; Saunders's Method (2007); Chapelle's Method (2008); and the Smithon & Hayt Method (2001), by applying these parametric and non-parametric statistics in order to check the sensibility of the differences between models. This study has evidenced that, when we compare the methodology based on minimum capital with other methodologies, there are no significant differences, except in the few cases indicated. It is important to notice it only occurred in the case of the Bank of Brazil and it was concentrated in the comparison of the Creditmetrics models and in the methodology in which there is equivalence by the reference equity.

El presente artículo se ocupa de diferentes metodologías para el cálculo de RAROC (Rentabilidad Ajustada al Riesgo) para los bancos brasileños. Dos preguntas motivaron el estudio: ¿la aplicación de diferentes métodos para el cálculo del RAROC produciría resultados significativamente diferentes?, y ¿cómo se da la relación entre la RAROC y la generación de valor económico, medido por EVA (Valor Económico Agregado) de los mayores bancos que operan en Brasil? Se aplicaron los siguientes métodos de cálculo RAROC: Modelo Buch (2011); Modelo Prokopczuk (2006); Modelo Prokopczuk (2006), utilizando el VaR; Modelo Saunders (2007); Modelo Chapelle (2008); y modelo Smithon y Hayt (2001), la aplicación de sensibilidad paramétrica y no paramétrica para verificar las diferencias entre los modelos de pruebas estadísticas. Este estudio demostró que en la comparación de la metodología basada en el capital mínimo con otras metodologías, no hay diferencias significativas, excepto en los pocos casos mencionados. Es importante darse cuenta de que esto era sólo para el Banco de Brasil y se centró en la comparación de modelos Creditmetrics y metodología en donde existe la equivalencia entre el patrimonio neto de referencia.

O presente estudo propõe uma análise comparativa de dez modelos de volatilidade para o cálculo do Value-at-Risk (VaR) para carteira teórica do Ibovespa, considerando a presença de memória longa na série temporal dos seus retornos diários. Para isso, foram utilizados dados do período de 4 de janeiro de 2000 a 28 de dezembro de 2007. Os resultados mostraram que os modelos que captam o efeito de memória longa na volatilidade condicional dos retornos do Ibovespa, em especial o medido pelo modelo FIGARCH (1,d,1), são os que apresentam melhor desempenho para o cálculo do Value-at-Risk, comparado com alguns modelos tradicionais, como é o caso do Riskmetrics.

This study proposes a comparative analysis of the use of ten volatility models to calculate the Value-at-Risk (VaR) for Ibovespa considering the presence of long memory in time series for daily returns. Data from January 02, 2000 to January 02, 2008 were used. The results showed that the long memory models, in especial the FICARCH (1,d1) model, are better to calculate the Value-at-Risk if compared to traditional models, such as the RiskMetrics model.