Resumen: Antecedentes y Objetivos: Parkinsonia praecox ,“palo brea”, es una planta medicinal distribuida en el Desierto de Sonora en México. Sin embargo, existe poca información acerca de la composición química y del potencial biológico de esta planta. Basado en lo anterior, el objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la composición química y el potencial antioxidante y antiproliferativo de P. praecox. Métodos: Se prepararon extractos metanólicos de tallos (PPS), frutos (PPB) y flores (PPF). La composición química se determinó a través de los métodos de perfil fitoquímico, Folin-Ciocalteu y UPLC-DAD. La actividad antioxidante se evaluó por los métodos DPPH, ABTS, ORAC y FRAP. La actividad antiproliferativa se determinó por el ensayo MTT contra las líneas celulares A549 (cáncer de pulmón de células no pequeñas), MDA-MB-231 (cáncer de mama triple negativo), PC-3 (cáncer de próstata grado IV), HeLa (cáncer de cervix) y L929 (tejido conectivo subcutáneo no canceroso). Resultados: El perfil fitoquímico mostró la presencia de terpenos, compuestos fenólicos, flavonoides, taninos y azúcares en los extractos. PPS presentó la concentración más elevada (p<0.05) de compuestos fenólicos (65.5 mg GAE/g), identificando y cuantificando quercetina (218.86 µg/g). Además, PPS mostró la capacidad más elevada (p<0.05) para estabilizar a los radicales DPPH (IC50: 137 µg/ml), ABTS (39.56 µM TE/g), hidroxilo (ORAC: 1777.78 µM TE/g), y reducir metales (FRAP: 935.6 µM Fe(II)/g). Un comportamiento similar se observó en la actividad antiproliferativa, ya que PPS mostró la citotoxicidad más elevada (p<0.05): A549 (IC50: 341.3 µg/ml), MDA-MB-231 (IC50: 147.3 µg/ml), PC-3 (IC50: 78.8 µg/ml), HeLa (IC50: 121.6 µg/ml) y L929 (IC50: 93.29 µg/ml). Conclusión: Este es el primer estudio donde se reporta el perfil de compuestos bioactivos y el potencial biológico de P. praecox. Los resultados muestran una fuerte asociación entre la actividad antioxidante y antiproliferativa con la presencia de compuestos fenólicos. Esto representa un potencial soporte para el desarrollo de terapias farmacológicas.

Abstract: Background and Aims: Parkinsonia praecox ,“palo brea”, is a medicinal plant distributed in the Mexican Sonoran Desert. However, there is little information about the chemical composition and biological potential of this plant. As a consequence, the objective of the present study was to determine the chemical composition, as well as the antioxidant and antiproliferative activity, of P. praecox. Methods: Methanolic extracts of stems (PPS), berries (PPB) and flowers (PPF) were performed. Chemical composition was determined by phytochemical screening, Folin Ciocalteu and UPLC-DAD methods. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH, ABTS, ORAC and FRAP methods. Antiproliferative activity was evaluated by MTT against A549 (non-small-cell lung cancer cells), MDA-MB-231 (triple negative breast cancer), PC-3 (adenocarcinoma prostate cancer grade IV), HeLa (human cervical cancer) and L929 (non-cancerous subcutaneous connective tissue) cell lines. Results: Phytochemical screening showed the presence of terpenes, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins and sugars in the extracts. PPS showed the highest (p<0.05) concentration of phenolic compounds (65.5 mg GAE/g), identifying and quantifying quercetin (218.86 µg/g). Additionally, PPS exhibited the highest capacity (p<0.05) to stabilize the DPPH (IC50: 137 µg/ml), ABTS (39.56 µM TE/g), hydroxyl radicals (ORAC: 1777.78 µM TE/g), and to reduce metals (FRAP: 935.6 µM Fe(II)/g). Similar behavior was observed in antiproliferative activity, since PPS presented the highest cytotoxicity (p<0.05): A549 (IC50: 341.3 µg/ml), MDA-MB-231 (IC50: 147.3 µg/ml), PC-3 (IC50: 78.8 µg/ml), HeLa (IC50: 121.6 µg/ml) and L929 (IC50: 93.29 µg/ml). Conclusion: This is the first research where the bioactive compound profile and the biological potential of P. praecox are reported. The results show the strong association between the antioxidant and the antiproliferative activities with the presence of phenolic compounds. This represents a potential support for the development of pharmacological therapies.

Abstract Agro-industrial processing activities generate by-products that are discarded at high economic and environmental costs; however, many of them still contain high levels of bioactive compounds (BCs) such as dietary fiber (DF) and phenolic compounds (PCs), which, when combined, are known as antioxidant dietary fiber (ADF). These BCs have properties that are beneficial to our health, among them anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and cardioprotective. Moreover, DF can regulate glucose and cholesterol levels. The mechanism of ADF action depends on its chemical structure and the interactions between the DF and PCs in it. Recent studies have reported the incorporation of several of these by-products on a diet through food products consumed worldwide, such as bread. This review describes the chemical characteristics of the ADF complex and the effect of its molecular interactions on sensory, nutritional and health-promoting properties of functional bakery goods.

Summary: In order to contribute to the knowledge concerning the asexual spread of Rubus idaeus L., we established an experiment where the objective was to evaluate, in two consecutive years (2017 and 2018), the effects of different concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and types of substrates over the propagation efficiency from root cuttings with different raspberry varieties under greenhouse conditions. Compost materials with a high content of organic matter, sand and a clay-loamy substrate were used as rooting medium, with concentrations of 1, 5 and 10 mEq L-1 of IBA. The variables evaluated were: production of new plants over time, percentage of survival of transplanted plants with IBA treatments and substrate efficiency. The results showed statistical differences in the dynamic production of new shoots in the varieties studied. The Heritage variety exhibited the greatest emission of new shoots from the root in the two years of study. The concentrations of IBA (1, 5 and 10 mEq L-1) affected the survival rate of the transplanted plants, where the control treatment showed the greatest survival efficiency. The substrate with a high content of organic matter was the most suitable depending on the rooting efficiency of transplanted plants in individual pots. We conclude that IBA applications affect the rooting efficiency in raspberry plants, this is due to the fact that these are very succulent plants, which limits the effect of the rooting hormone.

Resumen: Con el fin de contribuir al conocimiento sobre la propagación asexual de Rubus idaeus L., se estableció un experimento cuyo objetivo fue conocer, en dos años consecutivos (2017 y 2018), los efectos de tipos de sustratos y ácido indol-3-butírico (IBA), en la propagación de diferentes variedades frambuesa a partir de esquejes de raíz bajo condiciones de invernadero. Los sustratos utilizados como medio de enraizamiento de los esquejes fueron compost con alto contenido de materia orgánica, arena y un sustrato de textura franco arcillosa, los esquejes se trataron con IBA en concentraciones de 1, 5 y 10 mEq L-1. Las variables evaluadas fueron: producción de nuevas plantas a través del tiempo, porcentaje de sobrevivencia de plantas trasplantadas con tratamientos de IBA y eficiencia de los sustratos. Los resultados demostraron diferencias estadísticas en la producción dinámica de brotes nuevos en las variedades estudiadas. Comportándose la variedad “Heritage” con mayor emisión de brotes nuevos a partir de la raíz en los dos años de estudio. Las concentraciones de IBA 1, 5 y 10 mEq L-1 afectaron el porcentaje de sobrevivencia de las plantas trasplantadas, mostrando el tratamiento testigo mayor eficiencia de supervivencia. El sustrato con alto contenido de materia orgánica fue el más adecuado en función de la eficiencia de enraizamiento de plantas trasplantadas en macetas individuales. Se concluye que aplicaciones de IBA afectan la eficiencia de enraizamiento en plantas de frambuesa, considerando que son plantas muy suculentas, lo cual limita el efecto de la hormona de enraizamiento.

Abstract Fish production by intensive aquaculture, is an economically important strategy to produce food. However, intensive fish farming generates oxidative stress and suppress the immune system, causing loss of product quality and increasing fish mortality rates. To diminish these effects, plants as a source of polyphenols with antioxidants and immunostimulant properties were administered to carnivorous farmed fish. The aim of this study was to describe the effects of plant polyphenols as antioxidants and immunostimulants on carnivorous fish, and to promote their use as functional ingredients in aquaculture. Plants as a source of polyphenols showed the ability to improve the immune and antioxidant defense systems of the analyzed species, resulting in a tissue of better nutritional quality and a higher endogenous antioxidant content. However, the biological properties of polyphenols are dependent on the type of plant and their concentration within it, the dose and the time of administration, as well as the food matrix, which determines their bioaccessibility and bioavailability in the organism. There is little information on the effec of polyphenols in post mortem quality; therefore, further studies should be conducted.

Resumen El cultivo intensivo de peces es una estrategia econòmicamente importante para producir alimento. Sin embargo, las prácticas de cultivo intensivo generan estrés oxidativo e inmunosupresión, lo que ocasiona pérdidas de la calidad del especimen y aumento en la mortalidad. Para contrarrestar estos efectos, se ha optado por la administración de vegetales como fuente de polifenoles con propiedades antioxidantes e inmunoestimulantes en peces carnívoros de cultivo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir los efectos de los polifenoles de origen vegetal como antioxidantes e inmunoestimulantes en peces carnívoros, y promover su uso como ingredientes funcionales en la acuicultura. Los vegetales como fuente de polifenoles tienen la capacidad de mejorar los sistemas de defensa inmune y antioxidante de las especies analizadas, con un tejido de mejor calidad nutricional y un mayor contenido endógeno de antioxidantes. No obstante, las propiedades biológicas de los polifenoles dependen del tipo y concentra ción en el vegetal, de la dosis y el tiempo de administración, así como de la matriz alimentaria, la cual determina la bioaccesibilidad y biodisponibilidad de los polifenoles en el organismo. Es la información generada sobre el efecto de los polifenoles en la calidad post mortem, por lo que se deben realizar más estudios.

The presence of dietary fiber (DF) in the food matrix of some tropical fruits plays an important role in the release and absorption of its bioactive compounds, such as phenolic compounds (PCs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the DF fractions in mango cv. ‘Ataulfo’, papaya cv. ‘Maradol’ and pineapple cv. ‘Esmeralda’, on the bioaccessibility of their PCs and antioxidant capacity (AOXC) under an in vitro digestion model. The highest PCs content and AOXC was found in mango (274.30 mg GAE/100 g FW), followed by papaya (212 mg GAE//100 g FW), and pineapple (107.63 mg GAE/100 g FW), respectively. About 50% of the total PCs in all fruits was released at gastric phase, increasing closer to 60% at intestinal phase in mango and pineapple. However, the highest content of PCs associated to DF was found in mango (2.48 mg GAE/100 g FW) compared with papaya DF fractions (0.96 GAE/100 g FW) and pineapple (0.52 GAE/100 g FW). The presence of DF in mango, papaya and pineapple did not represent a major limitation on the bioaccessibility of its PCs according to the in vitro digestion model used in this study.

Considering the extensive use of hot peppers and spicy sauces in the Mexican cuisine, in the present paper, three widely consumed Mexican condiments (mole sauce, achiote, and pasilla hot pepper) were analyzed for their total phenols, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins, antioxidant activity, and protective effect against lipid oxidation in chopped pork meat. All samples were extracted first with methanol and then with acetone, and the extracts were compared. Pasilla pepper showed the highest phenolic and flavonoid content in both solvents, followed by mole and achiote. Achiote showed the highest proanthocyanidin concentration. All samples showed high antioxidant activity, and good correlations with phenolic compounds and flavonoids, while no correlation was observed in the case of condensed tannins. Mole sauce methanolic extract showed the highest inhibition of pork meat oxidation, followed by pasilla pepper, and finally achiote paste extracts. These results suggest that these condiments are useful to prevent meat lipid oxidation during storage.

The content of phenols and ascorbic acid of the phenolic fraction, and carotenoids, tocopherols and capsaicinoids of the oily fraction from sweet bell peppers from northwest Mexico was determined. Antioxidant activity in both fractions was evaluated (ABTS and DPPH methods). Green cultivar had the highest content of phenols, flavonoids, and ascorbic acid and highest antioxidant activity. α-Tocopherolwas found in the four cultivars; however, capsaicinoids were not detected. The phenolic fraction had higher antioxidant activity than the oily fraction.

Se determinó el contenido de fenoles y ácido ascórbico de la fracción fenólica y carotenoides, tocoferoles y capsaicinoides de la fracción oleosa de chiles bell del noroeste de México. Se evaluó la actividad antioxidante de ambas fracciones (métodos ABTS y DFPH). El cultivar verde tuvo el mayor contenido de fenoles, flavonoides y ácido ascórbico y la más alta actividad antioxidante. Se encontró α-tocoferol en los cuatro cultivares; sin embargo, no se detectaron capsaicinoides. La fracción fenólica presentó mayor actividad antioxidante que la oleosa.

Recently the food, pharmacy and cosmetic industries have focused on the search for natural compounds with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, commonly these compounds are obtained from plants. Nowadays, macroscopic fungus are being considered for the extraction these compounds. For this reason, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the antibacterial and antioxidant capacity of fractionated methanolic extracts (polar and non-polar) from Phellinus merrillii. The non-fractionated methanolic extract showed the highest content of phenolics (913.91 mg gallic acid equivalents/g, mgGAE/g), flavonoids (563.83 mg quercetin equivalents/g, mgQE/g), the lowest efficient concentration to inactivate the 50% of the free radical DPPH (0.1767 g/L), and the highest inhibition percent against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica Choleraesuis and Listeria monocytogenes. Followed by the non-polar fraction with values 254.50 mgGAE/g, 179.44 mgQE/g and 0.7238 g/L, and the polar fraction 254.50 mgGAE/g, 163.98 mgQE/g and 1.1767 g/L. Moreover, the antibacterial activity correlated positively with the total phenolic, flavonoid content and antioxidant activity for all the extracts. Therefore, P. merrillii could be a source of antibacterial and antioxidant extracts.

En los últimos años las industrias de alimentos, farmacéutica y cosmética se han enfocado en la búsqueda de compuestos naturales con propiedades antimicrobianas y antioxidantes, los cuales se obtienen principalmente de plantas. Sin embargo, recientemente los hongos han sido considerados foco de estudio para la extracción de estos compuestos. Es por ello que el objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la capacidad antibacteriana y antioxidante de extractos metanólicos fraccionados (polar y no polar) del hongo Phellinus merrillii. El extracto metanólico sin fraccionar presentó el mayor contenido de fenoles (913.91 mg de equivalentes de ácido gálico/g, mgEAG/g), flavonoides totales (563.83 mg de equivalentes de quercetina/g, mgEQ/g), la concentración eficiente más baja para inhibir el 50% del radical libre DPPH (0.1767 g/L) y el mayor porcentaje de inhibición contra Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica Choleraesuis y Listeria monocytogenes. Seguido de la fracción no polar con valores de 254.50 mgEAG/g, 179.44 mgEQ/g y 0.7238 g/L, y la fracción polar 254.50 mgEAG/g, 163.98 mgEQ/g y 1.1767 g/L. Adicionalmente, la inhibición bacteriana correlacionó positivamente con el contenido de fenoles, flavonoides y actividad antioxidante para todos los extractos. Por ello, el hongo P. merrillii podría ser una fuente de extractos con propiedad antibacteriana y antioxidante.

The defence mechanisms that are activated by methyl jasmonate (MJ) in fruits are not well understood. In this work, we studied the expression of defence genes in papaya fruit that are induced by the exposure to MJ and/or low temperatures. The papaya fruits ‘Maradol’ were randomly divided into two groups: one group was the untreated control and the other was treated with 10-4 M of MJ. Half of the fruits from each of the two groups were stored after treatment for 5 days at 5ºC and 2 days at 20ºC. We studied the expression levels of the pdf1.1 and pdf1.2 genes by amplification from expression libraries created from the pulp and skin tissues of the papaya fruit. As a reference, the mRNA level of the 18s ribosomal gene was used. In the skin tissue, the expression levels of the pdf1.1 and pdf1.2 genes were higher immediately after MJ treatment compared to the control. Furthermore, the expression of pdf1.2 remained high after MJ treatment and subsequent storage compared to the control. It was therefore concluded that the activation of the pdf1.1 and pdf1.2 genes forms part of the molecular defence mechanism in fruits that is activated by exposure to MJ. To our knowledge, this is the first study that analyzes the gene expression in papaya fruit that is induced by the exogenous application of methyl jasmonate and cold treatment.

Complexation of chlorogenic acid (CA) by β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) at mildly acidic pH, was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and NMR spectroscopy. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔH°, ΔS° and K) determined by both fluorescence and ITC, showed that the complexation of CA by β-CD is an enthalpy-driven process. Results show that CA molecule can be complexed through both polyphenolic and quinic acid moiety, leading to the formation of two supramolecular isomers with 1:1 stoichiometry.

La complejación del ácido clorogénico (AC) por β-ciclodextrina (β-CD) a pH ligeramente ácido se estudió por espectroscopia de fluorescencia, calorimetría isotérmica de titulación (CIT), voltamperometría cíclica (VC) y RMN. Los parámetros termodinámicos del sistema ((ΔH°, ΔS° and K) determinados por fluorescencia e CIT sugieren que la complejación está regulada por procesos entálpicos. De los resultados obtenidos, se puede deducir que las moléculas del AC pueden ser complejadas tanto por la región fenólica como por la región quínica, dando lugar a la formación de dos isómeros supramoleculares con estequiometría 1:1.