Abstract In Medicine, it is critical “to offer 100% of what is needed and avoid 100% of what is not needed.” Unfortunately, this primary issue is challenging, and generally, more than required is offered, and everything that is unnecessary is not avoided. This is a nonsystematic review with a teaching objective that reviews the general issue in primary care and suggests ways to avoid overuse and shortcomings concerning preventive, diagnostic, therapeutic, and rehabilitative interventions. Knowing not to do is science and art that is hardly taught and practiced less. The overuse that harm are an almost daily part of clinical practice in prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation. It is essential to promote “the art and science of not doing”.

Resumen En Medicina es clave “ofrecer el 100% de lo que se precisa y evitar el 100% de lo que no se precisa”. Lamentablemente, es difícil cumplir con esta cuestión clave y generalmente se ofrece más de lo que se precisa y no se evita todo lo que no se precisa. Este texto es una revisión no sistemática con objetivo docente en que se revisa el problema general en atención primaria y se proponen formas de evitar los excesos y defectos respecto a intervenciones preventivas, diagnósticas, terapéuticas y de rehabilitación. Saber no hacer es ciencia y arte que se enseña poco y se practica menos. Los excesos que dañan son parte casi diaria de la práctica clínica, en prevención, diagnóstico, tratamiento y rehabilitación. Es imprescindible fomentar “el arte y la ciencia de no hacer”.

Abstract In Medicine, it is critical “to offer 100% of what is needed and avoid 100% of what is not needed.” Unfortunately, this primary issue is challenging, and generally, more than required is offered, and everything that is unnecessary is not avoided. This is a nonsystematic review with a teaching objective that reviews the general issue in primary care and suggests ways to avoid overuse and shortcomings concerning preventive, diagnostic, therapeutic, and rehabilitative interventions. Knowing not to do is science and art that is hardly taught and practiced less. The overuse that harm are an almost daily part of clinical practice in prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation. It is essential to promote “the art and science of not doing”.

Resumen En Medicina es clave “ofrecer el 100% de lo que se precisa y evitar el 100% de lo que no se precisa”. Lamentablemente, es difícil cumplir con esta cuestión clave y generalmente se ofrece más de lo que se precisa y no se evita todo lo que no se precisa. Este texto es una revisión no sistemática con objetivo docente en que se revisa el problema general en atención primaria y se proponen formas de evitar los excesos y defectos respecto a intervenciones preventivas, diagnósticas, terapéuticas y de rehabilitación. Saber no hacer es ciencia y arte que se enseña poco y se practica menos. Los excesos que dañan son parte casi diaria de la práctica clínica, en prevención, diagnóstico, tratamiento y rehabilitación. Es imprescindible fomentar “el arte y la ciencia de no hacer”.

The "Spanish" flu of 1918 caused millions of deaths and is still present in the people's thought. That memory revived in 2005 with the onset of the aviarian influenza and in 2009 with the influenza A pandemic. As a response to these threats, it was encouraged to use antiviral drugs called Tamiflu (Oseltamivir) and Relenza (zanamivir) and governments spent millions of Euros to purchase them. However, the effectiveness of these antiviral drugs was called into question and the scientific and political pressures forced the pharmaceutical companies to share their raw data from the clinical trials of these two drugs. An independent analysis allowed concluding in 2014 that these antiviral drugs had modest effectiveness in releasing the symptoms, had no impact on complications and deaths, caused significant adverse effects and did not change the transmission-contagion relation. This paper analyzed the history of Tamiflu/Relenza and inferred the relevant ethical lessons that may be generalized to all public health crises, such as the erosion of the credit of medicine, of drugs, of clinical trials, of the authorities and of their decision-making process.

La gripe "española" de 1918 provocó millones de muertos y sigue presente en la imaginación popular. Ese recuerdo se reavivó en 2005 con la gripe aviar y en 2009 con la pandemia de gripe A. Como respuesta a la amenaza se promovió el uso de los antivirales Tamiflú (oseltamivir) y Relenza (zanamivir) de los que se hicieron compras millonarias en euros por parte de los gobiernos. Sin embargo, hubo dudas acerca de la efectividad de los antivirales y la presión científica y política obligó a que las compañías farmacéuticas compartieran los datos crudos de los ensayos clínicos de los mismos. El análisis independiente permitió concluir en 2014 que los antivirales tenían una eficacia modesta en el alivio de los síntomas, carecían de impacto sobre complicaciones y muertes, tenían efectos adversos importantes y no modificaban la transmisión-contagio. En este texto se analiza la historia del Tamiflú/Relenza y se deducen las pertinentes lecciones éticas generalizables a todas las crisis de salud pública, como la erosión del crédito de la medicina, de los medicamentos, de los ensayos clínicos, de las autoridades y del proceso de toma de sus decisiones.

The "Spanish" flu of 1918 caused millions of deaths and is still present in the people's thought. That memory revived in 2005 with the onset of the aviarian influenza and in 2009 with the influenza A pandemic. As a response to these threats, it was encouraged to use antiviral drugs called Tamiflu (Oseltamivir) and Relenza (zanamivir) and governments spent millions of Euros to purchase them. However, the effectiveness of these antiviral drugs was called into question and the scientific and political pressures forced the pharmaceutical companies to share their raw data from the clinical trials of these two drugs. An independent analysis allowed concluding in 2014 that these antiviral drugs had modest effectiveness in releasing the symptoms, had no impact on complications and deaths, caused significant adverse effects and did not change the transmission-contagion relation. This paper analyzed the history of Tamiflu/Relenza and inferred the relevant ethical lessons that may be generalized to all public health crises, such as the erosion of the credit of medicine, of drugs, of clinical trials, of the authorities and of their decision-making process.

La gripe "española" de 1918 provocó millones de muertos y sigue presente en la imaginación popular. Ese recuerdo se reavivó en 2005 con la gripe aviar y en 2009 con la pandemia de gripe A. Como respuesta a la amenaza se promovió el uso de los antivirales Tamiflú (oseltamivir) y Relenza (zanamivir) de los que se hicieron compras millonarias en euros por parte de los gobiernos. Sin embargo, hubo dudas acerca de la efectividad de los antivirales y la presión científica y política obligó a que las compañías farmacéuticas compartieran los datos crudos de los ensayos clínicos de los mismos. El análisis independiente permitió concluir en 2014 que los antivirales tenían una eficacia modesta en el alivio de los síntomas, carecían de impacto sobre complicaciones y muertes, tenían efectos adversos importantes y no modificaban la transmisión-contagio. En este texto se analiza la historia del Tamiflú/Relenza y se deducen las pertinentes lecciones éticas generalizables a todas las crisis de salud pública, como la erosión del crédito de la medicina, de los medicamentos, de los ensayos clínicos, de las autoridades y del proceso de toma de sus decisiones.

The so-called "testosterone deficiency syndrome" is a blend of nonspecific symptoms typical of the physiological process of aging. This syndrome has been the subject of intense promotional activity that has presented the phenomenon as highly prevalent and with a major public health impact. This strategy has been accompanied by the emergence of new and easy to administer testosterone devices into the pharmaceutical market and has generated significant sales for drug companies. The commercial promotion of testosterone deficiency syndrome and its remedies has exploited cultural stereotypes of aging and sexuality through awareness campaigns promoted by the laboratories involved and has been disseminated by media with the participation of numerous experts and with the support of scientific associations, representing a paradigmatic case of disease mongering. This example might be of use in the response to disease mongering activities from the clinical and public health fields.

El llamado "síndrome por déficit de testosterona" es más bien una amalgama de síntomas inespecíficos propios del proceso fisiológico del envejecimiento. Sin embargo, ha sido objeto de una intensa actividad promocional que ha presentado el problema como de alta prevalencia y de elevado impacto en la salud pública. Dicha estrategia ha ido acompañada de la irrupción de preparados de testosterona de fácil administración en el mercado farmacéutico, y ha generado importantes ventas a las empresas que los han comercializado. La promoción comercial del síndrome por déficit de testosterona y sus remedios ha explotado los tópicos culturales del envejecimiento y la sexualidad mediante campañas de sensibilización promovidas por los laboratorios implicados y divulgadas por medios de comunicación, con participación de numerosos expertos y con el aval de sociedades científicas, lo que supone un caso paradigmático de invención de enfermedad (disease mongering). Conviene considerar este ejemplo para responder a campañas de invención de enfermedades desde la clínica y desde la salud pública.

The so-called "testosterone deficiency syndrome" is a blend of nonspecific symptoms typical of the physiological process of aging. This syndrome has been the subject of intense promotional activity that has presented the phenomenon as highly prevalent and with a major public health impact. This strategy has been accompanied by the emergence of new and easy to administer testosterone devices into the pharmaceutical market and has generated significant sales for drug companies. The commercial promotion of testosterone deficiency syndrome and its remedies has exploited cultural stereotypes of aging and sexuality through awareness campaigns promoted by the laboratories involved and has been disseminated by media with the participation of numerous experts and with the support of scientific associations, representing a paradigmatic case of disease mongering. This example might be of use in the response to disease mongering activities from the clinical and public health fields.

El llamado "síndrome por déficit de testosterona" es más bien una amalgama de síntomas inespecíficos propios del proceso fisiológico del envejecimiento. Sin embargo, ha sido objeto de una intensa actividad promocional que ha presentado el problema como de alta prevalencia y de elevado impacto en la salud pública. Dicha estrategia ha ido acompañada de la irrupción de preparados de testosterona de fácil administración en el mercado farmacéutico, y ha generado importantes ventas a las empresas que los han comercializado. La promoción comercial del síndrome por déficit de testosterona y sus remedios ha explotado los tópicos culturales del envejecimiento y la sexualidad mediante campañas de sensibilización promovidas por los laboratorios implicados y divulgadas por medios de comunicación, con participación de numerosos expertos y con el aval de sociedades científicas, lo que supone un caso paradigmático de invención de enfermedad (disease mongering). Conviene considerar este ejemplo para responder a campañas de invención de enfermedades desde la clínica y desde la salud pública.

Este artigo analisa estratégias desenvolvidas por Brasil e Espanha para integrar Atenção Primária à Saúde e Especializada. Entre as iniciativas comuns, observa-se: papel de filtro exercido pelo médico de família, territorialização dos serviços de saúde, especialistas consultores/matriciamento e adoção de protocolos clínicos consensuados. No Brasil, ressalta-se a recente implantação de sistemas descentralizados de regulação, e, na Espanha, a já consolidada informatização da história clínica em APS. A criação de história clínica única é um desafio para ambos os países. Iniciativas que promovam maior relação interpessoal foram consideradas mais exitosas para integrar profissionais dos dois níveis.

This paper examines strategies developed by Brazil and Spain for integrating Primary Health Care with Specialized Care. Common measures included: the filter role played by family doctors, territorialization of health services, specialist consultants/matrix support and consensual clinical protocols. Of particular note, in Brazil, is the recent introduction of decentralized regulation systems and, in Spain, the long established computerization of PHC clinical records. Both countries face the challenge of creating unified clinical records. Measures to foster more interpersonal relationship were considered the most successful strategies for integrating health workers from the two levels.

Este artigo analisa estratégias desenvolvidas por Brasil e Espanha para integrar Atenção Primária à Saúde e Especializada. Entre as iniciativas comuns, observa-se: papel de filtro exercido pelo médico de família, territorialização dos serviços de saúde, especialistas consultores/matriciamento e adoção de protocolos clínicos consensuados. No Brasil, ressalta-se a recente implantação de sistemas descentralizados de regulação, e, na Espanha, a já consolidada informatização da história clínica em APS. A criação de história clínica única é um desafio para ambos os países. Iniciativas que promovam maior relação interpessoal foram consideradas mais exitosas para integrar profissionais dos dois níveis.

This paper examines strategies developed by Brazil and Spain for integrating Primary Health Care with Specialized Care. Common measures included: the filter role played by family doctors, territorialization of health services, specialist consultants/matrix support and consensual clinical protocols. Of particular note, in Brazil, is the recent introduction of decentralized regulation systems and, in Spain, the long established computerization of PHC clinical records. Both countries face the challenge of creating unified clinical records. Measures to foster more interpersonal relationship were considered the most successful strategies for integrating health workers from the two levels.