ABSTRACT Salinity is a serious threat for global agriculture, especially in arid and semi-arid regions where its incidence leads to considerable damages in the crop growth and production. Carica papaya L. is currently one of the most cultivated fruit crops in the tropical and subtropical areas, and generally, papaya cultivars exhibit a moderate sensitivity to salinity, although such responses may depend on the genotypes. In the present study, papaya seedlings were subjected to salt stress (100 mM NaCl) for 41 d and to exogenous gibberellic acid (GA3; 0.1 mM) and proline (10 mM) pretreatments to evaluate plant physiological variables linked to stress responses. Analysis of the data (P < 0.05) showed a general decrease of plant growth parameters induced by solely salt stress compared to control, such as stem height (47%) and thickness (33%) and plant fresh and dry mass (84% and 83%, respectively), as well as a reduction in the stomatal opening (93%), chlorophylls (40%) and carotenoids (71%) concentration. By contrast, a significant increase was found in foliar and radicular proline levels under stress (87% and 47%). Exogenous foliar GA3 or proline respectively induced a better performance of plants under salt stress by increasing stomatal conductance (444% or 350%), stem height (142% or 144%) and plant biomass (49% or 41%) regarding solely stressed plants, and leading to pigments concentrations close to those from control plants. The results suggest that exogenous gibberellic acid and proline as growth regulator and osmo-regulator solute, respectively could increase papaya seedlings adaption against salt stress.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of three edible seaweed extracts from Chilean coasts: Pyropia orbicularis, Ulva spp, and Durvillaea antarctica. Seaweed extracts in methanol and 70% acetone were performed to evaluate antioxidant and antidiabetic activities, whereas 60% methanol was used to measure anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. Acetone extracts from D. antarctica had the highest total phenolic content and consequently exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity, while methanol extract of this seaweed presented the highest α-glucosidase inhibition (IC50= 0.004 mg mL-1). In the tests against E. coli and Penicillium sp., the extracts obtained from Ulva spp. were the most effective and exhibited the maximum anti-inflammatory effect against phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate irritant agent (61.8% inhibition) in mice. Results indicated that all evaluated Chilean seaweed extracts are promising candidates for application in functional foods and in the pharmaceutical industry.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las actividades antioxidantes, antidiabéticas, antiinflamatorias y antimicrobianas de los extractos de tres algas marinas comestibles de las costas Chilenas (Pyropia orbicularis, Ulva spp. y Durvillaea antarctica). Se realizaron extractos de algas marinas en metanol y acetona al 70% para evaluar las actividades antioxidantes y antidiabéticas, mientras que el metanol al 60% se usó para actividades antiinflamatorias y antimicrobianas. Los extractos de acetona de D. antarctica tuvieron el mayor contenido de fenoles totales (TPC) y, en consecuencia, exhibieron la mayor actividad antioxidante, mientras que el extracto metanólico de estas algas presentó la mayor inhibición de la α-glucosidasa (IC50= 0,004 mg mL-1). En las pruebas contra E. coli y Penicillium sp., los extractos obtenidos de Ulva spp., actuaron como los más efectivos y exhibieron el máximo efecto antiinflamatorio contra el agente irritante de forbol 12-miristato 13-acetato (TPA) (inhibición del 61,8%) en ratones. Por lo tanto, los resultados indican que todos los extractos de algas chilenas evaluados pueden ser candidatos prometedores para su aplicación en alimentos funcionales y en las industrias farmacéuticas.

ABSTRACT Murta (Ugni molinae Turcz.) is a native species from central and southern Chile. There is an increasing interest in the plant due to its high content of essential nutrients and beneficial phytochemicals to human health. In fact, the berries contain a wide variety of anthocyanins, which are the main antioxidant compounds. There are some studies on the phytochemical composition and biological activities of murta fruit, but human intervention studies using whole fruits are still lacking. This manuscript reviews the nutritional and phytochemical composition of murta berries and leaves. However, more scientific background is needed to validate the properties of this species so as to gain complete knowledge of the whole shrub in order to develop functional foods and nutraceuticals.

RESUMEN Murta (Ugni molinae Turcz.) es una especie nativa del centro y sur de Chile. La planta ha despertado interés por el alto contenido de nutrientes esenciales y fitoquímicos beneficiosos relevantes para la salud humana. Entre estos fitoquímicos, una amplia variedad de antocianinas son los compuestos antioxidantes más importantes. Existen algunos estudios relacionados con la composición fitoquímica y con la actividad biológica de la fruta de murta, sin embargo, todavía faltan estudios clínicos donde se utilice la fruta. Este manuscrito revisa la composición nutricional y fitoquímica de las bayas y hojas de murta. Sin embargo, se requieren más antecedentes científicos para validar las propiedades de esta especie, a fin de lograr una apreciación real de todo el arbusto para el desarrollo de alimentos funcionales y nutracéuticos.

ABSTRACT The consumption of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) has been steadily increasing due to its high nutritional value and health benefits associated with its high antioxidant capacity. The objective of this study was to determine the contents of dietary fiber, polyphenols, flavonoids and isoflavones, and how they contribute to the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of six ecotypes of quinoa cultivated in three different zones of Chile. The ecotypes studied were: Ancovinto and Cancosa (Northern zone), Cáhuil and Faro (Central zone), and Regalona and Villarrica (Southern zone). The results indicate that all Chilean quinoa ecotypes could be considered as good sources of dietary fiber (12.23 g 100 g-1 dry matter) and polyphenols (161.32 mg Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE) 100 g-1 dry matter). The North and Central ecotypes exhibited the highest isoflavone concentration. The Northern Cancosa was the ecotype that showed the highest flavonoid content (211.06 mg Catechin Equivalents (CAE) 100 g-1 dry matter). Based on the ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity) assay, Ancovinto, Cancosa and Faro presented the highest antioxidant capacity (67.6 mmol Trolox Equivalents (TE) 100 g-1 dry matter). Regarding antimicrobial activity, Regalona ecotype showed the best performance against Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Listeria innocua. The bioactive compounds found in this study add new knowledge to the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Chilean quinoa seeds.

RESUMEN El consumo de quinua (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) está aumentando debido a su valor nutricional y beneficios para la salud relacionados con su capacidad antioxidante. El objetivo de presente estudio fue determinar los contenidos de fibra dietética, polifenoles, flavonoides e isoflavonas, y cómo estos compuestos contribuyen a la actividad antioxidante y antimicrobiana de seis ecotipos de quinua cultivados en tres zonas de Chile. Las muestras de quinua de la zona Norte se denominan Ancovinto y Cancosa, de la zona Centro se llaman Cáhuil y Faro, y de la zona Sur se denominan Regalona y Villarrica. Los resultados mostraron que todos los ecotipos de quinua chilena pueden considerarse buena fuente de fibra dietética (12,23 g 100 g-1 materia seca) y de polifenoles (161,32 mg de Equivalentes de Acido Gálico (EAG) 100 g-1 materia seca). Los ecotipos de la zona Norte y Centro mostraron la mayor concentración de isoflavonas. El ecotipo Cancosa, de la zona Norte, fue el que mostró el mayor contenido de flavonoides (211,06 mg Equivalentes de Catequina (ECA) 100 g-1 materia seca). Basado en el ensayo ORAC (del inglés Oxigen Radical Absorbance Capacity), los ecotipos Ancovinto, Cancosa y Faro, presentaron en promedio la mayor capacidad antioxidante (67,6 mmol de Equivalentes Trolox (ET) 100 g-1 materia seca). El ecotipo Regalona mostró la más alta actividad antimicrobiana frente a Saccharomyces cerevisiae y Listeria innocua. Los compuestos bioactivos encontrados en este estudio aportan nuevos conocimientos a la actividad antioxidante y antimicrobiana de las semillas de quinua chilena.

Salmonella serovars sampled from meat products in Southern Spain (Andalucía) during the period 2002-2007 were analyzed in this study. The serovars most frequently detected (in order) were Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Derby, Anatum and Rissen. Isolates (n = 43) were tested for sensitivity to biocides, including the quaternary ammonium compounds benzalkonium chloride (BC), cetrimide (CT) and hexadecylpyridinium chloride (HDP), and the bisphenols triclosan (TC) and hexachlorophene (CF). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the quaternary ammonium compounds was in the range of 25 to 50 mg/L for most isolates, although a few isolates required much higher concentrations, up to 250 mg/L. Bisphenols showed higher inhibitory activity, with a MIC of 2.5 to 25 mg/L. A few isolates showed a “non-wildtype” MIC for TC of up to 250 mg/L. These results indicate a low incidence of tolerance towards quaternary ammonium compounds and triclosan among Salmonella from meats and meat products.

Olive (Olea europaea L.) oil processing produces significant amount of waste that can be utilized for the production of high value-added ingredients for various industrial applications. In this work, the effects of temperature on drying kinetics and quality indexes of the olive-waste cake during convective dehydration (40-90 °C) were investigated. Results on effective moisture diffusivity, physicochemical parameters, fatty acid profile, total phenolic, flavonoid, and flavanol contents as well as antioxidant capacity are also reported. Most of the fatty acids increased their content with respect to control sample with a temperature increase, i.e. oleic and linoleic acids increased 48% and 43% at 70 and 40 °C, respectively. Total flavanol content increased with temperature (48-62 mg catechin equivalents [CTE] 100 g-1 DM) except for 80 °C. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were highly correlated to antioxidant capacity (0.923 < r < 0.992), except for 70 and 80 °C, the rest of the samples maintained their initial antioxidant capacity by ORAC analysis. Thus, these parameters show that dried olive-waste cake has a high bioactive compounds with potential use as additives for the food or other industries.

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el grado de amenaza que puede suponer Marruecos para España como consecuencia, principalmente, de sus reclamaciones territoriales sobre las posesiones españolas en el norte de África. En él se aprecia que Marruecos ha desarrollado diversas formas de presionar a España para intentar obligarla a negociar sobre esos territorios. Sus métodos consisten en afectar los intereses nacionales españoles, para afectar a España a nivel interno, pero también están dirigidos a conseguir la atención de la comunidad internacional para socavar la posición española. A su vez, Madrid ha desarrollado una estrategia encaminada a confrontar el desafío marroquí. Esa estrategia se basa en la disuasión y en el fomento de la interdependencia económica. No obstante, se observa que, pese a los esfuerzos españoles y a los crecientes lazos socioeconómicos entre ambos Estados, la presión continuada de Marruecos puede dar lugar a situaciones de verdadera tensión, como la de la crisis de Perejil.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the actual threat that Morocco poses to Spain, particularly as a result of its territorial claims on Spanish possessions in North Africa. The paper shows that Morocco has developed a number of ways to pressure Spain in order to force it to negotiate the sovereignty of those territories. Moroccan methods aim at harming Spanish national interests, thus affecting Spain internally, but they also mean to attract the attention of the international community to undermine the Spanish position. Madrid, In turn, has developed a strategy designed to face the Moroccan challenge. This strategy is based on both deterrence and economic interdependency. Nevertheless, it is observed that, in spite of Spanish efforts and the growing socioeconomic ties between both countries, the continuous pressure of Morocco may well lead to situations of actual threat, as in the Perejil crisis.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o grau de ameaça que representa o Marrocos para a Espanha em consequência, principalmente, das suas reivindicações territoriais sobre as possessões espanholas ao norte da África. Nele aborda-se que o Marrocos vem desenvolvendo várias formas de pressão para tentar forçar a Espanha a negociar sobre esses territórios. Seus métodos consistem em afetar os interesses nacionais espanhóis para afetar a Espanha internamente e adicionalmente estão dirigidos a chamar a atenção da comunidade internacional para minar a posição espanhola. Por sua vez, Madrid desenvolveu uma estratégia apontada a enfrentar o desafio marroquino. Esta estratégia baseia-se na dissuasão e promoção do fomento da interdependência econômica. No entanto, parece que, apesar do esforço espanhol e os crescentes laços sócio-econômicos entre ambos os Estados, a pressão do Marrocos continua e pode levar a situações de tensão real, como a crise do Perejil.

Health-conscious consumers prefer a nutritious diet with an increase in fruit intake because of their bioactive compounds. Dehydration is widely used to prolong fruit shelf life. This study researched the effect of convective dehydration on physico-chemical properties, color, vitamin C, β-carotene, total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity during dehydration of goldenberry (Physalis peruviana L.) fruits in the 50 to 90 °C temperature range. Chromatic parameters (L*, a*, and b*) as well as Chroma and hue angle were affected by drying temperature, which contributed to fruit discoloring during this process. Total phenolic content, flavonoids, and β-carotene increased from 321.05-356.68 mg gallic acid 100 g-1 DM, 99.25-144.29 mg quercetin equivalents 100 g-1 DM, and 722.30-783.16 mg 100 g-1 sample, respectively, at 90 °C. Radical scavenging activity showed higher antioxidant activity at high temperatures than low temperatures. Both vitamin C content and TPC decreased as air-drying temperature decreased. A high correlation was observed between fruit TPC and flavonoids with antioxidant capacity. Based on these results, this fruit has potential for the development of new functional products.

In this study, the effects of hot-air drying conditions on color, water holding capacity, and total phenolic content of dried apple were investigated using artificial neural network as an intelligent modeling system. After that, a genetic algorithm was used to optimize the drying conditions. Apples were dried at different temperatures (40, 60, and 80 °C) and at three air flow-rates (0.5, 1, and 1.5 m/s). Applying the leave-one-out cross validation methodology, simulated and experimental data were in good agreement presenting an error < 2.4 %. Quality index optimal values were found at 62.9 °C and 1.0 m/s using genetic algorithm.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in Chile represents a source of germplasm with high nutritional value. However, there is little information available related to quinoa seed quality grown under contrasting environments. In this study we evaluated the changes on seed composition of seeds of two lowland/coastal quinoa genotypes grown under arid (Vicuna) and cold-temperate (Temuco) conditions in Chile. Results showed that in the case of ’Regalona Baer’ and ’Villarrica’ genotypes the arid location (with irrigation) led to a significant increase (P < 0.05) in grain yield (4.2 and 5.1 t ha-1, respectively), soluble dietary fiber (16.8 ± 0.4 and 28.9 ± 2.1 g kg-1 DM, respectively), vitamin B3 (2.44 ± 0.005 and 2.26 ± 0.04 mg 100 g-1 DM, respectively), saponins (3.22 ± 0.38 mg 100 g-1 DM, ’Regalona Baer’), phenolic compounds (19.2 ± 5.48 and 31.92 ± 1.14 mg gallic acid 100 g-1 DM, respectively) and components of proximate analysis, except protein content. The cold-temperate climate (rainfed) affected positively seed size (2.22 ± 0.17 mm ’Villarrica’) and 1000 seed weight (3.08 ± 0.08 and 3.29 ± 0.08 g, respectively), as well as insoluble dietary fiber content (112.3 ± 23.8 g kg-1 DM, ’Regalona Baer’). Furthermore, vitamin C was higher in ’Regalona Baer’ genotype at arid locality (31.22 ± 4.2 mg 100 g-1 DM), but much higher content was registered in ’Villarrica’ genotype at cold-temperate climate (49.3 ± 5.36 mg 100 g-1 DM). The environment-induced relationship among variables and genotypes was consistent with principal component analysis (PCA). The arid region of Vicuna in Chile represents a potential area for quinoa cultivation for lowland/coastal quinoa genotypes, whose nutritional and functional features were affected positively, due to the much more stressing climatic conditions.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de altas pressões hidrostáticas (150, 250, 350, 450 e 550 MPa) aplicadas durante 5 minutos sobre a atividade antioxidante, concentração de polifenóis totais, cor, firmeza, taxa de reidratação e capacidade de retenção de água do gel de aloe vera armazenado durante 60 dias a 4 °C. As propriedades analisadas do gel pressurizado mostraram mudanças significativas depois de armazenadas. Para pressões de 550 Mpa, registrou-se o maior aumento de polifenóis totais. No entanto, observou-se uma diminuição da capacidade antioxidante em todas as amostras, em comparação com a amostra não tratada (p < 0,05). As alterações de cor foram menores para pressões entre 150 e 250 MPa. A aplicação de altas pressões hidrostáticas diminuiu a firmeza do gel, registrando-se o menor valor para 150 MPa (p < 0,05). Por outro lado, o tratamento sem pressão mostrou uma maior perda de firmeza, indicando que o tratamento por altas pressões conserva esta propriedade. A aplicação de altas pressões evidenciou modificações da matriz do alimento, avaliadas como taxa de reidratação e capacidade de retenção de água.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of high hydrostatic pressure (150, 250, 350, 450, and 550 MPa), applied for 5 minutes, on antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content, color, firmness, rehydration ratio, and water holding capacity of aloe vera gel stored for 60 days at 4 °C. The analyzed properties of the pressurized gel showed significant changes after the storage period. The highest value of total phenolic content was found at 550 MPa. However, a decrease in the antioxidant capacity was observed for all pressurized gel samples when compared to the control sample (p < 0.05). The smallest changes in product color were observed at pressure levels between 150 and 250 MP. The application of high hydrostatic pressure resulted in lower gel firmness, and the lowest value was found at 150 MPa (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the untreated sample showed a greater decrease in firmness, indicating that high pressure processing preserves this property. The application of high hydrostatic pressure exhibited modifications in the food matrix, which were evaluated in terms of rehydration ratio and water holding capacity.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo a análise das propriedades agronômicas, físicas, nutricionais e antioxidantes de seis genótipos diferentes de quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd), cultivados em três distintas zonas geográficas do Chile. Ancovinto e Cancosa, provenientes do norte do Altiplano (19 ºS), Cahuil e Faro, originários do centro (34 ºS), e Regalona e Villarica, do sul (39 ºS), foram representativos da alta diferenciação genética das amostras combinadas, em particular entre Altiplano e os grupos centro-sul. O ensaio do jardim de coleção a 30 ºS mostrou diferenças significativas entre as origens das sementes em todos os parâmetros morfométricos e também nos rendimentos. Os genótipos do Altiplano apresentaram uma panícula de maior comprimento, mas sem produção de sementes. Também se observou uma influência significativa dos genótipos diferentes de quinoa na composição química e propriedades funcionais. A concentração de proteína variou de 11,13 a 16,18 g.100 g-1 d.m., enquanto o conteúdo de fibra alimentar total de 8,07-12,08 g.100 g-1 de d.m., sendo ambos mais elevados no ecotipo Villarrica. Também se observou um equilíbrio adequado de aminoácidos essenciais. A sacarose foi o açúcar dominante em todos os genótipos. A atividade antioxidante foi alta em todos os genótipos, sendo maior no Faro (79,58% de inibição).

The present study was focused on the analysis of agronomical, nutritional, physicochemical, and antioxidant properties of six genetically different quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) genotypes cultivated in three distinctive geographical zones of Chile. Ancovinto and Cancosa genotypes from the northern Altiplano (19 ºS), Cáhuil and Faro from the central region (34 ºS), and Regalona and Villarica from the southern region (39 ºS) are representative of high genetic differentiation among the pooled samples, in particular between Altiplano and the central-southern groups. A Common-Garden Assay at 30 ºS showed significant differences among seed origins in all morphometric parameters and also in yields. Altiplano genotypes had larger panicule length but no seed production. A significant influence of the different quinoa genotypes on chemical composition and functional properties was also observed. Protein concentration ranged from 11.13 to 16.18 g.100 g-1 d.m., while total dietary fiber content ranged from 8.07-12.08 g.100 g-1 d.m., and both were the highest in Villarrica ecotype. An adequate balance of essential amino acids was also observed. Sucrose was the predominant sugar in all genotypes. Antioxidant activity was high in all genotypes, and it was highest in Faro genotype (79.58% inhibition).

This study explored the diversity of the quinoa crop in Chile from a nutritional perspective. Nutritional properties, minerals, vitamins, and saponin content were assessed in seeds of six Chilean quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) ecotypes grown in three main production areas with distinctive climatic and edaphic conditions: Ancovinto and Cancosa in the North-Altiplano or High Plateau, Cáhuil and Faro in the central coastal area, and Regalona and Villarrica in the south of the country. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in all the nutritional properties of the quinoa seeds in all three areas. Quinoa of the Villarrica ecotype showed the highest protein content (16.10 g 100 g-1 DM) and the highest content of vitamins E and C (4.644 ± 0.240 and 23.065 ± 1.119 mg 100 g-1 DM, respectively). The highest content of vitamins B1 (0.648 ± 0.006 mg 100 g-1 DM) and B3 (1.569 ± 0.026 mg 100 g-1 DM) was found in the Regalona ecotype, while the highest value of vitamin B2 (0.081 ± 0.002 mg 100 g-1 DM) occurred in the Ancovinto ecotype. Potassium was the most abundant mineral with a maximum value of 2325.56 mg 100 g-1 DM in the Cancosa ecotype. Saponin content varied from 0.84 g 100 g-1 DM in the Villarrica ecotype to 3.91 g 100 g-1 DM in the Cáhuil ecotype. Significant differences were found among the Chilean quinoa ecotypes grown under different climatic conditions; however, all the quinoa seeds exhibited a high nutritional value. These results are compatible with the genetic differences previously observed in the three geographical areas under study. Thus, if more studies are conducted to show the particular properties of quinoa from specific areas, it would be possible in the future to coin the term "controlled designation of origin" (appellation d’origine contrólée) and add commercial value to Chilean quinoa seeds in the domestic and international markets.

La diversidad en el cultivo de la quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) de Chile fue explorada desde una perspectiva nutricional. En este contexto las propiedades nutricionales como también los contenidos de minerales, vitaminas y saponina fueron evaluados en las semillas de seis ecotipos chilenos de quínoa, cultivados en las tres principales zonas de producción con condiciones edafoclimáticas distintas: Ancovinto y Cancosa del altiplano del norte, Cáhuil y Faro de la zona costera central y, Regalona y Villarrica en el sur del país. Hubo diferencias significativas (P < 0.05) en todas las propiedades nutricionales de las semillas de todas las zonas. El ecotipo Villarrica tenia el mayor contenido de proteína (16.10 g 100 g-1 MS) y de vitamina E y C (4.644 ± 0.240 y 23.065 ± 1.119 mg 100 g-1 MS, respectivamente). El mayor contenido de vitamina B1 (0.648 ± 0.006 mg 100 g-1 MS) y B3 (1.569 ± 0.026 mg 100 g-1 MS) fue encontrado en el ecotipo Regalona, y el mayor contenido de vitamina B2 (0.081 ± 0.002 mg 100 g-1 MS) en el ecotipo Ancovinto. El K fue el mineral más abundante con un valor de 2325.56 mg 100 g-1 MS en el ecotipo Cancosa. El contenido de saponina fluctuó entre 0.84 g 100 g-1 MS en el ecotipo Villarrica y 3.91 g 100 g-1 MS en el ecotipo Cáhuil. Hubo diferencias significativas entre los ecotipos chilenos de quínoa cultivados bajo diferentes condiciones climáticas. No obstante, las semillas de quinoa de cualquier zona demuestran un alto valor nutricional. Estos resultados son relevantes en el sentido que se puede afirmar que la quinoa tiene propiedades típicas de la zona de cultivo. Los resultados obtenidos son coincidentes con diferencias genéticas observadas previamente entre las tres localidades muestreadas. Si se agregan más estudios de este tipo podria acunarse el término de "denominación de origen controlado" (appellation d’origine contrólée) y dar un valor agregado a las semillas de quinoa de Chile tanto en el mercado nacional como internacional.

Colored potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) provide a natural source of phytochemicals that help reduce the risk of diseases. However, there is a lack of information on the degree of variation of the antioxidant activity and polyphenolic contents of these native potatoes. Thus, the antioxidant activity (AA) and total phenolic content (TPC) of native Chilean potatoes were determined. Twelve potato landrace clones collected from established cultivations on Chiloe Island and Valdivia were selected. Total phenolic content and AA were compared with two commercial varieties, Shepody and Desirée. Total phenolic content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and β-carotene bleaching was used to compare AA. The TPC varied in the peeled potato samples from 191 to 1864 mg 100 g-1 DM meanwhile these parameters varied from 345 to 2852 mg 100 g-1 DM in unpeeled samples. Antioxidant activity was higher in unpeeled potatoes, and was the highest in the unpeeled NG-6 or ’Bruja’ native potato. The commercial var. Shepody showed pro-oxidant activity and had a relatively lower TPC. Results also indicated a higher concentration of total phenolics in the periderm of the colored native Chilean potatoes.

Las papas (Solanum tuberosum L.) coloreadas son una fuent natural de fitoquímicos que ayudan a reducir el riesgo de enfermedades. Sin embargo, existe una falta de información sobre el grado de variación de la actividad antioxidante y el contenido de polifenoles en estas papas nativas. Es así como la actividad antioxidante (AA) y contenido de fenoles totales (TPC) se determinaron en papas nativas chilenas. Doce genotipos de papa recogidos de cultivos establecidos en la Isla de Chiloé y en Valdivia fueron seleccionados, y se compararon TPC y AA con dos variedades comerciales, Shepody y Desirée. El TPC se determinó por el método de Folin-Ciocalteu, y el blanqueamiento de p-caroteno se utilizó para comparar la AA. El TPC varió en las muestras de papas sin piel desde 191 hasta 1864 mg 100 g-1 MS mientras que en las muestras con piel estos valores varían entre 345 y 2852 mg 100 g-1 MS. La AA fue mayor en las papas con piel, con el mayor valor para la papa nativa ’NG-6’ o ’Bruja’. La variedad comercial Shepody mostró actividad prooxidante y tuvo un TPC relativamente más bajo. Los resultados también indicaron una mayor concentración de fenoles totales en la epidermis de las papas nativas chilenas.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o efeito da temperatura do ar e da composição da dieta na cinética de transferência de massa durante o processo de secagem de pellets usados na alimentação do haliote japonês (Haliotis discus hannai). No planejamento experimental, se usaram três temperaturas para a secagem por convenção, assim como três composições de dieta diferentes (Dietas A, B e C), nas quais a quantidade de farinha, espirulina, alga, óleo de peixe e maisena variou. O coeficiente de difusão da água dos pellets foi determinado através da equação da segunda lei de Fick, encontrando-se valores entre 0,84-1,94×10-10 m²/s. A cinética de secagem foi modelada utilizando os modelos de Page, Page modificado, Raiz do tempo, Exponencial, Logarítmico, Dois Termos, Henderson-Pabis modificado e de Weibull. Além disso, dois novos modelos, referidos como modelos propostos 1 e 2, foram usados para simular este processo. De acordo com os testes estatísticos aplicados, os modelos que melhor se ajustaram aos dados experimentais foram o de Henderson-Pabis modificado, Weibull e o modelo proposto 2, respectivamente. A análise de variância bifatorial mostrou que a dieta A (44% farinha, 9% espirulina, 1% óleo de peixe e 36% maisena) foi a que apresentou os valores de coeficiente de difusão mais altos, os quais foram favorecidos pelo aumento de temperatura no processo de secagem.

The aim of this research was to study the effect of air-temperature and diet composition on the mass transfer kinetics during the drying process of pellets used for Japanese Abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) feeding. In the experimental design, three temperatures were used for convective drying, as well as three different diet compositions (Diets A, B and C), in which the amount of fishmeal, spirulin, algae, fish oil and cornstarch varied. The water diffusion coefficient of the pellets was determined using the equation of Fick's second law, which resulted in values between 0.84-1.94×10-10 m²/s. The drying kinetics was modeled using Page, Modified Page, Root of time, Exponential, Logarithmic, Two-Terms, Modified Henderson-Pabis and Weibull models. In addition, two new models, referred to as 'Proposed' models 1 and 2, were used to simulate this process. According to the statistical tests applied, the models that best fitted the experimental data were Modified Henderson-Pabis, Weibull and Proposed model 2, respectively. Bifactorial analysis of variance ANOVA showed that Diet A (fishmeal 44%, spirulin 9%, fish oil 1% and cornstarch 36%) presented the highest diffusion coefficient values, which were favored by the temperature increase in the drying process.