Abstract: The school building is the space where the State conceives formal education. Its architecture is an active instrument in the learning processes and in the formation of citizenship. Since 2006, with the National Education Law, the Argentine State has sought to adapt teaching mechanisms for rural schools and indigenous communities with the main objective of respecting their idiosyncrasies. This article looks for clues to approach the problem of how the State resolves the contradiction that it poses to itself between the homogenizing-disciplining civic formation that it intends to impart and the respect for the cultural identities in the rural areas of indigenous communities. The dynamics of the social space generated by the proposed school architecture and temporal, spatial and social roles during festive-cultural events of communities and schools were considered. Three rural mountains schools in Tucumán in three indigenous communities were taken as case studies. From this study it can be concluded that although there are built links between the educational communities and the indigenous communities of the cases analyzed, these relationships often reproduce the mechanisms of subordination that the State has been imposing materially (in the school building) and symbolically (in social practice). As a result, the active participation of indigenous communities in the most important decisions is often limited.

Resumen: El edificio escolar constituye el espacio en donde el Estado concibe la educación formal. Su arquitectura es un instrumento activo en los procesos de aprendizaje y en la formación de ciudadanía. A partir del año 2006, con la Ley de Educación Nacional, el Estado argentino buscó adecuar mecanismos de enseñanza para escuelas rurales y en comunidades indígenas con el objetivo principal de respetar sus idiosincrasias. Este artículo busca claves para aproximarse a la problemática sobre cómo el Estado resuelve la contradicción que se plantea a sí mismo entre la formación ciudadana homogeneizadora-disciplinadora que pretende impartir y el respeto por las identidades culturales en los ámbitos rurales de las comunidades indígenas. Para ello, se consideraron la dinámica del espacio social generado por la arquitectura escolar y aspectos temporales, espaciales y roles sociales durante eventos festivos-culturales de las comunidades y las escuelas. Se tomaron como casos de estudio tres escuelas rurales de montaña de Tucumán en tres comunidades indígenas. De este estudio se puede concluir que aunque existen vínculos construidos entre las comunidades educativas y las comunidades indígenas de los casos analizados, estas relaciones muchas veces reproducen los mecanismos de subordinación que el Estado ha venido imponiendo material (en el edificio escolar) y simbólicamente (en la práctica social). Como consecuencia, la participación activa de las comunidades indígenas en la toma de decisiones más importantes generalmente se ve limitada.

Abstract The aim was to test the null-hypothesis that there is no difference in the cumulative survival rate of retained composite resin (CR) sealants and a high-viscosity glass-ionomer Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) sealant in first permanent molars calculated according to the traditional and the modified retention assessment criteria over a period of 3 years. This cluster-randomized controlled clinical trial consisted of 123 schoolchildren, 6–7-years-old. At baseline, high-caries risk pits and fissures of fully erupted first permanent molars were treated with CR and ART sealants. Evaluations were performed after 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 years. Retention was scored for free-smooth surface and for each of three sections into which the occlusal surface had been divided. The modified criterion differed from the traditional in that it determined an occlusal sealant to be a failure when at least one section contained no visible sealant material. Data were analysed according to the PHREG model with frailty correction, Wald-test, ANOVA and t-test, using the Jackknife procedure. The cumulative survival rates for retained CR and ART sealants in free-smooth and occlusal surfaces for both criteria were not statistically significantly different over the 3 years. A higher percentage of retained CR sealants on occlusal surfaces was observed at longer evaluations. Cumulative survival rates were statistically significantly lower for the modified criterion in comparison to the traditional. The modified retention assessment criterion should be used in future sealant-retention studies.

OBJETIVO: Analisar a associação do tempo de aleitamento materno na instalação de hábitos de sucção não nutritiva em crianças atendidas na Bebê Clínica da Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba da Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho. MÉTODOS: Foram realizadas entrevistas com os pais/responsáveis de 228 crianças, com o objetivo de obter informações sobre o período da amamentação natural, presença de hábito de sucção não nutritiva e duração do hábito. A análise dos resultados foi realizada de maneira descritiva. RESULTADOS: Verificou-se que 42,5% das mães amamentaram seus filhos até os 6 meses, sendo que o aleitamento materno exclusivo foi observado em apenas 13% da amostra. Dentre as crianças que receberam amamentação natural por período superior a 6 meses, apenas 32,8% tiveram hábito de sucção não nutritiva e 67,2% não apresentaram esse hábito. CONCLUSÃO: Houve associação entre o tempo de aleitamento natural e a aquisição de hábitos de sucção não nutritiva. Observou-se alta prevalência de hábito de sucção de chupeta nos bebês que tiveram o aleitamento materno apenas nos seis primeiros meses de vida. Todas as crianças que tiveram aleitamento materno até os seis meses de idade fizeram o uso de mamadeira como complementação alimentar, mostrando que ainda há grande frequência do uso de mamadeira.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association of maternal breastfeeding time with the introduction of non-nutritive sucking habits in children attending the Baby Clinic at the Araçatuba College of Dentistry, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita. METHODS: Interviews were conducted with the parents/legal guardians of 228 children, with the aim of obtaining information about the period of natural breastfeeding, the presence of non-nutritive sucking habits and the duration of the habit. A descriptive analysis of the results was performed. RESULTS: It was found that 42.5% of mothers nursed their children up to 6 months, and exclusive maternal breastfeeding was observed in just 13% of the sample. Amongst the children who were naturally breastfed for a period of more than 6 months, only 32.8% had non-nutritive sucking habits while 67.2% did not. CONCLUSION: There was an association between the length of natural breastfeeding and acquiring non-nutritive sucking habits. The habit of sucking on a pacifier was extremely prevalent in babies that only received maternal breastfeeding in the first six months of life. All of the children that were breastfed for only six months made use of a feeding bottle to complement their diet, showing that feeding bottles are still frequently used.

With the objectives of dengue prevention, health promotion, and action-based research, two experiments were conducted in pilot areas of Buenos Aires and Vicente López, Argentina. In each area, community, government, and non-governmental references were identified. The study included an entomological survey (with ovitraps), environmental survey (with field observations, interviews, and workshops), and social survey (using questionnaires, interviews, and meetings). Spaces for dialogue and collaboration were developed with the community, thereby spawning participatory activities and empowerment. Environmental reordering and reduction of mosquito breeding sites were promoted by: incorporation of environmental issues and vector-borne disease prevention into the school curricula; neighborhood workshops; training of environmental agents to transmit information and train peers; and planning community environmental projects. The households were visited, seeking to integrate the residents into their own community environmental diagnosis. There were significant differences between the pilot areas in knowledge and social practices, but not according to socioeconomic status. The schools and health promotion settings proved to be the main community reference for promoting healthy environmental practices.

Con objetivos de prevención de dengue, promoción de la salud e investigación-acción se desarrollaron dos experiencias en zonas piloto de Buenos Aires y Vicente López. En cada zona se identificaron referentes comunitarios, gubernamentales y no gubernamentales. Se realizó un diagnóstico entomológico (mediante ovitrampas), ambiental (con observaciones en terreno, encuestas y talleres), y social (utilizando cuestionarios, entrevistas y reuniones). Se construyeron espacios de diálogo y trabajo conjunto con la comunidad, generando acciones participativas y empoderamiento. Se fomentó el ordenamiento ambiental y la reducción de criaderos de mosquitos a través de incorporación de temas ambientales y prevención de enfermedades vectoriales a los currícula escolares; talleres vecinales de difusión; capacitación de promotoras ambientales para transmitir información y para capacitar a pares; planificación de proyectos ambientales de la comunidad. Se entró en los domicilio, buscando integrar a sus habitantes en el diagnóstico ambiental propio y comunitario. Se registraron diferencias significativas entre conocimientos y prácticas sociales, para ambas zonas piloto, pero no por nivel socioeconómico. Las escuelas y los entornos de promoción de salud resultaron ser los principales referentes comunitarios para fomentar prácticas ambientales saludables.

With the objectives of dengue prevention, health promotion, and action-based research, two experiments were conducted in pilot areas of Buenos Aires and Vicente López, Argentina. In each area, community, government, and non-governmental references were identified. The study included an entomological survey (with ovitraps), environmental survey (with field observations, interviews, and workshops), and social survey (using questionnaires, interviews, and meetings). Spaces for dialogue and collaboration were developed with the community, thereby spawning participatory activities and empowerment. Environmental reordering and reduction of mosquito breeding sites were promoted by: incorporation of environmental issues and vector-borne disease prevention into the school curricula; neighborhood workshops; training of environmental agents to transmit information and train peers; and planning community environmental projects. The households were visited, seeking to integrate the residents into their own community environmental diagnosis. There were significant differences between the pilot areas in knowledge and social practices, but not according to socioeconomic status. The schools and health promotion settings proved to be the main community reference for promoting healthy environmental practices.

Con objetivos de prevención de dengue, promoción de la salud e investigación-acción se desarrollaron dos experiencias en zonas piloto de Buenos Aires y Vicente López. En cada zona se identificaron referentes comunitarios, gubernamentales y no gubernamentales. Se realizó un diagnóstico entomológico (mediante ovitrampas), ambiental (con observaciones en terreno, encuestas y talleres), y social (utilizando cuestionarios, entrevistas y reuniones). Se construyeron espacios de diálogo y trabajo conjunto con la comunidad, generando acciones participativas y empoderamiento. Se fomentó el ordenamiento ambiental y la reducción de criaderos de mosquitos a través de incorporación de temas ambientales y prevención de enfermedades vectoriales a los currícula escolares; talleres vecinales de difusión; capacitación de promotoras ambientales para transmitir información y para capacitar a pares; planificación de proyectos ambientales de la comunidad. Se entró en los domicilio, buscando integrar a sus habitantes en el diagnóstico ambiental propio y comunitario. Se registraron diferencias significativas entre conocimientos y prácticas sociales, para ambas zonas piloto, pero no por nivel socioeconómico. Las escuelas y los entornos de promoción de salud resultaron ser los principales referentes comunitarios para fomentar prácticas ambientales saludables.

The object of the present work was to identify the larval habitats of Culex eduardoi and to determine the microenvironmental conditions related to their presence in different artificial freshwater environments (temporary, semi-permanent, irrigation ditches, and drainage ditches) in tillable areas of Chubut Province, Argentina. This report represents the first record of Cx. eduardoi from this Province and extends its range to latitude 45°S. Immature stages of Cx. eduardoi were found in 8 out of 109 (7.3 %) freshwater habitats and were significantly more prevalent in semi-permanent water bodies. Positive sites had significantly larger surface areas and more vegetation cover than negative sites.