Abstract Brown rot and blossom blight caused by fungi of the genus Monilinia are the most important peach diseases. The increased concern with the environment and the health of workers and consumers, as well as the emergence of fungus isolates resistant to the main fungicide molecules favor control strategies such as genetic resistance. The objective of this study was to adjust a phenotyping protocol for evaluation of resistance/susceptibility to blossom blight in peach, as well as to quantify the antioxidant compounds present in the petals of these flowers and their correlation with the disease incidence and severity. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block split-split plot design, the plot being four concentrations of Monilinia fructicola conidia; the subplot two phenological flower stage; and the sub-subplot four peach genotypes. The quantification of antioxidant compounds and their correlation with susceptibility to blossom blight was performed in the four genotypes analyzed. Phenotyping was more efficient when concentrations between 400 and 4,000 conidia mL-1 were used, regardless of phenological flower stage. The phenolic compounds, anthocyanins and antioxidant activity are positively correlated among them, and negatively correlated with the blossom blight incidence and severity. In order to estimate the blossom blight susceptibility, it is recommended to use flowers at the pink or bloom stage, inoculum equivalent to 20-200 conidia per flower, and perform the evaluation at 96 hours after inoculation. This study suggests that more intense pink flowers have a higher content of antioxidant compounds and less blossom blight susceptibility.

Abstract A peach breeding program started in 1963, at the Experiment Station of Pelotas, nowadays Embrapa Clima Temperado, whose primary aim was developing cultivars adapted to mild winter conditions. Its first priority was to obtain cultivars of canning type fruits, and over the years, the fresh market cultivars acquired equal importance. This article analyzes the data of 84 fresh market cultivars, obtained in Pelotas, from 1964 to 2017, focusing on the following parameters: time of ripening, fruit development period, average fruit mass, number of fruits per tree, productivity per plant and total soluble solids. First, the data were tabulated, divided into two periods (1964-1984 and 1985-2017), and the descriptive statistical analysis was performed, followed by an analysis via mixed models and estimates of genetic progress via meta-analysis. The main results revealed a reduced fruit development period of the fresh market peaches belonging to that program. It was also observed a significant spread of the time of ripening (end of September or beginning of October until January), with a slight tendency for earliness. Genetic gain was observed for yield corresponding to 1.17 and 2.25% per year, for 1964-1984 and 1985-2017, respectively.

Resumo Em 1963, começou na Estação Experimental de Pelotas, hoje Embrapa Clima Temperado, um programa de melhoramento de pessegueiro cujo objetivo fundamental era desenvolver cultivares adaptadas a condições de inverno ameno. Inicialmente, a prioridade era a obtenção de cultivares produtoras de frutos para enlatamento, mas, ao longo dos anos, cultivares para o mercado fresco adquiriram a mesma importância. Este artigo analisa dados de 84 cultivares, tipo mesa, desenvolvidos em Pelotas, de 1964 a 2017, focando nos seguintes parâmetros: época de maturação, período de desenvolvimento do fruto, massa média dos frutos, número de frutos por planta, produção por planta e conteúdo de sólidos solúveis das frutas. Inicialmente, os dados foram tabulados, divididos em dois períodos (1964-1984 e 1985-2017), sendo então realizada a análise estatística descritiva, seguida por uma análise de modelos mistos e estimativa do progresso genético via meta-análise. Os resultados mostraram uma redução no período de desenvolvimento dos frutos das cultivares tipo mesa, pertencentes a esse programa. Houve ainda uma ampliação do período de colheita (do fim de setembro ou início de outubro até janeiro), com uma leve tendência à maior precocidade. Verificou-se um ganho genético para produção por planta, correspondendo a 1.17 e 2.25% ao ano, para os períodos de 1964- 1984 e 1985-2017, respectivamente.

ABSTRACT The adaptation of temperate fruit crops is a challenge being increased by the global warming. Chilling requirement is a key factor for adaptation. The objective of this study was to estimate the chilling requirement of peach cultivars BRS Bonão, Esmeralda, Granada and Eragil, using the Tabuenca test. Chilling accumulation was computed using four different chilling hour (≤ 7.2 ºC and ≤ 11 ºC) models; and chill units using the Low Chill model and the Taiwan model. The fresh bud weight and bud water contents were also evaluated. The Tabuenca test (based on differences in bud´s dry weight) showed a fairly good efficiency for estimating the end of dormancy in peach. However, under mild winter conditions, it is better to use fresh bud weights. Either one of three chilling accumulation computation models (temperature ≤ 7.2 °C, ≤ 11°C, or Taiwan model) is suitable to classify comparatively different cultivars, but none is accurate enough to conclude on the adaptation of a given cultivar to a specific site. Using hours of temperatures ≤ 11 ºC: ‘BRS Bonão’ needed around 180 hours for dormancy release; ‘Esmeralda’ around 250 hours; ‘Granada’ between 300 and 400 hours, and ‘Eragil’ more than 500 hours.

ABSTRACT: Strawberry guava (Psidium cattleyanumm Sabine) is a species native to southern Brazil which exhibits significant potential for economic exploitation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth response of strawberry guava subjected to liming and phosphate fertilizer in pre-planting. The treatments consisted of four lime levels: 0; 33.3; 66.6 and 100 % of the dose needed to increase the pH in water to 6.0, and four phosphorus (P) doses: 0; 83.3; 166.6 and 250 kg ha–1 of P2O5. Plant growth parameters were evaluated for three years. In the years 2018 and 2019, the mineral composition of leaves, photosynthethic pigment indices and mycorrhizal colonization on strawberry guava roots were measured. Liming and phosphate fertilizer altered neither plant growth nor the photosynthetic pigment indices and there was no interaction between the factors studied and the remaining variables evaluated. However, liming promoted increases in the Ca and Mg shoot content, and the phosphate fertilizer increased the levels of shoot P in the third year of growth. Mycorrhizal colonization was stronger when the P soil levels were low, which could explain the absence of response to phosphate fertilization on plant growth for the first three years after planting.

Resumo O pessegueiro foi introduzido no Brasil no século XVI; mas, apesar disso, o primeiro programa de melhoramento só teve início no País, no fim da década de 1940. Mais tarde, outros programas foram iniciados, mas os maiores e que mais contribuições deram à cultura do pessegueiro foram o do Instituto Agronômico de Campinas e o da Embrapa Clima Temperado. Atualmente, o pessegueiro é cultivado não apenas nas áreas mais frias do Sul do Brasil, mas também nas áreas subtropicais e tropicais de altitude, graças às dezenas de cultivares lançadas por estes programas de melhoramento genético. A produção de pêssego brasileira destina-se ao mercado interno, e no maior centro consumidor do País, São Paulo, a preferência é por pêssegos com polpa branca, doces, com baixa acidez e aparência atrativa. A cultivar BRS Serenata está sendo lançada com o objetivo de preencher a lacuna de pêssegos de polpa branca, entre a estação de ‘BRS Kampai’ e ‘BRS Fascínio’.

Abstract Even though the peach tree was introduced in Brazil during the XVI century, it was only on the 1940’s that the first peach breeding program started in the country. Later on, other programs started being, until now, the largest ones, and the programs that gave more significant contributions to the peach crop development those from the Instituto Agronômico de Campinas and from Embrapa Temperate Agriculture. Presently, peach is cultivated not only in the colder areas of the South but also in the subtropics and high altitude areas of the tropics, due to dozens of cultivars released by these breeding programs. Peaches are sold entirely in the domestic market and in the largest consumers market, State of São Paulo, the preference is for white sweet flesh and low acid peaches with attractive appearance. The ‘BRS Serenata’ cultivar was released to fulfill a gap of white flesh peach between the seasons of ‘BRS Kampai’ and ‘BRS Fascínio’.

Abstract The Embrapa peach breeding program provides a processing peach cultivar, 'BRS Jaspe'. Over the years, the yield of this cultivar was stable and its fruits can be harvested by mid-November and have a good size and taste. It may represent an alternative to cultivar Granada, with a similar maturation period.

Abstract One of the reasons for the low market demand of blackberries in Brazil is the acid taste of the fresh fruit. The fruits of the newly released cultivar BRS Cainguá taste better and have a very attractive shape.

ABSTRACT. Because of climatic changes, the cultivation of temperate climate plants such as peach in subtropical climates has become a challenge. In these areas, temperatures exceeding 25°C often occur during the pre-flowering and flowering phases. The high temperature causes damages by acting during the early stages of pollen-pistil interaction processes. The objective of this work was to evaluate the stigmatic receptivity of peach flowers at 18°C and 30°C. The pollen adherence was evaluated as well as the germination and presence of pollen tubes in the transmitting tissue of the style. The genotypes responded differently to temperature. ‘Granada,’ ‘Diamante’, and ‘Sensação’ had a stigmatic receptivity that was less affected when flowers were exposed to the higher temperature. Most genotypes showed a reduction in the number of pistils with pollen tubes growing in the style, particularly when pollination was delayed.

Abstract ‘BRS Citrino’ is a highly productive canning peach that has a round to conic shape. The flesh has a sweet acid flavor with a slight bitterness, giving a good quality product when canned. It is adapted to southern Rio Grande do Sul, where the production of processed peaches is concentrated.

Resumo O Brasil apresenta grande variedade de frutas nativas que têm despertado interesse comercial, a exemplo do araçá. Nesse sentido, muitas pesquisas têm buscado alternativas que permitam a disponibilidade do fruto pós-colheita, considerando que a perecibilidade é um fator limitante para sua comercialização. O processo de congelamento é uma alternativa importante no sentido de disponibilizar esses frutos por mais tempo no mercado. O uso de ácido L-ascórbico é um potente agente protetivo na estabilidade de compostos bioativos em polpas de frutas. O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar compostos potencialmente bioativos, presentes em polpas de araçás-vermelho e amarelo adicionadas de ácido L-ascórbico (1 % m/m) e verificar sua ação na retenção destes compostos em sua atividade antioxidante durante o armazenamento congelado (-20 ± 2ºC). Nas polpas, foram analisados: atividade antioxidante pela captura dos radicais DPPH° e ABTS°, fenóis, antocianinas e carotenoides totais. O ácido L-ascórbico influencia positivamente na retenção dos compostos bioativos (fenóis totais, antocianinas totais e carotenoides totais) em polpas de araçás-vermelho e amarelo, durante 120 dias de armazenamento congelado (-20 ± 2ºC).

Abstract Brazil presents a great variety of native fruits, which have aroused commercial interest, such as the strawberry guava. In this sense, many researches have looked for alternatives that allow postharvest availability of fruits, considering that perishability is a limiting factor for its commercialization. The freezing process is an important alternative in the sense of making these fruits available for longer on the market. The use of L-ascorbic acid is a potent protective agent in the stability of bioactive compounds in fruit pulps. The objective of this study was to evaluate potentially bioactive compounds present in red and yellow strawberry guava pulps added with L-ascorbic acid (1% m / m) and verify its effect on retention of these compounds and in its antioxidant activity during the frozen storage (-20 ± 2ºC). In the pulps were analyzed: antioxidant activity by the capture of the DPPH° and ABTS° radicals, phenols, anthocyanins and total carotenoids. L-ascorbic acid positively influences the retention of bioactive compounds (total phenols, total anthocyanins and total carotenoids) in red and yellow strawberry guava pulps during 120 days of frozen storage (-20 ± 2 ºC).

RESUMO Objetivou-se elaborar geleias de araçá vermelho do tipo convencional (com adição de sacarose) e sem adição de açúcares e avaliar a composição físico-química e teores de compostos bioativos presentes nas mesmas. Foram elaboradas quatro formulações de geleias: convencional com adição de sacarose (F1); com adição de aspartame (F2); com adição de sacarina e ciclamato (F3); com adição de acessulfame e sucralose (F4). Foram realizadas análises físico-químicas de pH, acidez total titulável, sólidos solúveis totais, cinzas, proteínas, lipídios, umidade, carboidratos, valor calórico, luminosidade, tonalidade de cor, fenóis totais, antocianinas totais, carotenoides totais, ácido ascórbico e atividade antioxidante pela captura dos radicais DPPH e ABTS. As geleias convencional e sem adição de açúcares não diferiram para fenóis totais, antocianinas totais e ácido ascórbico. Contudo, o processamento exerceu influência significativa (p=0,05) sobre carotenóides totais e atividade antioxidante. É viável a utilização de araçá vermelho para elaboração de geleias convencional e sem adição de açúcar. Os produtos, contudo, apresentam diferença significativa quanto aos teores de carotenóides, sendo os maiores teores destes e maior atividade antioxidante nas geleias processadas sem adição de açúcares.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to prepare jellies of conventional type of red strawberry guava (with added sucrose) and no added sugar and evaluate the physical and chemical composition and content of bioactive compounds in them. Four jellies formulations were prepared: conventional with addition of sucrose (F1), aspartame (F2), saccharin and cyclamate (F3), acesulfame and sucralose (F4). Physicochemical analysis of pH were carried out, as well as analysis of titratable acidity, total soluble solids, ashes, proteins, lipids, moisture, carbohydrates, calories, lightness, color tone, total phenols, anthocyanins, carotenoids, ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity, by the capture of DPPH and ABTS radicals. Conventional and no added sugars jellies did not differ for total phenols, total anthocyanins and ascorbic acid. However, processing exerted significant influence (p=0.05) on total carotenoids and antioxidant activity. It is feasible to use red strawberry guava for the preparation of conventional and no added sugar jellies. The products, however, show a significant difference in carotenoids content, with the highest content of these and higher antioxidant activity in processed jellies without sugars addition.

RESUMO Pêssegos tipo platicarpa tem alcançado ótimos preços devido à boa aceitação no mercado. Entretanto, a quase totalidade das cultivares lançadas são bastante exigentes em frio hibernal e não se adaptam às condições brasileiras, exceção representada por pequenas áreas de microclimas, com elevada altitude. A cultivar BRS Mandinho é a primeira cultivar da variedade botânica platicarpa lançada no Brasil e adapta-se a condições subtropicais. Suas plantas são vigorosas e a floração, no Rio Grande do Sul, ocorre na segunda quinzena de Julho. As frutas são doces e amadurecem em novembro e apresentam massa média de 55,3 g.

ABSTRACT In recent years, platycarpa peaches have reached high prices due to their good acceptance in the international market. However, the great majority of the released varieties are high chill and do not adapt to Brazilian conditions except on a few microclimes of high altitudes. The cultivar BRS Mandinho is the first peach cultivar of the botanical variety platicarpa, released in Brazil and adapted to subtropical conditions. The plants are vigorous and, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, the blooming occurs on the second half of July. The fruits are sweet and ripe in November with an average weight of 55.3 g.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o uso da enxertia de garfagem em fenda cheia na propagação vegetativa de diferentes genótipos de pitangueira. Foram utilizados sete genótipos do Banco Ativo de Germoplasma de fruteiras nativas do Sul do Brasil, mantidos na Embrapa Clima Temperado, em Pelotas-RS, dos quais foram coletados garfos (estacas semilenhosas), com aproximadamente 5 cm de comprimento. Utilizou-se como porta-enxertos de plantas de pitangueira oriundas de sementes. O diâmetro médio no ponto de enxertia foi de 2,5 mm. A enxertia foi realizada em setembro de 2006. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, sendo a unidade experimental constituída por 10 plantas. Foram avaliadas as percentagens de brotação e de pegamento dos enxertos. Os percentuais de estacas brotadas variaram entre 45,0% e 95,0%, enquanto o pegamento dos enxertos variou entre 40,0% e 87,5%. Percentuais acima de 65,0% foram obtidos para as seleções "Pit 75", "Pit 61" e "Pit 137", para ambos os parâmetros avaliados, brotação e pegamento dos enxertos. Existe diferença entre genótipos desta espécie quanto à capacidade de pegamento na enxertia por garfagem no topo em fenda cheia. Este tipo de enxertia é apropriado para a propagação vegetativa da pitangueira.

This work had the objective of testing cleft grafting as a way to asexually propagate different genotypes of Surinam cherry. Bud wood of around 5 cm length were collected from seven genotypes of the Germplasm Bank of Embrapa Clima Temperado, Pelotas, RS. Seedling plants of Surinam cherry seedlings were used as rootstocks. The average diameter at the grafting point was 2.5 mm. Grafting was done on September, 2006. The experiment was carried out as a completely randomized design with four replications and 10 plants per plot. Evaluations were based on percentage of obtained plants in relation to the total number of grafts and percentage of grafts with leaf burst. Percentages of grafts with leaf break were between 45.0% and 95% whereas percentages of grafting success in actually obtained the desirable clones were between 40.0% to 87.5%. Percentages above 65.0% for evaluated parameters, leafing and grafting success were obtained in selections "Pit 75", "Pit 61" and "Pit 137". There were differences among genotypes for percentage of cleft grafting success in Surinam cherry propagation. This type of grafting is recommended for Surinam cherry vegetative propagation.

Foram utilizados marcadores AFLP para a avaliação de populações de plantas de pitangueira (Eugenia uniflora) oriundas de autopolinização e de polinização livre, com o objetivo de verificar a variabilidade existente entre e dentro dessas populações, visando a fornecer mais informações que ajudem no entendimento do modo de reprodução dessa espécie. O material vegetal utilizado foi oriundo de duas seleções de pitangueira ("Pit 15" e "Pit 52"), mantidas na Embrapa Clima Temperado. De cada seleção, foram obtidas duas populações F1, por meio de autopolinização e de polinização livre, totalizando quatro populações. Foram analisados 18 indivíduos de cada população e as duas plantas-mãe, totalizando 74 indivíduos. Foram utilizadas três combinações de primers AFLP e calculada a similaridade genética entre plantas pelo coeficiente de Jaccard. Uma estimativa da variabilidade genética entre e dentro das populações foi estimada pela AMOVA. As três combinações de primers AFLP utilizadas amplificaram um total de 178 locos AFLP, dos quais 114 (64,0%) foram polimórficos entre todos os indivíduos. Não houve separação clara entre populações descendentes da mesma planta-mãe. Foi observado maior polimorfismo de marcadores AFLP em populações de polinização livre. A proporção da variabilidade genética total entre populações foi significativa, embora tenha sido menor do que aquela observada dentro das populações. A reprodução da pitangueira é decorrente tanto da autofertilização quanto da polinização cruzada, sendo necessário, no entanto, novos estudos para determinar qual a estratégia de reprodução mais eficiente.

AFLP molecular markers were used aiming to study the genetic variability within and between Surinam cherry (Eugenia uniflora) populations, originated from self-pollination and open pollination of two selections (Pit 15 and Pit 52) of the Embrapa Clima Temperado collection. The objective was to achieve a better understanding about the reproduction mode of this species. Two progenies were obtained from each selection being one from self-pollination and another from open-pollination, resulting in four populations. The analysis was carried out in 18 individuals of each progeny and the two mother plants, totalizing 74 genotypes. Three AFLP primer combinations were used and the genetic similarity was calculated by Jaccard coefficient. Genetic variability within and between populations was estimated by AMOVA. The three primer combinations amplified 178 loci, of which 114 (64%) were polimorphic, considering all the genotypes. There was not a clear separation between the two progenies of the same mother plant. Larger polimorphism of AFLP markers was observed in the open-pollinated populations. The proportion of total genetic variability was significant, between populations from open-pollination, although smaller than the variability observed within populations. The Surinam cherry reproduction is based on both self-fertilization as well as cross-pollination. Nevertheless it is rather important to do further studies in order to determine which reproduction mode is the most efficient.

A pitangueira é uma frutífera nativa com potencial para exploração comercial. Entretanto, os métodos de propagação mais comuns não são satisfatórios para a multiplicação desta espécie em larga escala. O objetivo do trabalho foi o de avaliar o uso do método de enxertia de garfagem no topo, em fenda cheia e dupla fenda, bem como a melhor época para a realização desta prática (julho, agosto e setembro), nas condições do Sul do Brasil. O experimento foi conduzido no ano de 2005, na Embrapa Clima Temperado, Pelotas-RS. O delineamento foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 3 (tipo de garfagem x época de enxertia), com 5 repetições. Conclui-se que a enxertia de garfagem no topo, em fenda cheia e/ou em dupla fenda, pode ser utilizada para a propagação vegetativa da pitangueira durante o inverno, sendo que a enxertia de garfagem em fenda cheia proporcionou melhores percentuais de pegamento dos enxertos (60,0%) do que a garfagem em dupla fenda (44,2%). Quanto à época, os melhores percentuais foram obtidos no mês de setembro, com 67,5% de pegamento dos enxertos, seguido pelo mês de agosto e julho, com 51,3% e 37,5%, respectivamente.

The Surinam cherry is a native fruit from Brazil with a great potential for commercial production. However, the common clonal propagation methods have not given a high percentage of success. The present work had the aim to test the use of two types of grafting: cleft graft and wedge graft as well as the best time to use this technique (July, August and September), under Southern Brazil conditions. The experiment was carried out at EMBRAPA Clima Temperado, in Pelotas, RS, in the year of 2005. The experimental design was completely randomized arranged as a 2x3 factorial plan (type of grafting x time), with 5 replications . It was concluded that both types of grafting could be used, during the winter time, for asexual propagation of Surinam cherry. Cleft grafting had the highest percentage of survival (60%) when compared to the wedge grafting (44.2%). The highest percentage of grafting success was obtained in September with 67.5%, followed by the months of August and July, with 51.3% and 37.5%, respectively.