Trichothecenes and aflatoxins are natural contaminants produced by filamentous fungi and they are widely present in wheat. The presence of these mycotoxins are a serious public health problem because they remains stable during the industrial processes to which wheat is subjected when manufacturing derived products and due the toxic effects that can cause in human health. The aim of this review was to address the main topics related with the occurrence and quantification methods commonly used for determination of tricothecens (deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, T2-toxin and HT-2 toxin) and aflatoxins in wheat and wheat products. It can be observed that, in the last years, there was an increase in the number of papers published in international journals containing these subjects. Many studies have reported levels above the maximum allowable limits and the presence of aflatoxins and trichothecenes have also been associated with the simultaneous occurrence of other mycotoxins. The best way to reduce aflatoxin and tricothecenes contamination in wheat and wheat products is still the application of good agricultural practices for growing, harvesting and storage of grains, because although there are methods for decontamination, these are not yet implemented on a wide scale.

Los tricotecenos y las aflatoxinas son contaminantes naturales producidos por hongos filamentosos y de alta incidencia en trigo. La presencia de estas micotoxinas es un problema importante de salud pública debido a que son moléculas muy estables durante los procesos de industrialización a los que el trigo es sometido para la obtención de derivados y por los efectos tóxicos que causan. El objetivo de esta revisión fue abordar los principales temas relacionados con la incidencia y lós métodos de determinación de los tricotecenos (deoxiniva-lenol, nivalenol, toxina T-2 y HT-2) y las aflatoxinas en el trigo y derivados. Se observa que, en los últimos años, ha aumentado el número de trabajos publicados en revistas internacionales sobre el tema. En muchos estudios se demuestra niveles superiores a los límites máximos permitidos y la presencia de aflatoxinas y tricotecenos también se han asociado con la ocurrencia simultánea de otras micotoxinas. La mejor manera de reducir la contaminación de trigo por tricotecenos y aflatoxinas sigue siendo la aplicación de buenas prácticas agrícolas para el cultivo, cosecha y almacenamiento de granos, ya que, aunque hay métodos de descontaminación, estos aún no son aplicados a gran escala.

Cellular fatty acid (FA) composition was utilized as a taxonomic tool to discriminate between different Aspergillus species. Several of the tested species had the same FA composition and different relative FA concentrations. The most important FAs were palmitic acid (C16:0), estearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1) and linoleic acid (C18:2), which represented 95% of Aspergillus FAs. Multivariate data analysis demonstrated that FA analysis is a useful tool for differentiating species belonging to genus Aspergillus. All the species analyzed showed significantly FA acid profiles (p < 0.001). Furthermore, it will be possible to distinguish among Aspergillus spp. in the Flavi Section. FA composition can serve as a useful tool for the identification of filamentous fungi.