Abstract The rice husk, agro-industrial residue, stands out for having silica, the main oxide former of the bioactive glass. To avoid contamination in this biomaterial, substances with bactericidal properties, like silver can be incorporated. Thus, the objective of this work is the synthesis of silver nanoparticles to functionalize a bioactive glass synthesized from rice husk ash (BRHA). The bioglass was prepared by the sol-gel method from the rice husk ash as a silica source. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized from thyme extract with AgNO3 and their formation was verified by UV-vis spectroscopy. The glass powder was added to this solution and its structure was evaluated by SEM-EDS, ATR-FTIR, and microbiology. The bioglass powder appeared in the form of porous agglomerates and the addition of silver altered its superficial roughness by deposition. The chemical bonds of the glass network related to bioactivity were maintained after the incorporation of the nanoparticles. Microbiological analysis by the agar diffusion test confirmed the inhibitory action of the nanoparticles for P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. Therefore, the developed material presented great potential for biomedical applications.

Background: Gallbladder Cancer (GBC) prevalence varies among countries, associated with different geographical and genetic factors. The Mapuche ethnicity (Ethnia mostly located between the VIII and X Chilean regions) stands out in Chile due to its high GBC prevalence. Aim: To estimate the GBC prevalence in patients undergoing cholecystectomy at a public hospital in the Northern region of Chile (Tarapaca), where other ethnical groups are common. Material and methods: Pathological reports of 3270 patients (72% women) who underwent cholecystectomy between January 2016 and December 2019 were revised. Subsequently, the accreditation of ethnic belonging for each patient to one of the ten native communities in Chile was requested to the National Corporation for Native Communities Development (CONADI). Results: According to the analysis of pathological reports, the global GBC prevalence was 0.3 %. The prevalence in Aymaras was 0.4% and 0% in Mapuches. The distribution of ethnic origins among analyzed patients was Aymara in 14.3, Mapuche in 2.7%, Diaguita in 1.7%, Quechua in 1.3%, Atacameña in 0.2%, and Colla in 0.2%. No specific ethnic origin was found in 79% of patients. Conclusions: There was a low GBC prevalence rate in Northern Chile and among the Aymara population.

In the search for comprehensive, dignified and more humane care, the spiritual and religious aspects have regained their importance in health care. Furthermore, the múltiple associated clinical benefits must also be taken into account. However, the care of spiritual and religious needs, historically undertaken by religious chaplains and spiritual guides, have gradually become considered part of the obligations of the health teams, in spite of their reluctance and without a clear way on how to do it. The objective of this work is to present the importance of attending to the spiritual and religious needs in health care and a care model based on spiritual accompaniment.

Resumen Los aspectos espirituales y religiosos han retomado su importancia en la atención de salud, en la búsqueda de una atención integral, digna y más humana, teniendo en cuenta además, los múltiples beneficios clínicos asociados. Sin embargo, el cuidado de las necesidades espirituales y religiosas, históricamente asumidas por capellanes religiosos y guías espirituales, actualmente, en forma paulatina, son considerados parte de las obligaciones de los equipos de salud, no sin la reticencia de los mismos y sin una manera clara de cómo hacerlo. El objetivo del presente trabajo es presentar la importancia de la atención de las necesidades espirituales y religiosas en el cuidado de salud y un modelo de atención basado en el acompañamiento espiritual.

Introduction: Skin allografts (SA) are outstanding temporary skin substitutes; however, cadaveric skin donation and procurement, a common source of SA, remains low. Aim: To evaluate the feasibility and clinical efficacy of using skin from abdominoplasties as a source of SA. Materials and Method: A prospective cohort was analyzed from August 17th, 2020 and February 28th, 2021, with 14 female patients submitted to abdominoplasty surgeries for aesthetic motives, who authorized skin donation from the redundant abdominal flap which was posteriorly cryopreserved. Cryopreserved total skin allografts (CTSA) was used in 10 patients with the following diagnoses: diabetic foot (4), contained laparostomy (2) complex wound of the lower limb (2), relapsing sarcoma of the scalp (1), and melanoma (1). Results: 14 CTSA were obtained, which were processed, obtaining an average area of 302 cm2 and 8.3 sheets of different sizes and clinical applications from each patient. In all patients who received CTSA, an initial attachment was observed, followed by the appearance of a necrotic scar in an average of21 days. The peeling of the latter revealed a vital tissue tightly adhered to the receptor and rich in fibroblasts. Some of the patients received autografts, and others were managed with secondary intention scarring as a definite treatment. Discussion: CTSA provide an intermediate coverage since one part is definitely adhered to, acting as a biologic scaffolding for the formation of an interface that can be autografted or left for a secondary intention scarring, and the host rejects the other portion. Conclusión: skin procurement from a living donor in patients submitted to body contour surgeries is a feasible process and significant source of CTSA, which permits a new intermediate coverage with multiple clinical uses.

Resumen Introducción: Los aloinjerto cutáneos (AC) son excelentes sustitutos cutáneos temporales, sin embargo, la donación y procura de piel cadavérica, fuente habitual de AC, es baja. Objetivo: Evaluar la factibilidad de utilizar la piel proveniente de abdominoplastías como fuente de AC y su eficacia clínica. Materiales y Método: Entre el 17 de agosto de 2020 al 28 de febrero de 2021 se analizó una cohorte prospectiva de 14 pacientes femeninas sometidas a abdominoplastía por motivos estéticos, que aceptaron donar la piel del colgajo cutáneo abdominal redundante, la cual fue criopreservada. Se utilizaron los AC de piel total criopreservados (ACPTC) en 10 pacientes con diagnósticos de: pie diabético (4), laparostomía contenida (2) herida compleja extremidad inferior (2), sarcoma de cuero cabelludo recidivado (1) y melanoma (1). Resultados: Se obtuvieron 14 colgajos de piel total, los cuales fueron procesados obteniendo una superficie promedio de 302 cm2 y 8,3 láminas de distintos tamaños de utilidad clínica por paciente. En todos los pacientes en que se utilizó ACPTC hubo un prendimiento inicial del AC para posteriormente, en promedio 21 días, presentar una escara necrótica que al ser retirada presentaba un tejido vital adherido al receptor rico en fibroblastos, siendo algunos pacientes auto injertados y otros manejados con cicatrización por segunda intención como tratamiento definitivo. Discusión: Los ACPTC proporcionan una cobertura intermedia, pues una parte se integra en forma definitiva, actuando como un andamiaje biológico para la formación de una interfase sobre la cual se puede autoinjertar o dejar evolucionar con cicatrización por segunda intención y una parte es rechazada. Conclusión: La procura de piel de donante vivo, en pacientes sometidos a cirugías de contorno corporal es un proceso factible, fuente de ACPTC, los cuales permiten una nueva cobertura intermedia con múltiples aplicaciones clínicas.

Abstract Among the agro-industrial residues, the rice husk has stood out for presenting contents higher than 90% of silica, the main oxide of bioglass. Thus, the objective of this research was to compare the use of two different sources of silica, tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and rice husk ash (RHA), in the sol-gel synthesis of the bioglass of the SiO2-CaO-Na2O system. For the silica extraction, the rice husk was treated with oxalic acid and calcined at 600 °C. This temperature was determined using thermogravimetry and the calcined powder was analyzed by X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, proving the achievement of high-purity amorphous silica. In the production of the bioglass, the solution made with the rice husk showed great synthesis efficiency, and the powder calcined was evaluated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. FTIR spectra presented characteristic bands of siloxane (Si-O-Si) bonds, which indicated a vitreous network and provided the formation of silanol groups, fundamentals for the growth of the hydroxyapatite layer. The microstructures of the samples were similar, but the sample made from RHA (BRHA) presented porous agglomerates, while the BTEOS had smaller and well-defined particles. The silica obtained from rice husk showed potential to be used in the sol-gel synthesis of bioglass.

Abstract The main goal of this research was to study the adsorptive capacity of an organophilic clay for the removal of textile dye Nylosan blue B113 and its further application in real textile effluent (RTE) treatment. The used clay known as Bofe was originated in the township of Boa Vista, State of Paraíba, Northeast of Brazil. Initially, the material was dried and powdered. Subsequently, the organophilic clay was synthesized by insertion of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide. Furthermore, the clay was characterized using the following analyses: cation exchange capacity (CEC), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), surface area analysis, and pH of point of zero charge (pHpzc). Then, batch adsorption systems were performed along with equilibrium/kinetic/thermodynamic studies. At last, keeping the same weight/volume ratio, a solution of real textile effluent was treated. Results showed CEC of 54.40 mmol/100g, lamellar expansion from 1.69 to 2.01 nm, maximum adsorptive capacity of 50 mg.g-1, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of 74% (RTE).

Abstract The obturation and prosthetics reconstruction in an endodontic treatment involves the use of new materials, these materials must be passed for several test for proving their correct performance. One of these tests consists in measuring the bonding force between the reconstruction materials, and the dental piece by a mechanical test called “push-out test”. In this work, a prototype capable of making the push-out test that includes a friendly user interface for its operation is presented. The equipment is simulated in Fusion 360 making a finite element analysis to obtain the security factor and von Mises stress, and based on these, select adequate materials for its manufacturing. The prototype was tested for fracturing dental pieces with diverse internal materials and proved a proper operation that meets the actual specifications requested by dental professionals.

Resumen La reconstrucción prostética y obturación en un tratamiento endodóntico involucra el uso de nuevos materiales, los cuales deben de pasar por varias pruebas para probar su correcto funcionamiento. Una de esas pruebas consiste en medir la fuerza de unión entre los materiales de reconstrucción y la pieza dental mediante el ensayo “push-out”. En este trabajo, se presenta un prototipo capaz de realizar la prueba “push-out” que incluye una interfaz de usuario amigable para su uso. El equipo se simuló en Fusion 360 haciendo un análisis de elemento finito para obtener el factor de seguridad y las tensiones von Mises, y basado en estos se seleccionan los materiales adecuados para su manufactura. El prototipo fue probado fracturando piezas dentales con diversos materiales internos y probó un correcto funcionamiento que cumple con las especificaciones requeridas por los profesionales de salud dental.

Background: The prevalence of cholelithiasis and gallbladder cancer may be different across ethnic groups. Aim: To study the prevalence of cholelithiasis and gallbladder cancer among Aymara individuals. Material and Methods: An abdominal ultrasound was carried out in a sample of 182 Aymara women aged 46 ± 16 years and 76 Aymara men aged 55 ± 16 years. In addition, the histopathological reports of both patients with a history of previous cholecystectomy and those operated after the study were reviewed. Results: Ultrasound was normal in 150 participants (58%), 76 had cholelithiasis (30%) and 32 (12%) had a history of cholecystectomy. Pathological reports of the excised gallbladder were available for 106 cases and showed a chronic cholecystitis in 98% of cases. Gallbladder cancer was not reported. Conclusions: There is a 42% prevalence of cholelithiasis and no gallbladder cancer in this sample of Aymara population.

This paper presents a methodology for determining the density of a sample of whole bean grains (Phaselous vulgaris L) based on digital image processing, characterized by its simplicity and easy implementation. It requires measures of the mass and the volume of the sample, which are made with a scale and with a threedimensional model of the grain respectively. In this three-dimensional model it is assumed that the volume of each grain is proportional to its length and to the square of its width. These two values are determined from the use of techniques of digital image processing applied to the image of whole grain samples obtained with a desktop scanner. The proportionality constant is determined experimentally by comparison with the volume of the sample subsequently obtained by the toluene displacement method. Ten samples to determine and analyze the behavior of the constant of proportionality and five for validation of the proposed model were prepared. The density obtained with this methodology for the validation samples was contrasted with that obtained with the toluene displacement method being the relative percentage difference lower than 5%.

En este trabajo se presenta una metodología alternativa para la determinación de la densidad de una muestra de granos enteros de alubia (Phaselous vulgaris L) basada en procesamiento digital de imágenes, caracterizada por su sencillez y fácil implementación. Requiere de las medidas de la masa y del volumen de la muestra, las que son realizadas con una balanza y con un modelo tridimensional del grano respectivamente. En este modelo tridimensional se asume que el volumen de cada grano es proporcional a su largo y al cuadrado de su ancho. Estos dos últimos valores son determinados a partir del empleo de técnicas de procesamiento digital de imágenes aplicadas a la imagen de muestras de granos enteros obtenidas con un escáner de escritorio. La constante de proporcionalidad se determina experimentalmente por comparación con el volumen de la muestra obtenido posteriormente por el método de desplazamiento de tolueno. Se prepararon diez muestras para determinar y analizar el comportamiento de la constante de proporcionalidad y cinco para validación del modelo propuesto. La densidad obtenida con esta metodología para las muestras de validación se contrastó con la obtenida con el método de desplazamiento de tolueno siendo la diferencia relativa porcentual inferior al 5%.

Four hundred ninety-five children between 0 and 17 years old provided information about their dietary intake in 966 24-hour dietary recall. Their nutritional status was established based on anthropometry using the growth patterns of WHO. Energy and macronutrients in 27 categories of dietary intake of snacks was determined. The aim was to establish the relationship between excess weight, snacking and consumption of energy derived from them. Based on models of linear regression and binomial where excess weight was the dependent variable and the explanatory power consumption, prevalence ratios (RP) and adjusted differences were calculated. Although energy from snack consumption increases with socioeconomic status, 751 (717, 786) kcal more in quintile 5 versus quintile 1, p <0.0001, the risk of excess in those taking snack is not statistically significant compared to those who did not consume, RP 1.05 (0.40 to 2.76). In conclusion, we established that consumption of snacks is not a determinant of overweight in Colombian children and that the main determinant of overweight and consumption of snacks is urban planning, social development, economic and level of wealth.

Cuatrocientos noventa y cinco niños entre 0 y 17 años aportaron información sobre su consumo dietario en 966 formatos de recordatorios de las últimas 24 horas. En todos se estableció su estado de nutrición con base en antropometría utilizando los patrones de crecimiento de la OMS. Se determinó el consumo de energía y macronutrientes en 27 categorías del consumo dietario de bocadillos con base en evidencia científica. El objetivo fue establecer la relación entre el exceso de peso, el consumo de bocadillos y el consumo de energía derivada de ellos. Con base en modelos de regresión lineal y binomial donde el exceso de peso era la variable dependiente y el consumo de energía la explicatoria, se calcularon Razones de Prevalencia (RP) y diferencias ajustadas. A pesar de que la energía derivada de consumo de bocadillos aumenta con el nivel socioeconómico, 751 (717, 786) kcal más en el quintil 5 versus el quintil 1, p<0,0001, el riesgo de exceso en aquellos que consumen bocadillos no es estadísticamente significativo con respecto a los que no consumen, RP 1,05 (0,40 a 2,76). En conclusión, establecimos que el consumo de bocadillos no es al parecer, determinante del exceso de peso en menores colombianos y que el principal determinante del exceso de peso y del consumo de bocadillos es el urbanismo, el desarrollo social, el económico y el nivel de riqueza.

La producción ovina en Colombia se ha ido convirtiendo en potencial fuente de generación de ingresos para pequeños productores, sin embargo los ovinocultores de la región persisten en métodos tradicionales de producción que no responden a las tendencias y exigencias de los crecientes mercados. Lo anterior hace necesario identificar la capacidad que poseen las explotaciones ovinas para adoptar un sistema de mejoramiento que les permita aumentar su competitividad. Se caracterizaron unidades productivas ovinas de las provincias productoras de Boyacá, se identificaron y analizaron las normas, protocolos y códigos de conducta aplicables en los procesos de certificación de la producción ovina, se evaluaron y priorizaron de acuerdo al grado de aplicabilidad según las condiciones tecnológicas. Posteriormente se estructuró una guía metodológica para la construcción del sistema de gestión de calidad para productores ovinos como una herramienta metodológica para aumentar los niveles de inocuidad y productividad para ingresar en un proceso de certificación.

Sheep production in Colombia has increasingly become a source of income potential generation for small farmers, however sheep breeders of region persist in traditional production methods that do not respond to the trends and demands of growing markets. This makes it necessary to have the ability to identify sheep farms to adopt a system of improvement that allows them to increase their competitiveness. Production units were characterized sheep-producing provinces of Boyacá, were identified and analyzed standards, protocols and codes of conduct applicable to the certification processes of sheep production were evaluated and prioritized according to the degree of applicability according to technological conditions. Subsequently a methodological guide for building the quality management system for sheep producers as a methodological tool to enhance the levels of safety and productivity to enter a certification process.

Produção de ovinos na Colômbia tem se tornado uma fonte de geração de renda para pequenos agricultores em potencial, no entanto ovinocultores região persistem em métodos de produção tradicionais que não respondem às tendências e exigências dos mercados em crescimento. Isso torna necessário ter a capacidade de identificar as explorações de ovinos para adotar um sistema de melhoria que lhes permite aumentar a sua competitividade. As unidades de produção foram caracterizados províncias produtoras de ovelhas de Boyacá, foram identificadas e analisadas as normas, protocolos e códigos de conduta aplicáveis aos processos de certificação da produção de ovinos foram avaliados e priorizados de acordo com o grau de aplicabilidade de acordo com a condições tecnológicas. Posteriormente um guia metodológico para a construção do sistema de gestão da qualidade para produtores de ovinos como ferramenta metodológica para melhorar os níveis de segurança e produtividade para entrar em um processo de certificação foi producto.

As Ilhas podem apresentar uma enorme diversidade de classificações, contudo, neste artigo, são abordadas as características que as incluem na categoria de Pequenos Territórios Insulares: tamanho e população. Ao balanço especifico entre população e disponibilidade do recurso território, somam se as particularidades das estruturas económicas e as peculiares construções socias que moldam as comunidades Ilhéus e a sua relação com o meio natural envolvente. ífica, as características ecológicas únicas e o frágil equilíbrio que apresentam, tornam mais premente a necessidade de politicas e estratégias de Conservação. Entre as ferramentas mais eficientes em Conservação da Natureza, as áreas protegidas e a sua gestão contam se entre as mais populares. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar um enquadramento e visão geral da gestão de áreas protegidas em Pequenos Territórios Insulares.

Islands may have a diversity of classifications, however, on this paper we address the constraints that include these territories in the category of small islands: size and population. To this particular balance and relation between population and availability of the territorial resource it sums the particular economic structures and the peculiar social constructions that shape islands communities and their relation with the surrounding environment. The particular biogeography, the ecological specific features on islands and the fragile equilibrium they present stress the need for Conservation policies and strategies. Among the most effective tools used on Nature Conservation, protected areas and its management has become one of the most poplars. The aim of this paper is to give a framework and overview on the management of protected areas in small islands.

The variables associated with nutritional status (EN), household malnutrition, and food insecurity (INSA) was evaluated in 1488 subjects living in 432 homes. The NE was determined by anthropometric measures and the INSA was based on the calorie intake of 24 hours and on the perception of the household head. Prevalence ratios (PR) were established using binomial and multinomial logistic regressions. The risk of weight deficit in subjects was 3.9 (CI 95%: 1.2 to 11.9) times higher in the rural than in the urban areas, and 4.4 (CI 95%: 1.3 to 14.8) times more when they had primary school or less. Women had 1.4 times (CI 95%: 1.0 to 1.8) higher risk of overweight for each five years of age increase. Households with low socioeconomic level had 1.9 (CI 95%: 1.2 to 2.9) times more risk of malnutrition when children were not present. The INSA was not associated with the EN or malnutrition. Food support in subjects apparently protected against excess weight. Urban subjects and households were at greater risk of having excess weight and malnutrition.

En 1488 sujetos y 432 hogares se establecieron las variables asociadas al estado de nutrición (EN) de los sujetos y malnutrición del hogar, y el efecto de la inseguridad alimentaria (INSA) sobre estos estados. El EN se estableció mediante antropometría. La malnutrición del hogar con base en el EN. La INSA con base en el consumo de calorías durante 24 horas además de la percepción del jefe del hogar. Mediante regresiones logística multinomial y binomial se establecieron razones de prevalencia (RP) para las variables y el EN y la malnutrición. En sujetos el riesgo de déficit de peso es 3,9 veces mayor en el ámbito rural, y 4,4 veces más en los que apenas han cursado primaria o menos. Las mujeres tienen 1,4 más riesgo de exceso de peso, por cada cinco años de edad el exceso de peso aumenta en 30%, en los sujetos sin apoyo alimentario 1,7 veces. En hogares el nivel socioeconómico bajo tiene 1,9 veces más riesgo de malnutrición, los hogares sin menores de edad 3,1 y los urbanos 1,6 veces más riesgo. La INSA no esta asociada al EN, ni a la malnutrición. El apoyo alimentario a sujetos aparentemente protege contra el exceso de peso. Sujetos y hogares urbanos tiene mayor riesgo de exceso y malnutrición.