Monoclonal antibodies or fusion proteins, defined as biological drugs, have modified the natural history of numerous immune-mediated disorders, allowing the development of therapies aimed at blocking the pathophysiological pathways of the disease, providing greater efficacy and safety than conventional treatment strategies. Virtually all therapeutic proteins elicit an immune response, producing anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) against hypervariable regions of immunoglobulins. Immunogenicity against biological drugs can alter their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, thereby reducing the efficacy of these drugs. In more severe cases, ADAs can neutralize the therapeutic effects of the drug or cause serious adverse effects, mainly hypersensitivity reactions. The prevalence of ADAs varies widely depending on the type of test used, occurrence of false-negative results, and non-specific binding to the drug, making it difficult to accurately assess their clinical impact. Concomitant use of immunosuppressors efficiently reduces the immunogenicity in a dose-dependent manner, either by decreasing the frequency of detectable ADAs or by delaying their appearance, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of biological therapies. Among the new therapeutic strategies for the management of psoriasis, biological agents have gained increasing importance in recent years as they interrupt key inflammation pathways involved in the physiopathology of the disease. Reports regarding ADA in new biologics are still scarce, but the most recent evidence tends to show little impact on the clinical response to the drug, even with prolonged treatment. It is therefore essential to standardize laboratory tests to determine the presence and titles of ADAs to establish their administration and management guidelines that allow the determination of the real clinical impact of these drugs.

Abstract: The delimitation of the jurisdictional spheres between the Ordinary Courts and the Constitutional Court in Chile, which is not explicit in the legal order regarding the writ of non-applicability. The search for such a demarcation is a problem around the jurisdictional body that would be responsible for determining it and the consequent rearticulation between the jurisdictions involved. The main goal of this research paper, therefore, is to study the theoretical and jurisprudential criteria of delimitation of the competence areas between the Ordinary Courts and the Constitutional Jurisdiction, within the framework of the application of the Constitution when an ordinary judge adjudicate a concrete issue and its relation with the writ of non-applicability by the Constitutional Court.

Resumen: Se aborda la cuestión de la delimitación de las esferas jurisdiccionales entre los Tribunales Ordinarios y el Tribunal Constitucional en Chile, que no está explícita en el ordenamiento jurídico para los efectos de la acción de inaplicabilidad. La búsqueda de tal demarcación es un problema en torno al órgano jurisdiccional que le correspondería determinarla y la consecuente rearticulación entre las jurisdicciones implicadas. El objetivo principal de la indagación, en consecuencia, estudia los criterios teóricos y jurisprudenciales de delimitación de las esferas competenciales entre los Tribunales Ordinarios y la Jurisdicción Constitucional, en el marco de la aplicación de la Constitución al resolver una asunto en concreto un juez ordinario y su vinculación con la acción de inaplicabilidad por parte del Tribunal Constitucional.

The exploratory research presented in this article deals for the first time in Chile with relations between state social services and not-for-profit organizations involving volunteer and cooperative agreements that aim to improve the competitiveness and performance of both. The data gathered in 39 interviews with directors and professionals heading up not-for-profit-run social programs for the state made it possible to describe this collaboration, characterized by a low level of specialization, structure, and formalization, thus making it difficult to professionally move the partnership ahead.

En una investigación exploratoria se da cuenta por primera vez en Chile de las dimensiones que se asocian a las relaciones de colaboración entre los servicios sociales del Estado y las organizaciones no lucrativas (ONL), entendidas como acuerdos voluntarios y cooperativos que pretenden mejorar la competitividad y desempeño de ambas instancias. Los datos recogidos por medio de 39 entrevistas a directores y profesionales que ejecutan programas sociales pertenecientes a ONL que prestan servicios al Estado nos permitieron describir esta colaboración, caracterizada por poseer un bajo nivel de especialización, estructura y formalización, lo cual dificulta llevar la asociación adelante de forma profesional.

Chilean companies' activities, their scant links to the communities where they operate, and their social-environmental impact are being strongly called to account. In this research, the authors' interest has been to understand if a rationality of collaboration, understanding, and joint work is possible between groups with social-community interests and the entrepreneurial dynamic. Data from 17 semi-structured interviews with representatives of unions and civic and consumer organizations indicate that civil society's wat-chdog stance of denunciation seems to take precedence over a vision of trust and understanding vis-à-vis companies.

En Chile ha comenzado a realizarse un profundo cuestionamiento a las empresas, a su escasa vinculación con las comunidades en las que operan y al impacto socioambiental que generan. Nuestro interés en esta investigación ha sido comprender si una racionalidad de colaboración, entendimiento y trabajo conjunto entre grupos de interés socio-comunitarios y con una lógica empresarial es posible. Los datos recogidos en 17 entrevistas semiestructuradas a representantes de organizaciones sindicales, ciudadanas y de consumidores nos indican que la racionalidad de denuncia y fiscalización asumida por la sociedad civil parece primar por sobre una visión de confianza y entendimiento con las empresas.

The principle of reservation of law on fundamental rights jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court inapplicability requires rethinking the position, contents and elements of this principle in the Chilean constitutional system. This paper explains the coexistence of a regulatory general reservation from other specific reservations of limitation and finally a reservation issued by International Law. It is added that the review of the legislator in the subject matter is an abstract element and not specific. Subsequently, and examined the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court, two jurisprudential stages are detected and characterized, one founded on the exclusion of merit control and other based on the imported principle of proportionality, with predominance of specific reservations and with an emerging jurisprudential line that tends to recognize the general reservation, more limitations and not regulations.

La llegada del principio de reserva de ley en materia de derechos fundamentales a la jurisprudencia de inaplicabilidad del Tribunal Constitucional obliga a replantear la posición, contenido y elementos de dicho principio en el sistema constitucional chileno. En el presente trabajo se plantea la coexistencia de una reserva general de regulación, de otras reservas específicas de limitación y finalmente de una reserva emanada del derecho internacional. Se agrega que el examen de lo obrado por el legislador en la materia es un elemento de control abstracto y no concreto. Posteriormente, y examinada la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Constitucional, se constatan y caracterizan 2 etapas jurisprudenciales, una fundada en la exclusión del control de mérito y otra basada en la importación del principio de proporcionalidad, con preeminencia de reservas específicas y con una emergente línea jurisprudencial que tiende al reconocimiento de la reserva general, mas de limitación y no de regulación.

This paper aims to explore cooperation alliances between Chilean Nonprofit organizations and donating private firms. It describes the main features of those alliances, and their developmental dynamics. It offers a conceptual model which permits the understanding of collaborative relations between Nonprofits and their donor firms, aimed to generate both social and economic value. Research results show that these alliances emerge based on pre-existing social contacts that bring the required social trust; there is not enough long term planning of the alliance’s future; both related organizations benefit; and it is essential to professionalize an alliance’s management.

Este artículo pretende estudiar las alianzas de cooperación de OSFL chilenas con organizaciones donantes, describiendo las principales características de dichas alianzas y su dinámica evolutiva. Presenta un modelo conceptual que permite conocer las relaciones de colaboración existentes entre OSFL y organizaciones donantes, donde el producto de tal relación es la generación de valor social y económico. Los resultados indican que estas alianzas surgen a partir de contactos pre-existentes que aportan la confianza necesaria; que falta planificar a largo plazo el futuro de las alianzas; que ambas aliadas se benefician y que es preciso profesionalizar la gestión de una alianza.

Background: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) prophylaxis with dexamethasone may produce significant hyperglycemia in the postoperative period. Aim: To evaluate if this effect is of greater severity in type 2 diabetics compared with non-diabetic patients. Material and Methods: Forty non-diabetic and thirty type 2 diabetic patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were studied in a prospective and double-blind fashion manner. Patients were randomly distributed into 4 groups: Group I, non-diabetics control (n = 20), Group II, non-diabetics dexamethasone (n = 20), Group III, type 2 diabetics control (n = 15), and Group I V, type 2 diabetics dexamethasone (n = 15). Immediately after induction, patients in groups I and III received isotonic saline and patients in the dexamethasone groups received 8 mg iv of the steroid. Capillary blood glucose concentrations were measured at baseline and every 2 hours during the first 12 hours since the start of surgery. A linear mixed effect model, adjusted for baseline capillary glucose concentration, age and duration of surgery was used to analyze the data. Results: No effect of the presence of diabetes mellitus was observed in the evolution of glucose concentrations. There was a difference in capillary glucose concentrations between patients who received dexamethasone and placebo that started 2 hours post-intervention, reaching a mean maximum difference of 34 mg/dl (adjusted model, p < 0.001) at 10 hours post-intervention. Conclusions: In this study, Type 2 diabetic patients did not show a higher susceptibility than non-diabetics to develop postoperative hyperglycemia after the use of prophylactic dexamethasone for PONV.

En los últimos años el despertar transoperatorio es uno de los principales temores de los enfermos que van a ser intervenidos quirúrgicamente y se relaciona a consecuencias como el síndrome de estrés postraumático y a las implicaciones legales resultantes. Diversos reportes que han enfatizado la elevada incidencia del despertar transoperatorio y sus efectos adversos se han diseñado diferentes técnicas para su detección temprana y monitorización; entre los cuales el más importante es el índice biespectral (BIS). El objetivo principal del presente trabajo es el de comparar el consumo de agentes anestésicos durante la anestesia general, monitorizando parámetros hemodinámicos vs. valores BIS. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, longitudinal observacional y comparativo en la unidad de quirófano y salas de recuperación del Instituto Gastroenterologico Boliviano-Japonés desde junio-agosto 2008 ingresan a este estudio 40 pacientes, de ambos sexos, ASA l-ll, edad entre 20-60 años, programados para cirugía abdominal. Se aplico una ficha de recolección de datos aleatoriamente divididos en 2 grupos de estudio: Grupo I se dosifico los agentes anestésicos a la monitorización del grado de hipnosis mediante el BIS. Grupo II se dosifico los agentes anestésicos a la monitorización de signos clínicos y cambios hemodinámicos. Según los resultados obtenidos se puede observar menor dosificación de drogas durante la anestesia general, en el Grupo monitorizado con BIS con relación al Grupo que se monitorizó con cambios hemodinámicos, lo que significa mayor dosis de anestésicos en los monitorizados con cambios hemodinámicos.

In recent years, intraoperative awakening is one of the main fears of patients who will undergo surgery and is related to consequences such as posttraumatic stress syndrome and the resulting legal implications. Several reports have emphasized the high incidence of intraoperative awakening and adverse effects are designed techniques for early detection and monitoring, among which the most important is the bispectral Índex (BIS).The main objective of this study is to compare the use of anesthetics during general anesthesia, hemodynamic monitoring vs. BIS valúes. We performed a prospective, longitudinal observational and comparative unit of operating and recovery rooms Gastroenterological Bolivian-Japanese Institute from June to August 2008 entered this study 40 patients of both sexes.ASA l-ll, aged between 20 - 60 years, scheduled for abdominal surgery. It applied a data collection sheet randomly divided into 2 study groups: Group I was dosed anesthetic agents to monitor the degree of hypnosis through the BIS. Group II was dosed anesthetic agents to the monitoring of dinical and hemodynamic changes. According to the results you can see lower dosage of drugs during general anesthesia in the BIS monitored group compared with the group that was monitored with hemodynamic changes, which means higher doses of anesthetics on the hemodynamic changes monitored.

This work deals with the justification and the content of the standing to sue in the process of inapplicability due to unconstitutionality of the law in Chile, with a perspective of the context of a concentrated and concrete system, to later differentiate between the initiative of the party and that belonging to the judge that knows the process a quo. The work also looks to justify the legitimation of the judge to the cause, alternative to that of the parties, going through the identification and content of the standing to be sued in said control of constitutionality.

El presente trabajo aborda la justificación y el contenido de la legitimación activa en el proceso de inaplicabilidad por inconstitucionalidad de la ley en Chile, en una perspectiva de contexto de un sistema concentrado y concreto, para llegar posteriormente a la diferenciación entre la iniciativa de parte y la que corresponde a juez que conoce del proceso a quo. Se busca justificar la legitimación del juez de la causa, alternativa con la de las partes, pasando por la identificación y contenido de la legitimación pasiva en dicho control de constitucionalidad.