ABSTRACT Background: The macauba (Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart.) is a palm tree native to tropical regions and occurs in much of the Brazilian territory. Current studies are focused on the extraction and exploitation of vegetable oil from this fruit. However, there are few studies on the residue, the endocarp, which represents approximately 25% of the total mass of the fruit. Studies that search for solutions for using residue, thus adding value, and generating environmentally friendly products, are of fundamental importance. Thus, this research aimed to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of reconstituted wood panels produced with different proportions of macauba endocarp particles to replace pine wood particles, in addition to characterize the physical and chemical properties of macauba endocarp. The chemical characterization tests were performed according to applicable standards. The basic density was determined according to the NBR 11941 standard. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were also performed. The particleboards panels were produced with a nominal density of 0.70g/cm³ and dimensions of 25x25x1.5cm. Five different treatments were evaluated with variations in the proportion of macauba endocarp particles in the core of the panel. For particle agglutination, phenol-formaldehyde adhesive was used at a proportion of 9% for the core and 12% for the faces, based on the dry mass of each panel. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the panel surfaces. Results: The endocarp of Acrocomia aculeata has low extractive content, high lignin content and high densification, 1.23g/cm³, when compared to Pinus oocarpa wood, 0.43g/cm³. All panels were classified as low density according to CS 236-66 and had an average apparent density between treatments of 0.586g/cm³. A greater dimensional stability and a decrease in the static bending properties of the panels was observed as the proportion of macauba endocarp particles increased. The internal bonding of the panels showed a positive result with the increase in the use of particles of the residue. Conclusion: The panels produced have potential for use for non-structural purposes. Background Jacq. Jacq (Jacq. Lodd Mart. Mart territory fruit However residue 25 value products importance Thus standards 1194 standard TGA, TGA , (TGA) Xray X ray XRD (XRD FTIR (FTIR 070gcm³ gcm 0 70g cm³ g cm 0.70g/cm 25x25x15cm xxcm 25x25x1 5cm x 25x25x1.5cm agglutination phenolformaldehyde phenol formaldehyde 9 12 faces SEM (SEM surfaces Results densification 123gcm³ 1 23g 1.23g/cm³ 043gcm³ 43g 0.43g/cm³ 23666 236 66 236-6 0586gcm³ 586g 0.586g/cm³ increased Conclusion nonstructural non structural purposes (Jacq 2 119 (TGA 070gcm xx 25x25x 123gcm 1.23g/cm 043gcm 0.43g/cm 2366 23 6 236- 0586gcm 0.586g/cm 11

RESUMO O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o efeito de diferentes espécies de madeiras e de bambu (Pinus taeda, Cereus jamacaru e Bambusa vulgaris) na hidratação de matrizes cimentícias. Para tanto, os materiais lignocelulósicos foram moídos e caracterizados antes e depois de tratamento em água quente. Posteriormente, o efeito da adição de diferentes níveis (5, 10 e 33,3%) de madeiras, pré-tratadas ou não, em pastas de cimento foram analisados a partir dos ensaios de calorimetria isotérmica e termogravimetria. Os resultados demonstraram que as partículas de cada espécie lignocelulósica apresentaram um aumento das propriedades de umidade e absorção concomitante a diminuição de suas densidades e níveis de extrativos a partir do pré-tratamento aplicado. Os outros componentes químicos destes elementos, majoritariamente, todavia, não foram afetados. Por outro lado, foi observado que quanto maior o teor de tais materiais lignocelulósicos, pré-tratados ou não, nas matrizes de cimento, maior o impacto na hidratação do cimento, segundo o ensaio de calorimetria. Já com relação ao resultado do ensaio de termogravimetria observou-se uma tendência geral, com ou sem pré-tratamento de partículas ou adição de água de compensação, de aumento dos produtos hidratados, fato atribuído, principalmente, a presença de água livre e gases nos materiais lignocelulósicos.

ABSTRACT The present work aims to analyze the effect of different species of wood and bamboo (Pinus taeda, Cereus jamacaru and Bambusa vulgaris) on the hydration of cementitious matrices. For this, the lignocellulosic materials were ground and characterized before and after treatment in hot water. Subsequently, the effect of adding different levels (5, 10 and 33.3%) of wood, pre-treated or not, in cement pastes were analyzed using isothermal calorimetry and thermogravimetry tests. The results showed that the particles of each lignocellulosic species showed an increase in moisture and absorption properties concomitant with a decrease in their densities and extractive levels from the pre-treatment applied. The other chemical components of these elements, however, were mostly unaffected. On the other hand, it was observed that the higher the content of such lignocellulosic materials, pre-treated or not, in the cement matrices, the greater the impact on cement hydration, according to the calorimetry test. Regarding the result of the thermogravimetry test, a general trend was observed, with or without pre-treatment of particles or addition of make-up water, of an increase in hydrated products, a fact mainly attributed to the presence of free water and gases in the lignocellulosic materials.

ABSTRACT The present work evaluates the effect of pyraclostrobin fungicide on the nutritional quality of mulberry leaves, silkworm cocoon production and silk fiber mechanical performance. The evaluation was performed in two consecutive years. In Spring 2015, mulberry plants were treated twice with 4 doses of pyraclostrobin (0, 100, 200, and 300 g.ha-1), 30 and 15 days before pruning of the branches. In Spring 2016, the same plants received the same doses of pyraclostrobin only 30 days before pruning of the branches. Fifth instar caterpillars were fed on treated mulberry leaves. The mineral content of mulberry leaves was determined on pruning day of the branches and 30 days before. The consumption of mulberry leaves and the mortality rate of the caterpillars fed with the treated leaves was verified, and the cocoons obtained were classified and weighed. Silk fibers were submitted to mechanical evaluation by tensile test. Morphological and physical modification were evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). In 2015, the mortality of caterpillars fed on leaves treated with pyraclostrobin was at least 26.7% higher than the control. At 2016 even with a single application the weight of the cocoons was lower. The main variation in the mineral content was observed in Mn and Fe nutrients. Mineral intake had a noticeable effect in both crystallinity and tensile strength. Results show that the use of pyraclostrobin may reduce the mechanical behavior of silk thread up to 70%, indicating that its use is not indicated for mulberry planting aiming silk feeding.

Abstract The objective of this work was to investigate the effects of mercerization on chemical, morphological and thermal properties of Amazon Piassava Fibers. The effect of this treatment was studied using XRF, SEM, XRD and TGA. The fibers have been treated in 5% and 10% NaOH for 60 min. The XRF results for treated and untreated fibers showed that there is a decrease in the amount of SiO 2 by increasing the NaOH concentration. It has been possible to observe through SEM in untreated fiber that the surface presents a well arranged pattern of silicon rich star-like protrusions. For the two concentrations, SEM allowed to notice that the removal of deleterious surface impurities and fiber roughness was enhanced. The removal of organic material after treatment can be observed in the TGA analysis. XRD analysis indicate an increase in the crystallinity index, 0.19 to 0.31 after the treatment for 10% concentration solutions.

A fibra de sisal é um importante produto agrícola usado na produção de cordas, tapetes e também como reforço de materiais compósitos poliméricos ou cimentícios. Durante sua produção, no entanto, é gerada uma grande quantidade de resíduos que atualmente tem pequeno potencial de aproveitamento comercial. O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar os resíduos agrícolas oriundos da produção e beneficiamento da fibra de sisal, denominados refugo e bucha de campo, e verificar a potencialidade de uso como reforço de argamassa. Os resíduos foram tratados com ciclos molhagem-secagem e avaliados através de ensaio de tração direta, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e espectroscopia de infravermelho (FTIR). A compatibilidade com matriz a base de cimento foi avaliada através de ensaio de arrancamento de fibra e ensaio de flexão em compósitos reforçados com 2% de resíduos de sisal. Os resultados indicam que o uso do resíduo tratado permite a produção de compósitos com boas propriedades mecânicas, superiores aos compósitos tradicionais reforçados com fibra natural de sisal.

Sisal fiber is an important agricultural product used in the manufacture of ropes, rugs and also as a reinforcement of polymeric or cement-based composites. However, during the fiber production process a large amount of residues is generated which currently have a low potential for commercial use. The aim of this study is to characterize the agricultural residues by the production and improvement of sisal fiber, called field bush and refugo and verify the potentiality of their use in the reinforcement of cement-based composites. The residues were treated with wet-dry cycles and evaluated using tensile testing of fibers, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Compatibility with the cement-based matrix was evaluated through the fiber pull-out test and flexural test in composites reinforced with 2 % of sisal residues. The results indicate that the use of treated residue allows the production of composites with good mechanical properties that are superior to the traditional composites reinforced with natural sisal fibers.