ABSTRACT Objective: To capacitate pregnant women to comply with measures designed to prevent sudden infant death syndrome. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted before and after the intervention that included pregnant women attending the Course of Preparation for Childbirth and Parenthood of Health Centers Cluster. Six training sessions were given in the context of preventing this syndrome. Three questionnaires were applied, one to evaluate the knowledge of pregnant women before classes, other was submitted after the sessions, and another, one month after the birth of the babies, to identify what skills were acquired and which were practiced. Results: Among 77 studied pregnant women, 70 answered pre-session questionnaire and the proportion of correct answers varied from from 60.0% to 84.3%. After the intervention, 64 women answered the questionnaire and the proportion of correct answers varied between 79.7% and 100% . Prior to the intervention, the most wrong answers were related to the role of smoking as a risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome and to the use of pacifiers as a protective measure. After the sessions, all women answered correctly to the questions concerning where the baby should sleep and the safest way to lay the baby in the cradle. Conclusions: Health education with the aim of establishing measures may have a significant impact in terms of care delivery and mortality rate caused by sudden infant death syndrome. Objective Methods quasiexperimental quasi experimental Cluster applied classes another babies practiced Results 7 presession pre session 600 60 0 60.0 843 84 3 84.3% 6 797 79 79.7 100 measure cradle Conclusions 60. 8 84.3 79. 10 84. 1

RESUMO Objetivo: Capacitar as grávidas para o cumprimento de medidas de prevenção da síndrome de morte súbita do lactente. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo quase-experimental pré- e pós-intervenção que integrou as grávidas que frequentavam o Curso de Preparação para o Parto e Parentalidade do Agrupamento de Centros de Saúde. Foram ministradas seis sessões formativas no âmbito da prevenção desta síndrome. Três questionários foram aplicados, um para avaliar os conhecimentos das gestantes antes das aulas, outro foi submetido após as sessões, e outro, um mês após o nascimento dos bebês para identificar que conhecimentos foram adquiridos e quais foram praticados. Resultados: Da amostra de 77 grávidas, relativamente ao questionário pré-sessão (n=70), obteve-se uma proporção de respostas corretas entre 60,0–84,3%. Posteriormente à intervenção (n=64), verificou-se um incremento dos conhecimentos com 79,7–100% de acertos. Previamente à intervenção, as respostas mais erradas às questões eram inerentes ao papel do tabagismo como fator de risco para síndrome de morte súbita do lactente e ao uso da chupeta como medida protetora. Após as sessões, todas as mulheres responderam corretamente às questões relativas ao local onde o bebê deve dormir e à forma mais segura de colocar o bebê no berço. Conclusões: Este projeto demonstrou que a educação para a saúde com o intuito de instituir medidas pode ter um impacto significativo em termos de prestação de cuidados e taxa de mortalidade por síndrome de morte súbita do lactente. Objetivo Métodos Realizouse Realizou se quaseexperimental quase experimental pré pósintervenção pós Saúde aplicados aulas praticados Resultados 7 présessão sessão n=70, n70 n n=70 , 70 (n=70) obtevese obteve 600843 60 0 84 3 60,0–84,3% n=64, n64 n=64 64 (n=64) verificouse verificou 797100 79 100 79,7–100 acertos protetora berço Conclusões n7 n=7 (n=70 60084 6 8 60,0–84,3 n6 n=6 (n=64 79710 10 79,7–10 n= (n=7 6008 60,0–84, (n=6 7971 1 79,7–1 (n= 600 60,0–84 797 79,7– (n 60,0–8 79,7 60,0– 79, 60,0 60,

Resumo A infeção por citomegalovírus é a infeção congénita mais frequente no mundo, com uma prevalência de 1,1% em Portugal Continental. A infeção fetal pode cursar com alterações importantes, sendo a principal causa de perda auditiva neurossensorial não hereditária na infância e podendo cursar com alterações congénitas de múltiplos sistemas de órgãos. A proposta de um rastreio universal pré-concecional é debatida há vários anos, não existindo ainda consenso sobre o tema. Dados recentes sugerem que o valaciclovir pode ser um tratamento eficaz e seguro, o que poderá trazer mais um argumento a favor da realização do rastreio universal do citomegalovírus. Este artigo de revisão procura sistematizar a mais recente informação sobre a infeção materna e fetal por citomegalovírus, o seu diagnóstico e possíveis tratamentos, bem como refletir acerca da pertinência da realização de um rastreio pré-concecional e ao longo da gravidez.

Abstract Cytomegalovirus infection is the most frequent congenital infection worldwide, with a prevalence of 1.1% in Mainland Portugal. Fetal infection may present with important manifestations, being the main cause of non-hereditary sensorineural hearing loss in childhood and may also lead to congenital defects of multiple organ systems. The proposal for universal preconception screening has been debated for several years, but there is still no consensus on the subject. Recent data suggest that valacyclovir may be an effective and safe treatment, which may provide a further argument in favor of universal cytomegalovirus screening. This review article seeks to systematize the most recent information on maternal and fetal cytomegalovirus infection, its diagnosis, and possible treatments, as well as to reflect on the relevance of screening before and throughout pregnancy.

Abstract This paper aims to present the debate on the relations between political communication, fake news and social networks through a systematic review of the literature from 2000 to 2020. Prisma Group's recommendations were used to offer a comprehensive and synthetic view of ongoing research that resulted in the selection and analysis of 25 scientific papers from 1,819 documents. The results show that the phenomenon of fake news has been interfering in political campaigns, electoral processes and the voting intentions of citizens in various parts of the world. The studies converge by problematizing in different ways the current environment of overload and information disorder in which circulate those incorrect, false and poor quality and their economic, political and social consequences, as shown by the ten identified thematic axes. The studies also indicate that democracy, politics and freedom of expression take on a new configuration in the post-truth and disinformation environment that has marked the 21st century, especially since the second decade.

Resumo Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar o debate sobre as relações entre comunicação política, fake news e redes sociais por meio de uma revisão sistemática da literatura considerando o período de 2000 a 2020. Foram utilizadas as recomendações do Grupo PRISMA, de modo a oferecer uma visão abrangente e ao mesmo tempo sintética das pesquisas em andamento que resultaram na seleção e análise de 25 artigos científicos a partir de 1.819 documentos. Os resultados mostram que o fenômeno das fake news vem interferindo nas campanhas políticas, nos processos eleitorais e nas intenções de voto dos cidadãos em várias partes do mundo. Os estudos convergem ao problematizarem de diferentes maneiras o ambiente atual de sobrecarga e desordem de informações no qual circulam aquelas incorretas, falsas e de má qualidade e seus desdobramentos econômicos, políticos e sociais, como mostram os dez eixos temáticos identificados. Os estudos indicam ainda que a democracia, a política e a liberdade de expressão assumem uma nova configuração no ambiente de pós-verdade e desinformação que vem marcando o século XXI, em especial a partir da segunda década.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar el debate sobre las relaciones entre la comunicación política, las noticias falsas y las redes sociales a través de una revisión sistemática de la literatura considerando el período de 2000 a 2020. Las recomendaciones del Grupo Prima se utilizaron para ofrecer una visión completa y sintética de la investigación en curso que dio lugar a la selección y análisis de 25 artículos científicos de 1.819 documentos. Los resultados muestran que el fenómeno de las fake news ha estado interfiriendo en las campañas políticas, los procesos electorales y las intenciones de voto de los ciudadanos en varias partes del mundo. Los estudios convergen por la problemática de diferentes formas en el entorno actual de sobrecarga y desorden de la información en el que circulan aquellos de mala, falsedad y mala calidad y sus consecuencias económicas, políticas y sociales, como lo demuestran los diez ejes temáticos identificados. Los estudios también indican que la democracia, la política y la libertad de expresión asumen una nueva configuración en el entorno de posverdad y desinformación que ha marcado el siglo XXI, especialmente desde la segunda década.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to propose the integration of an assets-based approach to development in the Portuguese sport system. The propositions advanced are aimed at instigating reflections on policy-level initiatives that can be undertaken with the intent of bettering the state of sport in Portugal. We argue that changes from an assets-based approach are needed in both policy and practice to influence the current Portuguese sport culture positively. Specifically, an assets-based approach could prompt a move towards deliverables aimed at promoting social development rather than a unidimensional focus on winning and performance. Based on the current state of affairs, reflections for rethinking the culture and policies of the Portuguese sport system are offered.

Abstract: This paper outlines the performance of the recent policies to strengthen the Brazilian productive structure and to support the country’s innovation. The method selected for the analysis is the case study. Based on bibliographic, documental, and empirical evidences, the objective of the present study is to investigate the effectiveness of the Brazilian Technology System (SIBRATEC), founded in 2007. The effectiveness of this system will be assessed through an outline of the institutional arrangement of the Technological Extension Network in Rio de Janeiro (SIBRATEC-ET Rede RJ) which supports competitiveness of micro, small and medium industrial enterprises (MPMEs) in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Results indicate that the institutional aspects of the arrangement do not contribute to facilitate the support to enterprises. The levels of efficiency and efficacy achieved with the use of the available technical-administrative state capabilities have failed to correspond to the expectation of providing consistent support to the state’s industrial base. However, the instruments SIBRATEC-ET Rede RJ uses to assist local MPMEs are flexible and designed aiming to adjust to the identified enterprises’ demands, which evidences great adherence in the provision of support to improve the performance and the capacities of enterprises, in order to reach the level of key-technologies.

Resumo: Este artigo objetiva avaliar as empresas brasileiras fabricantes de coletores solares sob a óptica de sua capacidade absortiva (CA) de novo conhecimento tecnológico e da inovação decorrente da assimilação e da transformação desse conhecimento, com vistas à fabricação de equipamento de condicionamento de ar acionado por energia gerada por coletores solares de alta capacidade. Trata-se de artigo de importância relevante dada a atual conjuntura do setor elétrico brasileiro e diante da necessidade de se buscarem alternativas que combinem soluções de eficiência energética e utilização de energia oriunda de novas fontes, especificamente a solar. O referencial teórico aborda os conceitos de CA, bem como as formas de avaliá-la e mensurá-la. Para concretizar a avaliação da CA desses fabricantes, realizou-se uma pesquisa quantitativa, aplicando-se um instrumento de diagnóstico adaptado à realidade das empresas fabricantes de coletores solares instaladas no Brasil. Conclui-se, a partir dos resultados dessa pesquisa, que essas empresas ainda não possuem CA madura para o desenvolvimento de um produto inovador, apresentando uma maior tendência para a dimensão potencial da CA, quando comparada com a dimensão realizada. Essa constatação corrobora as perspectivas de desenvolvimento de projetos de pesquisa e desenvolvimento (P&D) futuros, se fortalecida a aptidão das empresas respondentes na promoção de interações com outras organizações voltadas a esse propósito.

Abstract: This article aims to assess the Brazilian manufacturers of solar panels based on their absorptive capacity (AC) of new technological knowledge and innovation resulting from the assimilation and transformation of this same knowledge, in order to manufacture air conditioning equipment sourcing energy from high performance solar panels. It is an article of great relevance, given the current situation of Brazilian electricity sector and the need for energy efficiency and the use of alternative sources of energy, specifically solar. The theoretical framework addresses the concepts on AC, as well as how to evaluate and measure them. A quantitative research was performed in order to evaluate the AC of these manufacturers, applying a diagnostic tool adapted to the reality of Brazilian companies. The results of this research concluded that these companies do not yet have mature AC for developing an innovative product, showing a higher tendency for the potential dimension of AC when compared to the realized dimension. This finding corroborates the prospects for future research and development projects if the surveyed companies strengthen their ability to promote interactions with other organizations devoted to that same purpose.

ABSTRACT Introduction: HIV is a disease that affects the immune system and gradually destroys; thereby causing the body that is harder to fight infections, which facilitates the person may have AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Objective: To assess the quality of life of patients with HIV who attended the PRONASIDA under the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare, during the period from July 2014 to October 2014. Methodology: Observational, retrospective, descriptive cross-sectional, in patients attending PRONASIDA under the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare. Results: Regarding sex predominance of males in 175 patients (53%) was observed, age dominates the range of 29 to 39 in 140 patients (43%) were single 172 cases (52%), 228 of them expressed have finished only high school, I represented (59%) feel fully accepted representing (37%) of respondents, as to the feelings of discrimination in which 156 (47%) patients are bothered too much blame him for his illness, where you can also see a similarity in terms of feelings by patients. The values of quality of life have been given regarding the domains in a range of 66 and 79 with an intermediate rating to good. Conclusion: The quality of life in terms of the mean and standard deviation of QoL domains of WHOQOL-HIV BREF, presented scores range between 66 and 79 points in the six dimensions where patients had good results especially in physical. About sex male predominance concerning a predominance of the age range 29 to 39 years, mostly singles and origin of assumption was observed. With regard to assistance received medical and psychological needs, they have expressed much need of medical treatment to function normally day to day mostly. On the perception of general health, in relation to a sick person considered most she said yes. The social interaction of patients through satisfaction with personal relationships has revealed that they are happy mostly. The results regarding the doctor-patient relationship revealed that the highest percentage of cases mentioned always happy with access to the health system.

RESUMEN Introducción: El VIH es una enfermedad que afecta el sistema inmunitario y lo destruye gradualmente, provocando de esta forma que para el cuerpo sea más difícil combatir infecciones, lo cual facilita que la persona pueda tener SIDA (síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida). Objetivo: Valorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes con VIH que acudieron al Pronasida dependencia del Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social, durante el periodo comprendido de Julio del 2014 a Octubre del 2014. Metodología: Observacional, retrospectivo, descriptivo de corte transversal, en Pacientes que acudieron a Pronasida dependencia del Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social. Resultados: Referente al sexo se observó una predominancia del sexo masculino en 175 pacientes (53%), la edad predomina el rango de 9 a 39 en 140 pacientes (43%), eran solteros 172 casos (52%), 228 de ellos manifestaron haber terminado solo la secundaria, representado el 59%), se sienten completamente aceptados representando el (37%) de los encuestados, en cuanto a los sentimientos de discriminación en donde a 156 (47%) pacientes les molesta demasiado que lo culpen por su enfermedad, donde también se puede ver una similitud en cuanto a sentimientos por parte de los pacientes. Los valores de calidad de vida se han dado con relación a los dominios en un rango de 66 y 79 con una calificación intermedia a buena. Conclusión: La calidad de vida en cuanto a las medias y desviación estándar de los dominios de CV del WHOQOL-HIV BREF, presentaron puntajes en un rango entre 66 y 79 puntos en las seis dimensiones en donde los pacientes presentaron buenos resultados en especial en lo físico. Referente al sexo se observó una predominancia del sexo masculino, referente a la edad una predominancia del rango de 29 a 39 años, solteros en su mayoría y la procedencia de asunción. Con relación a las asistencias recibidas de necesidades médicas y psicológicas, han manifestado mucha necesidad de tratamiento médico para funcionar normalmente día a día en su mayor parte. Sobre la percepción de la salud en general, con relación a considerarse una persona enferma la mayoría ha manifestado que sí. La interacción social de los pacientes a través de la satisfacción en cuanto a las relaciones personales ha revelado que se sienten contentos en su mayoría. Los resultados en cuanto a la relación médico-paciente revelaron que en el mayor porcentaje de los casos mencionaron estar siempre contentos con el acceso al sistema de salud.

The objective of the study was to describe the oral health conditions of people over 60 years from the geriatric grandparents club, Virgen de Fatima Parish-San Lorenzo-Barcequillo-Paraguay. It was a cross-sectional study carried out in adults over 60 years, which included oral examination, evaluation of post-stimulus saliva and a survey to assess diet, oral hygiene and access to health services. Sixty three point nine percent (63.9%) of those tested were women with a median age of 72.6 years and 68.8 years for men. The overall DMFT index was 23.4, with a prevalence of 75% active caries. Thirty three point three (33.3%) were edentulous (39.1% women and 23.1% men) and 83.3% had more than half his teeth missing, which was observed more frequently in women: 86.9%. A prosthesis was used by 69.4% and 56% had full dentures. The prevalence of periodontal disease by Russel Index was 66.7%, 70.8% with destructive bone lesions and/or periodontal pockets. Eighty nine percent of the population had fluid saliva and 75% normal amount (>1 ml). Fifty six percent (56%) went to dental services one year or less before the study and this was more frequent in women (69.5%). The study group showed marked deterioration of their oral health, characterized by partial and total edentulism, with high frequency of the use of a total prosthesis. Therefore, there is an urgent need for health promotion, with emphasis on the prevention of tooth loss and alternatives prosthetic rehabilitation.

El objetivo del estudio fue describir las condiciones de salud oral en personas mayores de 60 años del club geriátrico “Abue-Club”, Parroquia Virgen de Fátima-Barcequillo-San Lorenzo-Paraguay. Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en adultos mayores de 60 años, que incluyó la exploración bucodental, evaluación de saliva post-estímulo y una encuesta para evaluar dieta, hábitos de higiene y acceso a los servicios de salud. El 63,9% de los evaluados era del sexo femenino con una mediana de edad de 72,6 años y en varones 68,8 años. El Índice CPOD total fue 23,4, con una prevalencia de caries activa del 75%. El 33,3% presentó edentulismo total (39,1% en mujeres y 23,1% en hombres). El 83,3% tenía más de la mitad de sus dientes ausentes, con mayor frecuencia en mujeres (86,9%). El 69,4% utilizaba prótesis, de los cuales el 56% usaba prótesis total. La prevalencia de enfermedad periodontal por el Índice de Russel fue de 66,7%; 70,8% con lesiones destructivas óseas y/ó bolsas periodontales. El 89% de la población presentó saliva fluida y 75% en cantidad normal (>1 ml). El 56% de los participantes acudió a un servicio odontológico un año o menos antes del estudio, siendo más frecuente en mujeres (69,5%). El grupo de estudio presentó marcado deterioro de salud oral, caracterizado por el edentulismo parcial y total, con alta frecuencia de uso de prótesis total; por tanto urge la necesidad de promoción de salud, con énfasis en la prevención de pérdidas dentarias y alternativas de rehabilitación protésica.

Dentro do grande tema Arte e Informação, foi pesquisada a importância das novas tecnologias de informação, a internet e as redes sociais, como forma de interação entre os diversos agentes que atuam no sistema de arte, tendo como base o esquema tripartite proposto por Anne Cauquelin, produção, distribuição e consumo. A aproximação interdisciplinar entre essas áreas do conhecimento permite vislumbrar a forma como a arte contemporânea e o artista contemporâneo se inserem neste meio informacional. Vivemos na era da informação, portanto o indivíduo artista está inserido nesse mundo, e precisa conviver com as novas tecnologias da informação. Faz-se necessário um olhar mais atento sobre o comportamento da arte e do artista diante do mundo contemporâneo mergulhado na era da informação extrema, seja como forma de expor trabalhos de arte, propagar ideias ou mesmo como forma de criação artística. Foi surpreendente perceber como essas áreas tão distintas podem se relacionar de forma tão íntima, e como a Ciência da Informação contribui para a formação cultural e construção do conhecimento da sociedade contemporânea. Através de questionário aplicado a profissionais da área - artistas de diversas especialidades, críticos, galeristas, etc.- foi possível estabelecer um contato mais próximo sobre o pensamento do próprio indivíduo acerca de sua interação com o mundo da informação, e os benefícios que se pode obter pelo uso da internet e das redes sociais.

Within the great theme Art and Information, it was researched the importance of the new technologies of information, the internet and social networks, as a way of interaction between the various actors involved in the system of art, based on the tripartite scheme proposed by Anne Cauquelin: production, distribution and consumption. The interdisciplinary approach between these areas of knowledge provides a glimpse of how the contemporary art and the contemporary artist insert themselves into this informational environment. We live in the information age, so the individual artist is inserted in this world, and has to live with the new information technologies. It is necessary a closer look on the behavior of the art and the artist on the contemporary world plunged in the extreme information age, either as a way to exhibit works of art, propagate ideas or even as a form of artistic creation. It was amazing to see how these areas so distinct can relate so intimately, and how information science contributes to cultural and knowledge construction of the contemporary society. Through a questionnaire applied to professionals of the area - artists of various specialties, critics, gallerists, etc. - it was possible to establish a closer contact on the individual's own thinking about their interaction with the world of information, and the benefits that can be obtained by using the internet and social networks.

This paper approaches the research topic 'university-industry interaction' based on a case study in the Brazilian oil innovation system (OIS). It discourses on the management of cooperative R & D projects, by the state-owned Operator, Petrobras, involving two Brazilian universities and one medium-sized locally owned supplier firm in the scope of the Thematic Network for Integration of Science and Technology-Industry at the National Productive Process (NISTI). The NISTI is a network of scientific and technological partnerships created by the Operator to foster competitive local content and innovation in the Brazilian OIS. The case study showed the learning processes generated by the actors' interactions were crucial to the effectiveness of the technological solutions developed by the partners. Despite the management challenges inherent in the institutional differences between academia and industry, this initiative reinforced the prominence of universities as sources of technological opportunities in science-based sectors. In addition, the adopted partnership model provided useful recommendations to the reassessment of the R & D portfolio's formation.

A pesquisa, aqui relatada, teve por objetivo avaliar o processo de transferência de conhecimento, envolvendo a subsidiária brasileira, a matriz americana e a subsidiária francesa de uma organização multinacional do setor de papel, buscando identificar os elementos de sucesso e o modelo de transferência adotado. Como base para a pesquisa, foram utilizados principalmente os modelos de transferência de conhecimento desenvolvidos por Duguid e Brown (2001), Nonaka e Konno (1998), Dixon (2000) e Fleury; Oliveira Junior; Child (2001). A pesquisa teve caráter qualitativo e foi realizado um estudo de caso único, valendo-se de entrevistas semiestruturadas, análise de documentos e observação para a coleta de informações. A pesquisa apontou, como fatores de sucesso da transferência, a adequada seleção dos coordenadores e dos participantes das equipes envolvidas, o apoio da organização, o estabelecimento de um programa de viagens, visitas, reuniões e atividades de socialização, que motivaram os participantes e apoiaram o desenvolvimento de relações de confiança entre as equipes, facilitando o compartilhamento de conhecimento. Como principais barreiras à transferência, foram apontadas a resistência à mudança por parte de alguns membros da equipe da unidade brasileira, associada à frustração com o fluxo unidirecional de conhecimento e a não valorização do conhecimento local.

This research had as objective the evaluation of a knowledge transferring process within a multinational organization, involving subsidiaries in Brazil and France, focusing on the identification of elements of success and the operating model associated to the process. Research works done by Oliveira Junior and Fleury (2001), Duguid and Brown (2001), Nonaka and Konno (1998) and Dixon (2000) related to knowledge transfer were used as theoretical reference. Case study was used as research method, collecting data through documents analyzes, interviews and direct participation. As results this research identified as elements of success to design a knowledge transferring process the selection of coordinators and team members in each site that participated in the process, the organization support, the establishment of a program involving trips, site visits, meeting and other activities that support socialization, motivation and that help to develop a high degree of confidence among participants, so enhancing knowledge sharing.

Para uma melhor compreensão da importância da gestão do conhecimento para as empresas, é necessário que se retorne à teoria da firma. As firmas se organizam em estruturas que visam diminuir os custos de obter e trocar informações. Esse artigo discute os impactos das tecnologias de informação (TICs) sobre as firmas. As TICs, por facilitarem a troca de informações entre empresas, afetam os seus limites, abrindo novos campos para a gestão do conhecimento.

For a better understanding of the importance of knowledge management for enterprises, it is necessary to consider the theory of the firm. To accomplish their functions, the firms organize themselves in structures that aim at diminishing the costs of obtaining and exchanging information. This paper discusses the role of information technologies in facilitating information and knowledge exchange among firms, as they enlarge firms possibilities of cooperation and affect their limits, creating new opportunities to knowledge management.

Falls in the elderly are a serious problem that results in large health care expenditures. To prevent them, it has been shown that the key is an epidemiologic knowledge of the target population. The purpose of this systematic review was to identify the incidence, risk factors and consequences of falls in the Spanish population, by analyzing the methodological quality of studies that provide these data. Two independent authors identified 54 studies through manual and electronic means (MEDLINE, Dialnet, Tesis en Red, TESEO y CSIC [ICYT, IME, ISOC]). A total of 13 studies performed in Spain with non-hospitalized elderly individuals older than 64 years of age were selected and assessed for their methodological quality. We found heterogeneity in the characteristics and quality of the studies, and a general inadequacy of data analyses. The risk factors and consequences must be viewed with caution, since in most of the studies a causal inference cannot be made. We showed that the current fall rates are at the same level as those of the first epidemiologic study published 15 years ago. We conclude that Spain has a high incidence of falls and needs studies on risk factors directed toward cause and effect in the community and comparisons among nursing homes. Finally, the physical, psychosocial and economic consequences must be investigated more thoroughly.

Las caídas representan un importante problema de salud para las personas mayores y repercuten en costes elevados. Para prevenirlas se ha demostrado que es clave el conocimiento epidemiológico de la población diana. Esta revisión sistemática tiene como objetivo identificar la incidencia, los factores de riesgo y las consecuencias de las caídas en la población española, analizando la calidad metodológica de los estudios que aportan estos datos. Dos personas identificaron 54 estudios mediante búsqueda manual y electrónica (MEDLINE, Dialnet, Tesis en Red, TESEO y CSIC [ICYT, IME, ISOC]). Se seleccionaron 13 estudios realizados en España con personas no hospitalizadas mayores de 64 años, y se valoró su calidad metodológica. Se aprecia heterogeneidad en las características y calidad de los estudios, siendo en general los análisis de los datos insuficientes. Los factores de riesgo y las consecuencias deben ser vistos con precaución, pues en la mayoría de los estudios no es posible hacer inferencia causal. Se identifica que los índices de caídas actuales se encuentran en el mismo nivel del primer estudio epidemiológico publicado hace 15 años. Se concluye que en España la incidencia de caídas es elevada, precisándose estudios sobre factores de riesgo con dirección causa efecto en la comunidad y comparaciones entre residencias de ancianos. Finalmente, las consecuencias físicas, psicosociales y económicas, deben ser investigadas con más profundidad.

Falls in the elderly are a serious problem that results in large health care expenditures. To prevent them, it has been shown that the key is an epidemiologic knowledge of the target population. The purpose of this systematic review was to identify the incidence, risk factors and consequences of falls in the Spanish population, by analyzing the methodological quality of studies that provide these data. Two independent authors identified 54 studies through manual and electronic means (MEDLINE, Dialnet, Tesis en Red, TESEO y CSIC [ICYT, IME, ISOC]). A total of 13 studies performed in Spain with non-hospitalized elderly individuals older than 64 years of age were selected and assessed for their methodological quality. We found heterogeneity in the characteristics and quality of the studies, and a general inadequacy of data analyses. The risk factors and consequences must be viewed with caution, since in most of the studies a causal inference cannot be made. We showed that the current fall rates are at the same level as those of the first epidemiologic study published 15 years ago. We conclude that Spain has a high incidence of falls and needs studies on risk factors directed toward cause and effect in the community and comparisons among nursing homes. Finally, the physical, psychosocial and economic consequences must be investigated more thoroughly.

Las caídas representan un importante problema de salud para las personas mayores y repercuten en costes elevados. Para prevenirlas se ha demostrado que es clave el conocimiento epidemiológico de la población diana. Esta revisión sistemática tiene como objetivo identificar la incidencia, los factores de riesgo y las consecuencias de las caídas en la población española, analizando la calidad metodológica de los estudios que aportan estos datos. Dos personas identificaron 54 estudios mediante búsqueda manual y electrónica (MEDLINE, Dialnet, Tesis en Red, TESEO y CSIC [ICYT, IME, ISOC]). Se seleccionaron 13 estudios realizados en España con personas no hospitalizadas mayores de 64 años, y se valoró su calidad metodológica. Se aprecia heterogeneidad en las características y calidad de los estudios, siendo en general los análisis de los datos insuficientes. Los factores de riesgo y las consecuencias deben ser vistos con precaución, pues en la mayoría de los estudios no es posible hacer inferencia causal. Se identifica que los índices de caídas actuales se encuentran en el mismo nivel del primer estudio epidemiológico publicado hace 15 años. Se concluye que en España la incidencia de caídas es elevada, precisándose estudios sobre factores de riesgo con dirección causa efecto en la comunidad y comparaciones entre residencias de ancianos. Finalmente, las consecuencias físicas, psicosociales y económicas, deben ser investigadas con más profundidad.