Resumo O presente artigo busca estabelecer uma narrativa sobre alguns aspectos da trajetória acadêmica e militante do professor e educador popular Victor Valla, tendo como destaque uma problemática assinalada por ele em vários textos e debates, sobre a recorrente incompreensão de alguns pesquisadores e técnicos (assistentes sociais, educadores, médicos, enfermeiros, etc.) sobre as classes populares e suas falas. Valla ressaltava a existência de produção de conhecimento para além do circuito tradicional das universidades e centros de pesquisa, especialmente no âmbito das classes populares, que, para ele, estaria imbricada em suas práticas. Neste sentido, advogava uma nova postura teórica e metodológica para os projetos sociais, educacionais culturais e de saúde junto aos grupos populares, o que seria totalmente coerente e compatível com as premissas de um sistema de saúde democrático e equânime, apregoado pelos envolvidos com a área da Saúde.

Abstract The article explores aspects of the academic and activist life of the teacher and popular educator Victor Valla, particularly his repeated critiques, in writings and debates, about how some researchers and some social workers, educators, medical providers, and others working with the popular classes failed to understand these groups and their discourse. Valla embraced the idea that knowledge can be produced outside the traditional walls of universities and research centers, especially by the popular classes, who embed knowledge production in their very practices. In this regard, he advocated a new theoretical and methodological posture in social, cultural, educational, and health projects among the poor, in total consonance with the presuppositions of a democratic, equitable healthcare system, as supported by those involved in the health sector.

Resumo O presente artigo busca estabelecer uma narrativa sobre alguns aspectos da trajetória acadêmica e militante do professor e educador popular Victor Valla, tendo como destaque uma problemática assinalada por ele em vários textos e debates, sobre a recorrente incompreensão de alguns pesquisadores e técnicos (assistentes sociais, educadores, médicos, enfermeiros, etc.) sobre as classes populares e suas falas. Valla ressaltava a existência de produção de conhecimento para além do circuito tradicional das universidades e centros de pesquisa, especialmente no âmbito das classes populares, que, para ele, estaria imbricada em suas práticas. Neste sentido, advogava uma nova postura teórica e metodológica para os projetos sociais, educacionais culturais e de saúde junto aos grupos populares, o que seria totalmente coerente e compatível com as premissas de um sistema de saúde democrático e equânime, apregoado pelos envolvidos com a área da Saúde.

Abstract The article explores aspects of the academic and activist life of the teacher and popular educator Victor Valla, particularly his repeated critiques, in writings and debates, about how some researchers and some social workers, educators, medical providers, and others working with the popular classes failed to understand these groups and their discourse. Valla embraced the idea that knowledge can be produced outside the traditional walls of universities and research centers, especially by the popular classes, who embed knowledge production in their very practices. In this regard, he advocated a new theoretical and methodological posture in social, cultural, educational, and health projects among the poor, in total consonance with the presuppositions of a democratic, equitable healthcare system, as supported by those involved in the health sector.

Abstract: In Brazil, leprosy is a widespread infectious and contagious disease. Clinicians and specialists view leprosy broadly as a systemic infection, since, in its manifestations, it mimics many conditions, such as rheumatic, vascular, ENT, neurological and dermatological diseases. There are few studies that characterize the factors associated with ulcers in leprosy. These injuries should be prevented and treated promptly to avoid serious problems like secondary infections, sepsis, carcinomatous degeneration and amputations. We describe a patient with ulcers on his legs, involving late diagnosis of lepromatous leprosy.

Abstract Leprosy is aneasily recognizable disease due to its dermato-neurological manifestations. It must be present in the physician’s diagnostic repertoire, especially for those working in endemic areas. However, leprosy reaction is not always easily recognized by non-dermatologists, becoming one of the major problems in the management of patients with leprosy, as it presents clinical complications characterized by inflammatory process, accompanied by pain, malaise and sometimes the establishment or worsening of the patient’s disabilities. We report the case of a patient with type-1 periorbital reaction admitted to the hospital, diagnosed and treated as facial cellulitis, whose late diagnosis may have contributed to the appearance or worsening of facial neuritis.

Leprosy is clinically characterized by involvement of peripheral nerves and skin. The immunological profile of the individual defines the diversity of clinical manifestations, from skin disorders to systemic manifestations, especially the articulation ones, common in multibacillary forms, which may mimic collagen diseases and often posing diagnostic difficulties in endemic areas. This is a case report of asymmetric polyarthritis of small and large articulations associated with skin lesions which had been treated by a rheumatologist for 2 years with initial clinical diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, and later, with the appearance of skin lesions, of systemic lupus erythematosus.

PURPOSE: To study the possible potentiation of the carcinogenic effects of ultraviolet radiation associated with an organophosphate pesticide.METHODS: Forty Wistar rats were assigned into four groups (n=10 each) randomized according to the procedures: group A received only UVR-B radiation; group B, UVR-B for eight weeks followed by a seven week period of pesticide exposure; group C, UVR-B + pesticide concomitantly: group D, only pesticide application. At the end of the fifth, tenth and fifteenth weeks the animals were photographed. Skin biopsy and histopathological study with Hematoxylin-Eosin were done on the fifteenth week. Statistical analysis with Fisher's and Sign (unilateral) tests, 5% value for significance.RESULTS: Macroscopic lesions in the group A evolved from the erythema to erythema + desquamation. The groups B and C, with the association of two carcinogens, and group D presented evolution to keratosis, with higher incidence in group D. The histology showed a significant increase in the severity of injuries when the UVR-B and the pesticide were applied simultaneously, leading to cellular atypia.CONCLUSIONS: Concurrent association of UVR-B to organophosphate pesticide produced more severe lesions microscopically, although this has not been so apparent macroscopically. In daily practice the clinical evaluation should be complemented with laboratory evaluation.

Este artigo buscou discutir a trajetória das comunidades de Manguinhos, no universo das favelas da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, no que diz respeito às políticas de habitação e urbanização e aos processos de ocupação. A história centenária dessa região reflete a disputa pelo espaço urbano e a complexidade do tema das favelas, frente aos problemas historicamente vinculados a tal tipo de moradia, comunidade e localidade.

This article aimed at discussing the trajectory of the Manguinhos communities, in the context of favelas in the city of Rio de Janeiro, mainly concerning housing and urban policies and occupation proceedings. The centennial history of this region reflects urban space disputes and the complexity of the favelas theme upon historical problems connected to this kind of housing, community, and locality.

Este artículo buscó discutir la trayectoria de las comunidades de Manguinhos, en el universo de las favelas de la ciudad de Río de Janeiro, respecto a las políticas de habitación y urbanización y los procesos de ocupación. La historia centenaria de esa región refleja la disputa por el espacio urbano y la complejidad del tema de las favelas, frente a los problemas históricamente vinculados a este tipo de vivienda, comunidad, y localidad.

Cet article traite de l'histoire des communautés de Manguinhos (RJ), dans le monde des bidonvilles (favelas) de cette ville, non seulement en ce qui concerne les politiques d'habitation et d'urbanisation, mais aussi les process de occupation. L'histoire centenaire de cette région reflète la lutte pour l'espace urbain et la complexité de la question des bidonvilles, face aux problèmes historiquement associés à ce type de logement, de communauté et d'emplacement.

O objetivo deste texto é discutir algumas ações que possibilitaram a erradicação da varíola no Brasil, considerando os principais contextos e as políticas adotadas para as doenças entre 1920 e 1970, assumindo como destaque as medidas educativas no campo da saúde e estabelecendo uma discussão acerca do conteúdo educacional dos programas adotados. Observam-se, ao longo deste período, a configuração de políticas de saúde e a criação de organismos estatais direcionados a doenças e ações específicas, o que no caso da varíola somente ocorreu na década de 1960, quando foram criadas a Campanha Nacional contra a Varíola e a Campanha Nacional de Erradicação da Varíola. A educação sanitária e as relações com estas instituições foram de fundamental importância para a divulgação e implementação de ações estatais que possibilitaram ampliação da cobertura vacinal com a aceitação de seu uso pela população, o alcance do controle e a erradicação da doença.

The aim of this paper is to discuss some actions that made possible the eradication of smallpox in Brazil, considering the main contexts and policies adopted for the disease between 1920 and 1970, assuming as contrast educational measures in the field of health and establishing a discussion on the educational content of the programs adopted. It can be observed that, during this period, the setting of the health policies and the creation of state agencies that target specific diseases and actions, which in the case of the smallpox, only occurred in the 1960s, when the National Campaign against the Smallpox and the National Campaign for Eradication of Smallpox were created. Health education and the relations with these institutions were of fundamental importance to the dissemination and implementation of state actions that allowed the expansion of the vaccinal coverage with acceptance of its use by the population and the range of control and eradication of the disease.

O objetivo deste texto é discutir algumas ações que possibilitaram a erradicação da varíola no Brasil, considerando os principais contextos e as políticas adotadas para as doenças entre 1920 e 1970, assumindo como destaque as medidas educativas no campo da saúde e estabelecendo uma discussão acerca do conteúdo educacional dos programas adotados. Observam-se, ao longo deste período, a configuração de políticas de saúde e a criação de organismos estatais direcionados a doenças e ações específicas, o que no caso da varíola somente ocorreu na década de 1960, quando foram criadas a Campanha Nacional contra a Varíola e a Campanha Nacional de Erradicação da Varíola. A educação sanitária e as relações com estas instituições foram de fundamental importância para a divulgação e implementação de ações estatais que possibilitaram ampliação da cobertura vacinal com a aceitação de seu uso pela população, o alcance do controle e a erradicação da doença.

The aim of this paper is to discuss some actions that made possible the eradication of smallpox in Brazil, considering the main contexts and policies adopted for the disease between 1920 and 1970, assuming as contrast educational measures in the field of health and establishing a discussion on the educational content of the programs adopted. It can be observed that, during this period, the setting of the health policies and the creation of state agencies that target specific diseases and actions, which in the case of the smallpox, only occurred in the 1960s, when the National Campaign against the Smallpox and the National Campaign for Eradication of Smallpox were created. Health education and the relations with these institutions were of fundamental importance to the dissemination and implementation of state actions that allowed the expansion of the vaccinal coverage with acceptance of its use by the population and the range of control and eradication of the disease.

Neste artigo, pretendemos analisar o processo de conformação da Vigilância Sanitária no país entre 1976, quando foi criada a Secretaria Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, e 1999, ano de implantação da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. O foco central do estudo é direcionado à inserção da área nas políticas de saúde e as alterações na concepção dos serviços que assume nova conotação e passa de "fiscalização" para "vigilância". O reconhecimento da importância da vigilância sanitária no campo mais amplo da Saúde Coletiva, assim como a especificidade de seus trabalhadores, constituem pontos de destaque nesta reflexão. Estudos mais recentes acerca do tema começam a desvendar um campo complexo de saberes e práticas, quase invisível nas políticas de saúde e raramente abordado entre as temáticas da Saúde Coletiva, propiciando novas perspectivas para a área.

In this article, we analyze the structure of health surveillance in the country between 1976 - when the National Secretariat of Health Surveillance was created - and 1999 - the year of the implementation of an independently administered, financially autonomous regulatory agency linked to the Ministry of Health, the National Health Surveillance Agency. The study focuses mainly on how the field of health surveillance fits into the health policies, and on the changes in its conception passing from the connotation of "inspection" to "surveillance". The recognition of the importance of health surveillance in the broader field of Community Health as well as the specificity of its professionals are central points of reflection. Recent studies on this topic are beginning to reveal a complex field of knowledge and practices, almost invisible in health policies and rarely addressed amidst the new topics of Community Health, thus opening new perspectives for this area.

Neste artigo, pretendemos analisar o processo de conformação da Vigilância Sanitária no país entre 1976, quando foi criada a Secretaria Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, e 1999, ano de implantação da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. O foco central do estudo é direcionado à inserção da área nas políticas de saúde e as alterações na concepção dos serviços que assume nova conotação e passa de "fiscalização" para "vigilância". O reconhecimento da importância da vigilância sanitária no campo mais amplo da Saúde Coletiva, assim como a especificidade de seus trabalhadores, constituem pontos de destaque nesta reflexão. Estudos mais recentes acerca do tema começam a desvendar um campo complexo de saberes e práticas, quase invisível nas políticas de saúde e raramente abordado entre as temáticas da Saúde Coletiva, propiciando novas perspectivas para a área.

In this article, we analyze the structure of health surveillance in the country between 1976 - when the National Secretariat of Health Surveillance was created - and 1999 - the year of the implementation of an independently administered, financially autonomous regulatory agency linked to the Ministry of Health, the National Health Surveillance Agency. The study focuses mainly on how the field of health surveillance fits into the health policies, and on the changes in its conception passing from the connotation of "inspection" to "surveillance". The recognition of the importance of health surveillance in the broader field of Community Health as well as the specificity of its professionals are central points of reflection. Recent studies on this topic are beginning to reveal a complex field of knowledge and practices, almost invisible in health policies and rarely addressed amidst the new topics of Community Health, thus opening new perspectives for this area.

A Academia de Medicina ocupou, no Brasil Império, importante espaço na promoção de debates e discussões acerca da medicina no país, simbolizando o movimento de tentativa de organização e busca de legitimação do corpo médico brasileiro daquele momento. Este artigo trata da atuação da Academia, no que diz respeito à vacina antivariólica e suas concepções e práticas, desde a criação como Sociedade de Medicina do Rio de Janeiro até sua transformação em Academia Nacional de Medicina, no final do século XIX. Os periódicos da instituição, fonte central deste estudo, retratavam o pensamento e a prática médica brasileiras e ressaltavam a carência de pesquisas e a necessidade de maior leitura para elaboração de estudos próprios. Divulgavam trabalhos elaborados e já publicados em outros países, ou discussões apontadas por médicos brasileiros, inicialmente voltados para casos e estatísticas clínicas e hospitalares e, posteriormente, incorporando experimentos laboratoriais à clínica.

In Imperial Brazil, the Academy of Medicine played an important role in promoting debates and discussions about local medicine. It was a symbol of the movement to try to organize the Brazilian medical body and lend it legitimacy. The article focuses on issues surrounding the Academy's activities regarding the smallpox vaccine and its conceptions and practice, covering the period from the Academy's birth as the Rio de Janeiro Society of Medicine till its transformation into the National Academy of Medicine, when Brazil became a Republic at the close of the nineteenth century. The main source for this study were the Academy's periodicals, which portrayed Brazilian medical thought and practice throughout the nineteenth century and underscored the lack of research and the need for greater reading on the topic so local studies could be conducted. These publications were devoted to disseminating works that had already been published in other countries or to discussions raised by Brazilian physicians. The latter at first targeted clinical and hospital cases and statistics and then later, starting in the 1880s, began to incorporate laboratory experiments.