Abstract The Amazon Rainforest presents intense pressure from agricultural and cattle farming activities on its forest remnants, which promotes forest fragmentation. The present study aimed to quantify structural changes in the Amazon Rainforest landscape in the state of Tocantins, Brazil, that occurred between 1985 and 2020 using Mapbiomas data and landscape metrics. MAPBIOMS images were used to delimit forest fragments and size classes. Landscape metrics were estimated using the Fragstats® software. In the state of Tocantins, the Amazon Rainforest, grassland, and savanna showed a fragmentation process between 1985 and 2020, with a reduction in their total area and the number of fragments, with less rounded shapes and loss of core areas, in need of environmental policies to protect forest remnants and interrupt the process of Forest fragmentation, especially the Amazon Rainforest.

Abstract The Amazon Rainforest presents intense pressure from agricultural and cattle farming activities on its forest remnants, which promotes forest fragmentation. The present study aimed to quantify structural changes in the Amazon Rainforest landscape in the state of Tocantins, Brazil, that occurred between 1985 and 2020 using Mapbiomas data and landscape metrics. MAPBIOMS images were used to delimit forest fragments and size classes. Landscape metrics were estimated using the Fragstats® software. In the state of Tocantins, the Amazon Rainforest, grassland, and savanna showed a fragmentation process between 1985 and 2020, with a reduction in their total area and the number of fragments, with less rounded shapes and loss of core areas, in need of environmental policies to protect forest remnants and interrupt the process of Forest fragmentation, especially the Amazon Rainforest.

Resumo A dinâmica da cobertura florestal na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio São Francisco (BHRSF) pode ser avaliada por métricas de ecologia da paisagem. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a fragmentação florestal na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio São Francisco, Brasil, por meio de métricas de ecologia da paisagem e quantificar a cobertura florestal nas unidades de conservação federais (UCs) presentes, para os biomas Caatinga, Mata Atlântica e Cerrado nos anos de 1997, 2007 e 2017. O mapeamento dos fragmentos foi realizado considerando área e quantidade dos fragmentos florestais, divididos nas seguintes classes de tamanho: (1) pequeno (até 10 ha); (2) médio (entre 10 e 100 ha); e (3) grande (maiores que 100 ha). As métricas, área, forma e borda, foram calculadas no software Fragstats® 4.2. As métricas números de fragmentos (NP), área de classe (CA), tamanho médio dos fragmentos (MPS) e densidade de borda (ED) dos fragmentos florestais dos biomas Caatinga e Cerrado na BHRSF comprovam que a Bacia está em processo de fragmentação florestal, principalmente nos grandes fragmentos, que tiveram suas áreas reduzidas, e nos de tamanho médio, que tiveram aumento da quantidade de bordas. De forma geral, a proteção de áreas florestais nas UCs da Caatinga e Cerrado não foram eficazes em manter a cobertura florestal, haja vista o desmatamento nestas áreas protegidas em 20 anos. Medidas como pagamentos por serviços ambientais ou restauração florestal devem ser utilizadas pelo poder público e sociedade em conjunto com a criação e manutenção de áreas florestais protegidas. A Mata Atlântica foi o único bioma a apresentar aumento na cobertura florestal e redução da fragmentação florestal na BHRSF. Iniciativas como o pacto da restauração da Mata Atlântica e Lei da Mata Atlântica de 2006 podem ter favorecido esse aumento da cobertura florestal.

Abstract The dynamics of forest cover in the São Francisco River Basin (BHRSF) can be assessed by metrics of landscape ecology. The aim of this work was to evaluate the forest fragmentation of the São Francisco River Basin, Brazil, through metrics of landscape ecology, and the quantification of forest cover in federal conservation units (UCs) for the Caatinga, Atlantic Forest and Cerrado biomes in the years 1997, 2007 and 2017. The mapping of forest fragments was calculated by the area and the quantity of forest fragments that were divided into the size classes: (1) small (up to 10 ha); (2) medium (between 10 and 100 ha); and (3) large (greater than 100 ha). The metrics were calculated in the Fragstats® 4.2 software, and three groups of metrics were used: area, shape and border. The metric fragment numbers (NP), class area (CA), average fragment size (MPS) and edge density (ED) of forest fragments from the Caatinga and Cerrado biomes at BHRSF prove that the Basin is in the process of forest fragmentation mainly in the large fragments, which had their areas reduced, and in those of medium size, which had an increase in the amount of edges. In general, the protection of forest areas in the Caatinga and Cerrado UCs is not effective in maintaining the forest cover, given the deforestation that has existed in these protected areas in the last 20 years. Measures such as payments for environmental services or forest restoration must be used by the government and society in conjunction with the creation and maintenance of protected forest areas. The Atlantic Forest was the only biome to show an increase in the forest cover and a decrease in the forest fragmentation at BHRSF. Initiatives such as the Atlantic Forest Restoration Pact and the 2006 Atlantic Forest Law may have favored this increase in the forest cover.

ABSTRACT This paper aimed to estimate the basic density (DB) of the wood of Cerrado species using mixed linear models. For performing the DBH measurement, the sampling of 334 individuals was carried out. By keeping the Pilodyn apparatus in the DBH position, two measurements were made on opposite sides. Further, for determining DB, the trees were knocked down, followed by removal of five wood discs at different height of stem positions. For this purpose, two sets of modeling alternatives were proposed, which take into account with and without random effects, employing species as a random effect grouping variable. Thus, it was elucidated that, for the estimation of DB, the mixed model that considered the random effects performed better as compared to the alternative model without random effects. The inclusion of random effects leads to the estimation of DB with high accuracy.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of the MSI Sentinel-2 and SRTM data to estimate the volume of wood in a Semidecidual Seasonal Forest. Regression equations were fitted based on the remote sensing data, taking into consideration the individual bands and vegetation index of the MSI, elevation values and their derivatives obtained from the SRTM mission and the combination of the data drawn from the MSI and SRTM. RMSE and graphic analysis of residues were used to assess the accuracy of the fitted equations. The best model revealed values of 0.6508 and RMSE of 20.41% in the fit, and of 0.5680 and RMSE of 26.61% in the validation, using the combined MSI and SRTM data as predictors. The volume estimation using spectral data showed satisfactory results, highlighting the importance of topography in the prediction of the volume of wood for the area under investigation.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi mapear e analisar uso da terra e a estrutura da paisagem florestal na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Ubá - RJ, através de métricas da paisagem. O mapeamento do uso da terra e dos fragmentos florestais foi realizado através de uma imagem CBERS 2B/HRC. Para o cálculo dos índices de ecologia, foi utilizado o programa FRAGSTATS 4.2®. Os fragmentos mapeados foram divididos em classes de tamanho: 1-fragmento muito pequeno, menor que 5 ha; 2 - fragmento pequeno, entre 5 e 10 ha; 3- fragmento médio, entre 10 e 100 ha e 4 - fragmento grande, maior que 100 ha. As análises quantitativas por meio de métricas da paisagem foram feitas com as métricas de classe: área, forma, área central, agregação e diversidade, sendo a área central obtida em diferentes simulações de efeito de borda (20, 40, 60, 80, 100 e 140 m). Foram mapeados 47 fragmentos florestais em toda a Bacia do Rio Ubá, representando 23,65% de cobertura florestal. Os fragmentos médios apresentaram maior número (25), seguidos pelos fragmentos de tamanho pequeno (9), muito pequeno (7) e, somente dois fragmentos grandes. A Bacia do Rio Ubá possui um predomínio de uma matriz antrópica representada por pastagem, pequeno percentual de cobertura florestal com fragmentos de tamanho médio entre 10 e 100 ha, com alto grau de fragmentação florestal da paisagem. Os fragmentos médios são a classe mais numerosa e com maior área total, constituindo a única classe de tamanho que mantém uma distância menor que 100 m entre si. Os fragmentos muito pequenos e pequenos apresentaram formatos mais regulares, porém, com maior densidade de borda. Em relação às métricas de área central, os fragmentos muito pequeno e pequeno perderam totalmente sua área central, estando completamente sob efeito de borda considerando uma distância de borda de 140 m. Uma alternativa no contexto da Bacia do Rio Ubá é a utilização dos fragmentos florestais muito pequenos e pequenos como corredores ecológicos para interligação aos fragmentos médios.

ABSTRACT This study aimed at mapping and analyzing the use of the land and the forest landscape structure in Ubá river basin - RJ state, through landscape metrics. The mapping of the land use and of the forest fragments were performed through a CBERS 2B/HRC image. To calculate the ecology indexes, the program FRAGSTATS 4.2® was used. The mapped fragments were divided by size classes: 1- very small, smaller than 5ha, 2- small fragment, between 5 and 10ha, 3- medium fragment, between 10 and 100 ha, and 4- big fragment, bigger than 100ha.The quantitative analysis through the landscape metrics were performed with the class metrics: area, shape, central area, aggregation, and diversity, obtaining the central area in different simulations of edge effects (20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 140 m). 47 forest fragments were mapped through all Uba river basin, representing 23.65% of forest cover. The medium fragments presented the greatest number (25), followed by the small ones (9), very small ones (7), and only two big ones. Ubá river basin has a predominance of an anthropogenic matrix represented by grasslands, a small percentage of forest cover with medium fragments between 10 and 100 ha, with a high degree of forest landscape fragmentation. The medium fragments are the most numerous class with a wider total area accounting for the only size class that maintains a distance shorter than 100 m between themselves. Even though the very small fragments and the small ones presented more regular shapes, they had a greater edge density. In relation to the central area metrics, the very small and small fragments totally lost their central area, being completely under the edge effect considering an edge distance of 140 m. An alternative in the context of Ubá river basin is the use of very small and small fragments as ecological corridors for the link with the medium fragments.

No presente estudo, foi realizada uma análise temporal do uso e da cobertura da terra na região semiárida de Sergipe. Para tanto, foram utilizadas imagens dos satélites Landsat-5 TM e Landsat-8 OLI, adquiridas nos anos de 1992, 2003 e 2013. Utilizou-se o algoritmo da máxima verossimilhança, que possibilitou a classificação de seis classes de uso e de cobertura da terra. Para validação dos dados, foi usada uma imagem Spot-5, de alta resolução espacial, como referência de dados para as classes de uso e de cobertura escolhidas. Os resultados indicam um aumento de mais de 26% do desmatamento da vegetação nativa na área de estudo. A vegetação da Caatinga foi a mais impactada, a maioria convertida em novas pastagens. Além disso, observou-se que o aumento do desmatamento na área de estudo ocasionou também uma redução da Caatinga preservada e da regeneração florestal.

This study performed a temporal analysis of the land use and coverage in the semiarid region of Sergipe. We used Landsat-5 TM and Landsat-8 OLI satellite images acquired in 1992, 2003 and 2013. The maximum likelihood algorithm was used to detect six classes of land use and land coverage. We used a high spatial resolution Spot-5 scene as reference data to validate the assigned land use and coverage classification. Our results indicate that deforestation of native vegetation increased approximately 26% in the study area. The Caatinga vegetation was the most impacted, mostly converted to pastureland. In addition, it was observed that the deforestation increase in the study area negatively affected the preserved Caatinga secondary regrowth.