Abstract: In the present study an analysis of incidence of the subsidy on household water for households in Mexico City is made. For this purpose the transfer recipients are identified using the survey consumer habits, Service and Water Quality Home in Mexico City 2011, supported by the Census of Population and Housing 2010 and the National Survey of Income and Expenditure Survey 2010, 2012, 2014. Through an analysis of incidence of subsidies, and the calculation of both performance indicator terms of focus and concentration ratio, the results indicate that the subsidy is not concentrated in the poorest sectors. Taken together 20 per cent of households with higher incomes receive around 45 per cent of the subsidy, while 20 per cent of households with lower incomes concentrated just under 12 per cent of them (regressive subsidy), revealing the inequity in distribution and focus them difficult to households who need them most. These results make clear the need to look over this policy of subsidies, not only locally, with the challenge that the process will not affect the most vulnerable and thus get to improve the welfare of the whole society.

Resumen: En el presente estudio se realiza un análisis de incidencia del subsidio al agua domiciliaria para los hogares de la Ciudad de México. Para ello se identifican los beneficiarios de las transferencias con la encuesta Hábitos de Consumo, Servicio y Calidad del Agua por Hogar en la Ciudad de México 2011, apoyada en el Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010 y la Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares 2010, 2012, 2014. Por medio de un análisis de incidencia de subsidios, y el cálculo tanto del indicador del desempeño de términos de focalización y el coeficiente de concentración, los resultados indican que el subsidio no se concentra en los sectores más pobres. Considerados conjuntamente, 20 por ciento de los hogares con mayores ingresos económicos recibe alrededor de 45 por ciento del subsidio, mientras que 20 por ciento de los hogares con menores ingresos económicos concentran poco menos de 12 por ciento de los mismos (subsidio regresivo), lo que pone en evidencia la inequidad en su distribución y la dificultad de focalizarlos hacia los hogares que más los necesitan. Estos resultados dejan clara la necesidad de revisar esta política de subsidios, no sólo a nivel local, con el desafío que implica que en el proceso no se afecte a los sectores más vulnerables y por ende llegar a mejorar el bienestar de toda la sociedad.

Abstract Water is one of the largest consumables in the production process, especially in the manufacturing industry, but at the same time, this resource may pose scarcity problems mainly due to the lack of knowledge about its value. In most emerging countries, the monetary value of the water used in the production process does not necessarily reflect its scarcity, or the catchment and treatment costs, thus the cost of water is not properly charged. This work aims to calculate the economic value of water in the manufacturing industry in the San Juan River hydrological subregion (HSRSJ), a river basin with scarcity issues and with a high socio-economic importance It bases its analysis on the concept of elasticity in production with respect to consumable water (ε W ) and the value of the marginal product (ρ W ). To do so, we used information related to roughly 18 000 economic units surveyed in 2013, and two types of production functions: Cobb-Douglas and Trans-Logarithmic. We estimated that ε W and ρ W were equal to 0.046 and USD 13.0/m3 respectively. The ρ W ranged between USD 0.9/m3 for the computer equipment industry to USD 15.4/m3 for the chemicals industry, which indicates that ρ W varied according to the industry. The results have important implications for different areas of industrial water management, especially in river basins or water regions where the resource poses scarcity issues and at the same time those are regions of high socio-economic importance.

Resumen El agua es uno de los insumos más importantes en el proceso de producción, sobre todo para el sector manufacturero. Pero al mismo tiempo, dicho recurso puede presentar problemas de escasez debido al desconocimiento sobre su valor. En la mayoría de países emergentes, el valor monetario que tiene dicho recurso en el proceso productivo no necesariamente refleja su escasez, así como tampoco los costos de captación y tratamiento, por lo que no se paga el costo real del agua. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo estimar el valor económico del agua en la industria manufacturera de la Subregión Hidrológica Río San Juan (SHRSJ), cuenca hídrica con problemas de escasez y de alta importancia socioeconómica, recurriendo al concepto de elasticidad de la producción con respecto al insumo agua (ε W ) y al valor del producto marginal (ρ W ). Para ello se revisó información de casi 18 mil unidades económicas encuestadas en 2013 y se consideraron dos tipos de funciones de producción: Cobb-Douglas y Trans-Logarítmicas. Se estimó que la ε W y el ρ W son iguales a 0.046 y USD 13.0/m3, respectivamente. El ρ W osciló entre USD 0.9/m3 para el sector de equipo de computación a USD 15.4/m3 para el sector de productos químicos, lo que indica que el ρ W varía según los sectores. Los resultados tienen importantes implicaciones para diversas áreas de la gestión del agua industrial, especialmente en aquellas cuencas o regiones hídricas donde dicho recurso presenta problemas de escasez y, al mismo tiempo, son regiones de alta importancia socioeconómica.

Abstract Abalone shells and meat played and play an important role in the rich economic, social y cultural history of Baja California. Chinese and Japanese fishermen and later the consolidation of Mexican cooperatives have all fished in this region. Information obtained through surveys and oral history from three generations of abalone divers on Baja California has revealed that over time catches have decreased and the organisms fished have reduced their size. The decrease in catch size and weight described by the divers generate an approximate 70% reduction in abalone’s reproductive capacity.

Resumen Conchas y carne de abulón desempeñaron y desempeñan un rol importante en la rica historia económica, social y cultural de Baja California, México. En la región pasaron desde pescadores chinos, japoneses hasta la consolidación de cooperativas mexicanas. Información obtenida a través de entrevistas, reportes históricos e historia oral de tres generaciones de buzos de abulón revela la reducción tanto en capturas como en tamaño del organismo. Esta reducción genera una disminución aproximada del 70% en la capacidad reproductiva de este molusco.

A temperatura da água não afeta apenas as taxas de crescimento no peixe-rei, mas também direciona o processo de diferenciação sexual. Este fato levanta o questionamento de quão diferente é o desenvolvimento de larvas do peixe-rei da mesma idade quando criadas em temperaturas diferentes. Este trabalho teve como objetivo apresentar uma descrição do de desenvolvimento de embriões e larvas do peixe-rei, Odontesthes bonariensis, e a influência da temperatura de criação no desenvolvimento das larvas. Neste trabalho, o desenvolvimento das larvas foi estudado em três temperaturas diferentes de cultivo. Foram consideradas as alterações ocorridas na morfologia geral, assim como na morfologia e na estrutura da nadadeira caudal dentro da variação termal da temperatura de determinação sexual desta espécie. A taxa de reabsorção da membrana embrionária, a formação da cauda e o formato do corpo foram selecionados para acompanhar os eventos que levam à aquisição da morfologia juvenil. O fenótipo juvenil foi definido quando a nadadeira caudal foi reabsorvida e a cauda adquiriu a estrutura homocerca. O momento no qual o fenótipo juvenil foi atingido, foi avaliado quanto à idade, tamanho e formato da larva, sendo que o tamanho resultou no melhor indicador do desenvolvimento do peixe-rei.

It is well known that in pejerrey water temperature not only affects growth rates but also directs the sexual differentiation process. This fact rise the question of how different the development of pejerrey larvae of the same age is when reared at different temperatures. A description of developmental stages for the embryonic and larval periods of the pejerrey, Odontesthes bonariensis, and the influence of rearing temperature on larval development are presented. Then, larval development was studied at three rearing temperatures, and changes in general morphology, fin morphology, and caudal fin structure have been taken into consideration within the thermal range involved in the temperature sex determination of this species. Fin fold reabsorption, caudal fin formation, and body shape were selected to follow the events leading to the acquisition of the juvenile morphology. The juvenile phenotype was defined when the fin fold was reabsorpted and the caudal fin acquired its definitive homocercal structure. The moment at which the juvenile phenotype was achieved, was evaluated in relation to larval age, size and, shape. The size resulted as the best indicator of development in pejerrey.