RESUMO O cargo de Pai dos Cristãos foi criado para auxiliar na conversão das populações do império asiático português, impedir as práticas religiosas consideradas idólatras, ensinar a doutrina católica aos catecúmenos e ampará-los. Entre as populações nativas, os escravos receberam especial atenção do Pai dos Cristãos que, além de zelar pela conversão dos escravizados, deveria verificar se o cativeiro a que estavam submetidos era legítimo, de acordo com a legislação portuguesa. Neste estudo examinaremos as instruções régias e eclesiásticas relacionadas à atividade do Pai dos Cristãos, bem como a documentação que tratou de sua ação sobre a população escrava de Goa, especialmente as “Cartas de Alforria”.

ABSTRACT The position of Pai dos Cristãos (Father of Christians) was created to help in the conversion of people who lived in the Portuguese Empire in Asia, to prevent religious practices considered idolatrous, to teach the Catholic doctrine, and to support the catechumens. Among the native populations, the enslaved received special attention from the ‘Father of Christians’ who, besides ensuring the slaves conversion to Catholicism, would examine whether the captivity to which they were being subjected was legitimate, according to Portuguese Law. In this article we will examine the royal and ecclesiastical instructions related to the activity of the ‘Father of Christians’, as well as the historical sources that recorded his action upon the enslaved population of Goa, especially the “Letters of Manumission”.

Abstract Tunnel boring machines are important tools in underground infrastructure projects. Although being well established equipment, these machinesare based on designsof more than 60 years ago and are characterized by big dimensions, enormous weight and high power consumption. Commercial aspects should be noted too. The model adopted by the TBM industry requires constant replacement of cutter discs and specific labor skills, usually offered by the same manufacturingcompany. In some cases the cost of replacement parts and technical assistance can be higher than the acquisition cost of an entire machine. These aspects are no longer compatible with the concept of sustainability that is an important aspect of currentsociety. While the technical characteristics require a large quantity of steel and several inputs, the adoptedmodel is not competitive. One alternative is looking for new technologies that break the old paradigms and allow the development of high performance concepts with lower social and environmental impact. This studydealswith this opportunity by proposing a high performance tunnel boring machine that makes use of high power water jet and diamond wire to compose a double shield cutter head. It works in two stages. In the fristone, an annular cut is executed by hydrodemolition,and in the second one, the diamond wire station slices the rock core. Only with the action of diamond wire is the rock core separated from the rock mass and the removal process is finished. A smart water jet nozzle movement system is described and non circular tunnels can be executed. The new technologies involved requirea different type of backup system, lighter and smaller. The non-existence of mechanical contact between the equipment and the rock mass at theexcavation front allows low power consumption. The advanced rate and primary excavation cost analyses can also be encountered herein. It shows that it is possible to reach an advanced rate of 174 m/day in soft and porous rock and 0.64 m/day in hard and non porousrock, whereas the NTNU method indicates only 55m/day and 13m/day underrespective conditions. On the other hand, the excavation cost is high for both conditions. One option is to use sand as an abrasive in the water jet process, reducing by half the primary excavation cost. It is reasonable to say that the proposed concept can be considered as an alternative for tunnels in soft rock and high porosity, and needs better performance of the water jet system to become an alternative for hard rock.

O objetivo deste artigo é a análise das resoluções dos concílios provinciais de Goa (celebrados em 1567, 1575, 1585, 1592 e 1606), investigadas no âmbito das transformações religiosas ocorridas no início da Era Moderna, isto é, no bojo do que foi denominado Contrarreforma ou "Reforma Tridentina". Analisa-se o possível impacto dos decretos do Concílio de Trento sobre as atas dos mencionados concílios provinciais e nas Constituições do Arcebispado de Goa (1568).

This article analyzes the resolutions issued by the Provincial Councils of Goa (1567, 1575, 1585, 1592 and 1606) from the perspective of the religious transformations that took place at the beginning of the Modern Era, i.e., at the peak of what was denominated the Counter-Reformation or Tridentine Reform. It also examines the likely impact of the decrees issued by the Council of Trent on the minutes of the aforementioned Provincial Councils, and on the Constituições do Arcebispado de Goa (Constitutions of the Goa Archbishopric), of 1568.

The present study was designed to evaluate associations between developmental defects of enamel (DDE) in the primary dentition and aspects related to mothers and preschoolers in the city of Diamantina, Brazil. A case-control study was carried out involving children aged three to five years. The case group was composed of 104 children with at least one dental surface affected by DDE. The control group comprised 105 children without DDE, matched for gender and age. The diagnosis of enamel defects was performed using the Developmental Defects of Enamel Index. Information was collected through interviews investigating socio-demographic aspects, gestation, birth weight, prematurity and breastfeeding. Simple and multiple regression analyses were performed, providing unadjusted and adjusted prevalence ratios (Poisson regression). DDE were more prevalent among children who had not been breastfed (PR = 1.57; 95% CI: 1.1-2.2) and those whose mothers were under 24 years of age at the birth of the child (PR = 1.41; 95% CI: 1.1-1.9). The prevalence of DDE in the primary dentition was higher among children who had not been breastfed and those whose mothers were under 24 years of age at the birth of the child.

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC) in children and investigate the influence of sociodemographic variables, quality of oral hygiene and child-related aspects. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 593 children aged three to five years. Data were collected through clinical examinations and interviews with parents. Interviews with parents of the children were conducted to acquire information on sociodemographic aspects, breastfeeding, bottle feeding and harmful oral habits. Statistical analysis involved the chi-square test and the Poisson regression. The prevalence of ECC was 53.6%. The occurrence of ECC was greater among children with unsatisfactory oral hygiene (PR: 2.95; 95% CI: 2.42-3.60) and those from a family with a lower monthly household income (PR: 1.62; 95% CI: 1.24-2.10). In conclusion, unsatisfactory oral hygiene and monthly income exerted an influence on the occurrence of ECC among preschoolers.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar o banco de sementes de um trecho de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual Secundária, por meio da análise florística e da densidade de sementes. Denominado Mata da Praça de Esportes, o fragmento está situado no Campus da UFV, em Viçosa, MG, cuja área corresponde a 10,65 ha em regeneração há 75 anos. A área amostral foi subdividida em 40 parcelas de 3 x 5 m, distribuídas em quatro transectos paralelos. Amostras compostas foram feitas em 20 dessas parcelas e posteriormente distribuídas dentro de 40 caixas de madeira, em viveiro. O montante foi dividido, submetendo-se cada metade a sombreamentos de 11,5% e 60%. A germinação total e das espécies arbustivo-arbóreas foi comparada nas duas condições de sombreamento, utilizando-se o teste t para amostras independentes. O banco de sementes foi constituído predominantemente por ervas invasoras, pertencentes, em sua maioria, às famílias Asteraceae (15 espécies), Solanaceae (4 espécies) e Poaceae (3 espécies). Foram quantificadas 5.194 plântulas, com predomínio das pioneiras arbustivo-arbóreas das famílias Melastomataceae e Cecropiaceae. A germinação das sementes conduzida sob sombra foi significativamente maior do que no ambiente de menor sombreamento (luz). Espécies zoocóricas foram mais abundantes, indicando a importância dos fragmentos florestais como fonte de recurso e abrigo para a fauna local. A alta densidade de indivíduos de espécies arbóreas e arbustivas pioneiras, como Cecropia hololeuca, as espécies de Melastomataceae, Asteraceae e Piperaceae, importantes para a regeneração da floresta, reflete a capacidade de resiliência da área estudada, na ocorrência de distúrbios.

The objective of this paper was to characterize the seeds bank of a stretch at the Secondary Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, through the analysis of floristic aspects as well as seed density. This fragment is located on the UFV campus, in Viçosa, MG and is known as Mata da Praça de Esportes (Sports Court Forest), comprising an area of 10.65 ha under regeneration for 75 years. The sample area was subdivided into 40 plots of 3 x 5 m, distributed in 4 parallel transects. Composite samples were taken from 20 of those plots and then distributed within 40 wooden boxes, set up as seedling nurseries. Then, that amount was divided, allocating each half to shading levels of 11.5% and 60%. The total germination, as well as the one of the arbustive-arboreous species, was compared for the two conditions of shade by the test t for independent samples. The seed bank has been comprised mainly of invading herbs, mostly belonging to the Asteraceae, Solanaceae and Poaceae (15, 4 and 3 species, respectively) families. A total of 5,194 seedlings have been recorded, mostly being arbustive-arboreous pioneer species of the Melastomataceae and Cecropiaceae families. The seed germination carried out under shade was significantly higher than under the environment with 11.5% of shade (light). Zoochoric species were more abundant, indicating the importance of the Forest fragments as a source of resources and shelter for the local fauna. The high densities of pioneer arboreous and bush species such as Cecropia hololeuca, the species of the Melastomataceae, Asteraceae and Piperaceae, which are important for forest regeneration, indicate a resilience capacity of the studied area to restoration after disturbances.

PROPOSTA: O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma análise crítica da literatura considerando as manifestações bucais, esqueléticas e de desenvolvimento associadas à anemia de Fanconi (AF) e apresentar um caso clínico. DESCRIÇÃO DO CASO: Trata-se de um paciente branco, sexo masculino, de 18 anos de idade, com aparência de uma criança de aproximadamente 12 anos de idade. Ao exame bucal observaram-se lesões de cárie, gengivite, mordida cruzada bilateral e mordida aberta anterior. Vários dentes permanentes estavam ausentes e muitos dentes decíduos ainda estavam presentes. CONCLUSÃO: A revisão crítica da literatura revelou um padrão heterogêneo com relação às manifestações bucais da AF, como observado no caso clínico descrito. As manifestações bucais mais comuns da doença são gengivite, periodontite, agenesia dental e carcinoma de células escamosas.

PURPOSE: To present a critical analysis of the dental literature about the oral, skeletal and developmental manifestations associated with Fanconi's anemia (FA) and to describe a clinical case. CASE DESCRIPTION: Patient: male, Caucasian, 18 years-old. At the physical exam, the patient's appearance was roughly that of a 12-year-old child. The oral exam revealed carious lesions, gingivitis, bilateral crossbite and anterior open bite. Several teeth were absent and several primary teeth were present. CONCLUSION: The review of the literature reveals a heterogeneous pattern for the oral manifestations of FA, as observed in the case described in the present report. The most common oral manifestations of the disease are gingivitis, periodontitis, dental agenesis and squamous cell carcinoma.

Estudo sobre o primeiro arcebispo de Goa, D. Gaspar de Leão (1560 - 1576), que desempenhou um papel significativo no processo de cristianização das terras asiáticas controladas pelos portugueses. Durante o período em que D. Gaspar administrou o Arcebispado de Goa, o Tribunal do Santo Ofício de Goa foi criado (único tribunal inquisitorial instituído em um domínio luso), celebrou-se o primeiro Concílio Provincial na região (em 1567) e foram redigidas as Constituições do Arcebispado de Goa, em consonância com as determinações do Concílio de Trento - incentivadoras da realização de sínodos provinciais e da projeção dos bispos na condução da reforma espiritual do clero e dos fiéis. D. Gaspar foi marcado por correntes místicas cristãs e publicou obras sobre a "via unitiva" ou a expansão do Evangelho, repletas de vaticínios sobre a conversão definitiva de muçulmanos e de judeus.

A study of the first Archbishop of Goa, D. Gaspar de Leão (1560 - 1576), who played a significant role in the Christianization process of the Portuguese-controlled lands in Asia. During this period D. Gaspar administrated the Archbishopric of Goa, the Goa Inquisition (the sole inquisitorial court instituted in a Portuguese domain) was created, the first Provincial Council in the region was founded in 1567, and the Constitutions of the Archbishopric of Goa were drawn up, in consonance with the Council of Trent's resolutions. All of which motivated the formation of provincial synods and the work of the bishops in carrying out a spiritual reform among the clergy and the faithful. D. Gaspar was influenced by mystic Christian tendencies and published works about the mystical union or the expansion of Evangelism, replete with prophecies concerning the final conversion of Muslims and Jews.