In situ transesterification of crambe seeds oil was investigated to produce fatty acid methyl esters using dimethyl carbonate as acyl acceptor and lipase Novozyme 435® as the catalyst. First, the effects of solvent-to-seeds ratio, seed pretreatment, and extraction time were evaluated on the seed oil removal, comparing the results with conventional Soxhlet extraction. Then, the effects of enzyme loading (5 to 30 wt.% based on the oil mass) and reaction time (60 to 540 min) were evaluated on the simultaneous extraction and reaction. The highest oil extraction yield (ca. 26 wt.%) was achieved at the solvent-to-seeds ratio of 6 mL g-1 and 360 min. The oil obtained from seeds that received thermal pretreatment showed a higher concentration of minor compounds. The highest ester content (76.71 wt.%) was obtained with an enzyme loading of 20 wt.%, solvent-to-seeds ratio of 6 mL g-1, for 480 min. The reaction samples showed a predominance of erucate and oleate esters, with identification of the co-products formation (glycerol carbonate and glycerol dicarbonate), and ca. 5 wt.% of acylglycerols. 435 catalyst First solventtoseeds solvent removal Then ( 3 wt wt. mass 60 (6 54 min ca (ca 2 g1 g 1 g- 36 compounds 76.71 7671 76 71 (76.7 g1, 1, 48 coproducts co products dicarbonate, dicarbonate , dicarbonate) acylglycerols 43 76.7 767 7 (76. 4 76. (76 (7

Fusel oil (FO) is one of the by-products of the sugar-alcohol industry, which has application as an additional source of higher alcohols for the production of esters with flavoring, fuels and lubricants properties, as well as additives in petroleum-based fuels and in pesticide formulations. Thus, this review is focused on the characteristics of FO and its applications as an acyl acceptor in transesterification and esterification reactions for esters production, its addition to fossil fuels, and the herbicidal and fungicidal potential of the compounds presented in its chemical composition. The operating conditions of the process, results obtained, and patented applications in the food, cosmetic, transportation and agricultural sectors are also reported and discussed. Furthermore, main trends, challenges and recommendations are proposed in order to overcome the disadvantages of applying FO in the reported sectors, as well as alternatives for the development of new lines of research are suggested. (FO byproducts by products sugaralcohol sugar alcohol industry flavoring properties petroleumbased petroleum based formulations Thus composition process obtained food cosmetic discussed Furthermore trends suggested

Abstract The main goal of the present work was to evaluate the application of ultrasound as a previous step to promote the substrates pre-emulsion in the hydrolysis reaction of macauba kernel oil (MKO). The ultrasound effect on the substrates pre-emulsion was evaluated on the free fatty acid (FFA) content, as well as the process variables (reaction time, percentage of catalyst Lipozyme® RM IM, and buffer solution). Reactions carried out with the substrates pre-emulsion presented higher FFA production, up to a 40 wt% increase in 1 hour of reaction, yielding 80 wt% of FFAs in 8 hours. The use of catalyst in the reaction medium, from 5 to 15 wt%, favored the FFAs production in 2 hours of reaction. Addition of 25 to 100 wt% of buffer solution led to 86 wt% of FFAs in 4 hours of reaction. Enzyme recycling resulted in a slight decrease in the FFA content, although the catalyst had maintained 85% of its initial activity after 30 h of use. Therefore, the ultrasound pre-emulsion previous step allowed a more efficient hydrolysis reaction of MKO, leading to an increase of up to 40 wt% on the FFA content, when compared to the hydrolysis without such step.