Abstract INTRODUCTION: Trypanosoma cruzi (Tc) infection is usually acquired in childhood in endemic areas, leading to Chagas disease, which progresses to Chagas cardiomyopathy in 20-30% of infected individuals over decades. The pathogenesis of Chagas cardiomyopathy involves the host inflammatory response to T. cruzi, in which upstream caspase-1 activation prompts the cascade of inflammatory chemokines/cytokines, cardiac remodeling, and myocardial dysfunction. The aim of the present study was to examine the association of two caspase-1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with cardiomyopathy. METHODS: We recruited infected (Tc+, n = 149) and uninfected (Tc−, n = 87) participants in a hospital in Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Cardiac status was classified (I, II, III, IV) based on Chagas cardiomyopathy-associated electrocardiogram findings and ejection fractions on echocardiogram. Genotypes were determined using Taqman probes via reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction of peripheral blood DNA. Genotype frequencies were analyzed according to three inheritance patterns (dominant, recessive, additive) using logistic regression adjusted for age and sex. RESULTS: The AA allele for the caspase-1 SNP rs501192 was more frequent in Tc+ cardiomyopathy (classes II, III, IV) patients compared to those with a normal cardiac status (class I) [odds ratio (OR) = −2.18, p = 0.117]. This trend approached statistical significant considering only Tc+ patients in class I and II (OR = −2.64, p = 0.064). CONCLUSIONS: Caspase-1 polymorphisms may play a role in Chagas cardiomyopathy development and could serve as markers to identify individuals at higher risk for priority treatment.

Resumen El gobierno de los Estados Unidos, bajo la idea de la defensa de los intereses de sus connacionales en México, a través de notas diplomáticas desconoció una parte del contenido de la prescripción I del artículo 27 de la Constitución de 1927, dando paso a un diferendo diplomático entre ambos países. Con base en lo anterior, nuestro propósito es observar la postura del gobierno estadounidense respecto a la aplicación del reparto agrario por parte del presidente Lázaro Cárdenas, en el valle del Yaqui, Sonora, y las respuestas del gobierno mexicano. Es un estudio histórico de las relaciones entre México y los Estados Unidos, entendidas como interacciones entre organizaciones formales en su esfera gubernamental (gobiernos, diplomacia). La investigación revela que el gobierno cardenista aceptó la intromisión diplomática estadounidense y el pago de las compensaciones a sus connacionales, a pesar de que la razón jurídica estaba del lado de México e incluso, en la legislación mexicana en materia agraria, estaba contemplado el pago de indemnizaciones a los propietarios mexicanos, incluidos los nacionalizados.

Abstract A series of diplomatic notes issued by the U.S. government invoked the defense of their citizens’ interests in Mexico to disavow the contents of the Article 27, Section 1 in the Mexican Constitution of 1927, causing a diplomatic differendum between both countries. Our goal is to examine the posture of the American government regarding the agricultural land distribution program established by the Mexican President Lázaro Cárdenas at the Yaqui River Valley, Sonora, and the replies by the Mexican government. This historical assay about the US-Mexico relationships reveals that Cárdenas accepted the American diplomacy intromission and the compensations granted to American citizens despite the legal reason was on the Mexican side. Even in the agrarian legislation it was contemplated the payment of compensations to the Mexican landowners, including the nationalized ones.