A review with 94 references focusing on mu3-oxo-triruthenium carboxylate clusters is presented. The electronic, magnetic, electrochemical, and catalytic properties of these compounds are discussed. Main synthetic routes and structural characteristics, including their use as building blocks in supramolecular systems are described.

INTRODUÇÃO: Localizada em Caçapava, SP, Brasil, indústria produtora de lingotes de chumbo provocou contaminação ambiental na região do Vale do Paraíba, com chumbo e cádmio. Com o objetivo de avaliar o grau de contaminação do leite produzido na região, devido à possível ingestão, pelo gado, de gramíneas e águas contaminadas, foram determinados os teores de chumbo e cádmio no leite. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Foram analisadas 218 amostras de leite in natura e pasteurizado. O cádmio e o chumbo foram determinados por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica com chama. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: Das amostras analisadas, 43 apresentaram teores de chumbo acima do limite máximo estabelecido pela legislação brasileira que é 0,05 mg/kg. O valor da mediana encontrada para o chumbo foi 0,04 mg/L. Os níveis de cádmio em todas as amostras foram menores que o limite de quantificação do método que é 0,02 mg/L. Apesar da contaminação ambiental, os níveis encontrados para o cádmio no leite estão abaixo do limite estabelecido pela legislação brasileira que é 1,0 mg/kg.

INTRODUCTION: A factory producing lead ingots, located in Caçapava, caused lead and cadmium contamination of the environment, in the Paraiba Valley region of Southeastern, Brazil, through the discharge of industrial waste and the recycling of batteries. The factory, set in a rural, dairy cattle breeding area, worried sanitary authorities who envisaged the possibility of these metals' having entered the food chain. For the purpose of assessing the levels of contamination of the milk produced in the region, due to the cattle's possible consumption of contaminated grass and water, the amounts of cadmium and lead present in the milk were verified. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Major producers, covering an area of up to 20 km from the contaminated source, authorized collection of 218 samples of both pasteurized and non-pasteurized milk, which were analysed. Lead and cadmium levels were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, the lead being pre-concentrated by complexation with APDC (ammonium 1-pyrrolidinecarbodithioate) and further extraction with isobutyl methylketone. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Of the total number of samples, 43 presented lead levels over the maximum limit of 0.05 mg/kg estabilished by Brazilian legislation. The median value found for lead was 0.04 mg/L. The variance analysis, with 95% confidence level, found no significant difference among the types of milk studied with regard to lead levels. As for cadmium, all samples showed levels below the 0.02 mg/L quantification limit of the method. In spite of the environmental contamination, the levels of cadmium found in the milk were below the 1.0 mg/kg limit established by Brazilian legislation.

INTRODUÇÃO: Localizada em Caçapava, SP, Brasil, indústria produtora de lingotes de chumbo provocou contaminação ambiental na região do Vale do Paraíba, com chumbo e cádmio. Com o objetivo de avaliar o grau de contaminação do leite produzido na região, devido à possível ingestão, pelo gado, de gramíneas e águas contaminadas, foram determinados os teores de chumbo e cádmio no leite. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Foram analisadas 218 amostras de leite in natura e pasteurizado. O cádmio e o chumbo foram determinados por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica com chama. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: Das amostras analisadas, 43 apresentaram teores de chumbo acima do limite máximo estabelecido pela legislação brasileira que é 0,05 mg/kg. O valor da mediana encontrada para o chumbo foi 0,04 mg/L. Os níveis de cádmio em todas as amostras foram menores que o limite de quantificação do método que é 0,02 mg/L. Apesar da contaminação ambiental, os níveis encontrados para o cádmio no leite estão abaixo do limite estabelecido pela legislação brasileira que é 1,0 mg/kg.

INTRODUCTION: A factory producing lead ingots, located in Caçapava, caused lead and cadmium contamination of the environment, in the Paraiba Valley region of Southeastern, Brazil, through the discharge of industrial waste and the recycling of batteries. The factory, set in a rural, dairy cattle breeding area, worried sanitary authorities who envisaged the possibility of these metals' having entered the food chain. For the purpose of assessing the levels of contamination of the milk produced in the region, due to the cattle's possible consumption of contaminated grass and water, the amounts of cadmium and lead present in the milk were verified. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Major producers, covering an area of up to 20 km from the contaminated source, authorized collection of 218 samples of both pasteurized and non-pasteurized milk, which were analysed. Lead and cadmium levels were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, the lead being pre-concentrated by complexation with APDC (ammonium 1-pyrrolidinecarbodithioate) and further extraction with isobutyl methylketone. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Of the total number of samples, 43 presented lead levels over the maximum limit of 0.05 mg/kg estabilished by Brazilian legislation. The median value found for lead was 0.04 mg/L. The variance analysis, with 95% confidence level, found no significant difference among the types of milk studied with regard to lead levels. As for cadmium, all samples showed levels below the 0.02 mg/L quantification limit of the method. In spite of the environmental contamination, the levels of cadmium found in the milk were below the 1.0 mg/kg limit established by Brazilian legislation.