Abstract Chocolate is a delectable sweet enjoyed all over the world. Made from dried cocoa beans, through the process of roasting, grinding, and conching, chocolate is known for its taste and flavor. Although the sugar content of chocolate is limiting its reach to the health-conscious population, chocolate is endowed with immense medicinal benefits. The major ingredient of chocolate, cocoa, Theobroma cacao L., is a plant known as the “Food of the Gods” due to the abundance of polyphenols present in it. Processing conditions and parameters affect the polyphenol stability. Roasting process conditions affect the polyphenols of cocoa beans, especially the epicatechin and procyanidin. The variety of cocoa beans, quality and presence of fat, sugar, emulsifiers, drying time, and temperature are the important influencing factors affecting the polyphenol content of chocolate. Chocolate possesses antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, anti–inflammatory, and good mood food properties but it is also shown to be prebiotic and helps in alleviating the symptoms of Alzheimer’s and heart disease. The functional properties of chocolate can be enhanced by the addition of certain foods/ functional ingredients. This paper reviews the role of chocolate as a functional food, the effect of processing on polyphenols, and the recent developments in improving the functional properties of chocolates through fortification. world beans roasting grinding conching flavor healthconscious health conscious population benefits L L. Food Gods stability procyanidin fat emulsifiers time antioxidant antidiabetic anticancer antiinflammatory anti inflammatory anti–inflammatory Alzheimers Alzheimer s disease foods ingredients fortification

ABSTRACT Introduction: Approximately 55.52% of the Indian population had been fully vaccinated by Jan. 2022, since its first roll out on January 16, 2021. A few concerns were raised concerning the Covishield vaccination related to thrombotic thrombocytopenia. Apheresis-derived platelet concentrates are frequently required in a plethora of clinical situations and post-vaccination decrement of platelet counts might lead to increased deferral of the plateletpheresis donors. Objectives. The aim of the study was to discover the effect of the Covishield vaccination on deferral rates of plateletpheresis donors. Methods: Blood samples were collected from the potential platelet donors for the completion of the standard questionnaire for the complete blood count. The data collected were tabulated in the MS Excel spreadsheet and the biostatistical analysis was performed with the SPSS v23. A p-value of < 0.05 was taken as significant. We compared this data with age-and sex-matched controls. Results: The mean age of cases and controls was 29.69 ± 8.57 and 30.15 ± 7.11, respectively. There was a significant difference in platelet counts of cases (188496.35 ± 72065.66/cumm) and controls (269524.50 ± 53981.60/cumm). Furthermore, donors who received one dose had higher platelet counts of 248676.47 ± 80075.24/cumm than those who received both doses of vaccine (179970.83 ± 66773.73/cumm). The difference in deferral rates between the two groups was remarkable (34.7% vs. 0.9%, with the p-value < 0.001). Conclusion: Vaccination certainly increased the deferral rates of plateletpheresis donors due to low platelet counts. Average platelet counts were low in fully vaccinated individuals, however, the platelets returned to normal counts as the post-vaccination days progressed. Introduction 5552 55 52 55.52 Jan 2022 16 2021 thrombocytopenia Apheresisderived Apheresis derived postvaccination post Objectives Methods count v23 v pvalue p value 005 0 05 0.0 ageand sexmatched sex matched Results 2969 29 69 29.6 857 8 57 8.5 3015 30 15 30.1 711 7 11 7.11 respectively 188496.35 18849635 188496 35 (188496.3 72065.66/cumm 7206566cumm cumm 72065 66 269524.50 26952450 269524 50 (269524.5 53981.60/cumm. 5398160cumm 53981.60/cumm . 53981 60 53981.60/cumm) Furthermore 24867647 248676 47 248676.4 8007524cumm 80075 24 179970.83 17997083 179970 83 (179970.8 66773.73/cumm. 6677373cumm 66773.73/cumm 66773 73 66773.73/cumm) 34.7% 347 34 (34.7 vs 09 9 0.9% 0.001. 0001 0.001 001 0.001) Conclusion individuals however progressed 555 5 55.5 202 1 v2 00 0. 296 2 6 29. 85 8. 301 3 30. 71 7.1 188496.3 1884963 18849 (188496. 7206 269524.5 2695245 26952 (269524. 5398 2486764 24867 4 248676. 8007 179970.8 1799708 17997 (179970. 6677 34.7 (34. 0.9 000 0.00 55. 20 7. 188496. 1884 (188496 720 269524. 2695 (269524 539 2486 800 179970. 1799 (179970 667 34. (34 188 (18849 72 269 (26952 53 248 80 179 (17997 (3 18 (1884 26 (2695 17 (1799 ( (188 (269 (179 (18 (26 (17 (1 (2

RESUMEN Objetivo. Evaluar los cambios en la resistencia a los antibióticos de ocho de las combinaciones de fármacos y agentes patógenos incluidos en la lista prioritaria de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y el consumo de seis antibióticos (ceftriaxona, cefepima, piperacilina/tazobactam, meropenem, ciprofloxacina, vancomicina) antes de la pandemia de COVID-19 (de marzo del 2018 a julio del 2019) y durante la pandemia (de marzo del 2020 a julio del 2021) en 31 hospitales del Valle del Cauca (Colombia). Métodos. En este estudio se analiza el antes y el después empleando datos recopilados de forma rutinaria. Para el consumo de antibióticos, se compararon las dosis diarias definidas (DDD) por 100 días-cama. Resultados. Hubo 23 405 cepas bacterianas aisladas prioritarias con datos sobre la resistencia a los antibióticos. El número total de cepas aisladas aumentó de 9 774 antes de la pandemia a 13 631 durante la pandemia. Si bien la resistencia disminuyó significativamente en las cuatro combinaciones seleccionadas de agentes patógenos y fármacos (Klebsiella pneumoniae, productora de betalactamasa de espectro extendido [BLEE], de 32% a 24%; K. pneumoniae, resistente a los carbapenémicos, de 4% a 2%; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, resistente a los carbapenémicos, de 12% a 8%; Acinetobacter baumannii, resistente a los carbapenémicos, de 23% a 9%), el nivel de resistencia de Enterococcus faecium a la vancomicina aumentó significativamente (de 42% a 57%). No hubo cambios en la resistencia en las tres combinaciones restantes (Staphylococcus aureus, resistente a la meticilina; Escherichia coli, productora de BLEE; E. coli, resistente a los carbapenémicos). El consumo de todos los antibióticos aumentó. Sin embargo, el consumo de meropenem disminuyó en los entornos de las unidades de cuidados intensivos (de 8,2 a 7,1 DDD por 100 días-cama). Conclusiones. Aunque el consumo de antibióticos aumentó, se observó una disminución en la resistencia a los antibióticos de cuatro combinaciones de agentes patógenos y medicamentos durante la pandemia, que posiblemente se debió a un aumento en las infecciones adquiridas en la comunidad. Es necesario vigilar el aumento de la resistencia de E. faecium a la vancomicina. Los resultados de este estudio son esenciales para que sirvan de orientación en los programas de optimización del uso de los antibióticos en los entornos hospitalarios de Colombia y en contextos similares en otros lugares.

RESUMO Objetivo. Avaliar as mudanças na resistência a antibióticos em oito das combinações microrganismo/antimicrobiano prioritárias da Organização Mundial da Saúde e o consumo de seis antibióticos (ceftriaxona, cefepima, piperacilina/tazobactam, meropeném, ciprofloxacino, vancomicina) antes (março de 2018 a julho de 2019) e durante (março de 2020 a julho de 2021) a pandemia de COVID-19 em 31 hospitais em Valle del Cauca, Colômbia. Métodos. Este foi um estudo antes/depois utilizando dados coletados rotineiramente. Para avaliar o consumo de antibióticos, foram comparadas doses diárias definidas (DDD) por 100 leitos-dias. Resultados. Havia dados sobre resistência a antibióticos para 23.405 isolados bacterianos prioritários. O número total de isolados aumentou de 9.774 para 13.631 antes e durante a pandemia, respectivamente. Embora a resistência tenha diminuído significativamente para quatro das combinações microrganismo/antimicrobiano selecionadas (Klebsiella pneumoniae, produtora de betalactamase de espectro estendido [ESBL], 32% a 24%; K. pneumoniae, resistente a carbapenêmicos, 4% a 2%; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, resistente a carbapenêmicos, 12% a 8%; Acinetobacter baumannii, resistente a carbapenêmicos, 23% a 9%), o nível de resistência de Enterococcus faecium a vancomicina aumentou significativamente (42% a 57%). Não houve mudança na resistência para as três combinações restantes (Staphylococcus aureus, resistente a meticilina; Escherichia coli, produtora de ESBL; E. coli, resistente a carbapenêmicos). O consumo de todos os antibióticos aumentou. Entretanto, o consumo de meropeném nas unidades de terapia intensiva diminuiu (de 8,2 para 7,1 DDD por 100 leitos-dias). Conclusões. Embora o consumo de antibióticos tenha aumentado, observou-se uma diminuição na resistência a antibióticos de quatro combinações microrganismo/antimicrobiano durante a pandemia. Isso ocorreu possivelmente devido a um aumento nas infecções adquiridas na comunidade. O aumento da resistência de E. faecium à vancomicina deve ser monitorado. Os achados deste estudo são essenciais para guiar os programas de gerenciamento de antimicrobianos em ambientes hospitalares da Colômbia e em outros contextos similares.

ABSTRACT Objective. To assess changes in antibiotic resistance of eight of the World Health Organization priority bug-drug combinations and consumption of six antibiotics (ceftriaxone, cefepime, piperacillin/tazobactam, meropenem, ciprofloxacin, vancomycin) before (March 2018 to July 2019) and during (March 2020 to July 2021) the COVID-19 pandemic in 31 hospitals in Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Methods. This was a before/after study using routinely collected data. For antibiotic consumption, daily defined doses (DDD) per 100 bed-days were compared. Results. There were 23 405 priority bacterial isolates with data on antibiotic resistance. The total number of isolates increased from 9 774 to 13 631 in the periods before and during the pandemic, respectively. While resistance significantly decreased for four selected bug-drug combinations (Klebsiella pneumoniae, extended spectrum beta lactamase [ESBL]-producing, 32% to 24%; K. pneumoniae, carbapenem-resistant, 4% to 2%; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, carbapenem-resistant, 12% to 8%; Acinetobacter baumannii, carbapenem-resistant, 23% to 9%), the level of resistance for Enterococcus faecium to vancomycin significantly increased (42% to 57%). There was no change in resistance for the remaining three combinations (Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant; Escherichia coli, ESBL-producing; E. coli, carbapenem-resistant). Consumption of all antibiotics increased. However, meropenem consumption decreased in intensive care unit settings (8.2 to 7.1 DDD per 100 bed-days). Conclusions. While the consumption of antibiotics increased, a decrease in antibiotic resistance of four bug-drug combinations was observed during the pandemic. This was possibly due to an increase in community-acquired infections. Increasing resistance of E. faecium to vancomycin must be monitored. The findings of this study are essential to inform stewardship programs in hospital settings of Colombia and similar contexts elsewhere.

Abstract Background Robotic-Assisted Hysterectomies (RAH) require Trendelenburg positioning and pneumoperitoneum, which further accentuate alteration in respiratory mechanics induced by general anesthesia. The role of Recruitment Maneuver (RM) as a lung-protective strategy during intraoperative surgical settings has not been much studied. We planned this study to evaluate the effect of RM on perioperative oxygenation and postoperative spirometry using PaO2/FiO2 and FEV1/FVC, respectively in patients undergoing RAH. Methods Sixty-six ASA I‒II female patients scheduled for elective RAH were randomized into group R (recruitment maneuver, n = 33) or group C (control, n = 33). Portable spirometry was done one day before surgery. Patients were induced with general anesthesia, and mechanical ventilation started with volume control mode, with Tidal Volume (TV) of 6-8 mL.kg−1, Respiratory Rate (RR) of 12 min, inspiratory-expiratory ratio (I: E ratio) of 1:2, FiO2 of 0.4, and Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) of 5 cmH2O. Patients in group R received recruitment maneuvers of 30 cmH2O every 30 minutes following tracheal intubation. The primary objectives were comparison of oxygenation and ventilation between two groups intraoperatively and portable spirometry postoperatively. Postoperative pulmonary complications, like desaturation, pulmonary edema, pneumonia, were monitored. Results Patients who received RM had significantly higher PaO2 (mmHg) (203.2+-24.3 vs. 167.8+-27.3, p < 0.001) at T2 (30 min after the pneumoperitoneum). However, there was no significant difference in portable spirometry between the groups in the postoperative period (FVC, 1.40 ± 0.5 L vs. 1.32 ± 0.46 L, p= 0.55). Conclusion This study concluded that intraoperative recruitment did not prevent deterioration of postoperative spirometry values; however, it led to improved oxygenation intraoperatively. RoboticAssisted Robotic Assisted (RAH pneumoperitoneum anesthesia (RM lungprotective lung protective studied PaO2FiO2 PaOFiO PaO FiO PaO2/FiO FEV1FVC FEVFVC FEV1 FVC FEV FEV1/FVC Sixtysix Sixty six III I II maneuver 33 control, (control 33. . surgery mode TV (TV 68 6 8 6- mLkg1 mLkg mL kg 1 mL.kg−1 RR (RR inspiratoryexpiratory inspiratory expiratory (I 12, 2, 2 1:2 04 0 4 0.4 EndExpiratory End Expiratory PEEP (PEEP cmHO cmH O 3 intubation postoperatively complications desaturation edema pneumonia monitored mmHg (mmHg 203.2+24.3 2032243 203.2+ 24.3 203 24 (203.2+-24. vs 167.8+27.3, 1678273 167.8+ 27.3, 167 27 167.8+-27.3 0.001 0001 001 T (3 pneumoperitoneum. pneumoperitoneum) However FVC, (FVC 140 40 1.4 05 0. 132 32 1.3 046 46 0.55. 055 0.55 55 0.55) values however PaO2FiO mL.kg− 1: 203.2+24. 203224 2032 203.2 243 24. 20 (203.2+-24 167.8+27.3 167827 1678 167.8 273 27.3 16 167.8+-27. 0.00 000 00 ( 14 1. 13 mL.kg 203.2+24 20322 203. (203.2+-2 167.8+27. 16782 167. 27. 167.8+-27 0.0 203.2+2 (203.2+- 167.8+27 167.8+-2 (203.2+ 167.8+2 167.8+- (203.2 (203. (203 (20 (2

ABSTRACT Introduction: Good wound closure is an important step in management of distal femur fracture to prevent infection and faster rehabilitation. Knotless barbed sutures can save time and distribute wound tension evenly. However, its role in terms of functional outcome, closure time, and postoperative complications has not been studied in a distal femur fracture. Material and methods: A total of 47 patients aged more than 18 years of distal femur fracture treated with distal femur locking plate were randomized either into either barbed or traditional suture groups. in the barbed group, capsular wound closure was carried out with 2-0 bidirectional barbed knotless sutures (Quill SRS® PDO, Angiotech, Vancouver, BC, Canada). In patients assigned to group B, capsular closure was done with 1-0 Vicryl® (Ethicon inc. Somerville, NJ) and 5-0 Ethibond® alternatively. Results: The mean flexion at the knee joint was 105.7±15.6 degrees in the study group while it was 110.4±13.7 in the control group (p= 0.2133). Mean estimated closure time was significantly shorter in the study group as compared to the control group (p<0.05). Cases of needle prick injury were higher in traditional suture group. Patients developed stitch abscess and superficial infection in both groups. However, the difference in incidence between the two was not statistically significant Conclusion: Barbed suture is an efficient method of wound closure. It reduces wound closure time with similar complication rate as with use of conventional sutures. Evidence Level II; Randomized Clinical Trial. Introduction rehabilitation evenly However outcome methods 4 1 groups 20 2 0 2- Quill SRS PDO Angiotech Vancouver BC Canada. Canada . Canada) B 10 1- Vicryl Ethicon inc Somerville NJ 50 5 5- Ethibond alternatively Results 1057156 105 7 15 6 105.7±15. 1104137 110 13 110.4±13. p= p (p 0.2133. 02133 0.2133 2133 0.2133) p<0.05. p005 p<0.05 05 (p<0.05) Conclusion II Trial 105715 105.7±15 110413 11 110.4±13 0213 0.213 213 p00 p<0.0 (p<0.05 10571 105.7±1 11041 110.4±1 021 0.21 21 p0 p<0. (p<0.0 1057 105.7± 1104 110.4± 02 0.2 p<0 (p<0. 105.7 110.4 0. p< (p<0 105. 110. (p<

RESUMO Introdução: O fechamento adequado da ferida é um passo importante no manejo da fratura distal do fêmur a fim de evitar infecção e permitir uma rápida reabilitação. Suturas farpadas sem nós podem poupar tempo e distribuir uniformemente a tensão da ferida. Entretanto, seu papel em termos de resultado funcional, tempo de fechamento e complicações pós-operatórias não tem sido analisado em casos de fratura distal do fêmur. Material e métodos: Um total de 47 pacientes com mais de 18 anos de idade com fratura distal do fêmur tratados com placa de fixação distal do fêmur foram aleatorizados em grupos de sutura farpada ou tradicional. No grupo de farpados, o fechamento da ferida capsular foi feito com suturas sem nós farpados bidirecionais 2-0 (Quill SRS® PDO, Angiotech, Vancouver, BC, Canadá). Em pacientes designados para o grupo B, o fechamento capsular foi feito com Vicryl®1-0 (Ethicon inc. Somerville, NJ) e Ethibond® 5-0 respectivamente. Resultados: A flexão média na articulação do joelho foi de 105,7±15,6 graus no grupo de estudo e 110,4±13,7 no grupo controle (p= 0,2133). O tempo médio estimado de fechamento foi significativamente menor no grupo de estudo em comparação com o grupo controle (p<0,05). Os casos de ferimento por perfuração da agulha foram maiores no grupo de sutura tradicional. Os pacientes desenvolveram abscesso de pontos e infecção superficial em ambos os grupos. Entretanto, a diferença na incidência entre os dois não foi estatisticamente significative Conclusão: A sutura farpada é um método eficiente para o fechamento de feridas. Ele reduz o tempo de fechamento das feridas com uma taxa de complicação semelhante à utilização de suturas convencionais. Evidência Nível II; Ensaio Clínico Randomizado. Introdução reabilitação Entretanto funcional pósoperatórias pós operatórias métodos 4 1 tradicional 20 2 0 2- Quill SRS PDO Angiotech Vancouver BC Canadá. Canadá . Canadá) B Vicryl®10 Vicryl10 Vicryl Vicryl®1 Vicryl®1- Ethicon inc Somerville NJ Ethibond 50 5 5- respectivamente Resultados 1057156 105 7 15 6 105,7±15, 1104137 110 13 110,4±13, p= p (p 0,2133. 02133 0,2133 2133 0,2133) p<0,05. p005 p<0,05 05 (p<0,05) Conclusão convencionais II Randomizado 10 Vicryl1 Vicryl® 105715 105,7±15 110413 11 110,4±13 0213 0,213 213 p00 p<0,0 (p<0,05 10571 105,7±1 11041 110,4±1 021 0,21 21 p0 p<0, (p<0,0 1057 105,7± 1104 110,4± 02 0,2 p<0 (p<0, 105,7 110,4 0, p< (p<0 105, 110, (p<

Abstract: It is almost impossible to disagree with a proposal seeking to slow things down to minimize harm to the planet. However, the question is where. The manifesto in The Case for Degrowth acknowledges the challenge of asking distinct populations to lower their economic growth and well-being. They suggest alliances, echoing the commons, and highlight ancient cultural traditions that have envisioned other worlds. In contrast, the discussion offered by Deepak Lamba-Nieves through the case of Puerto Rico and its colonial subjugation - shared or equivalent to many in the Global South and elsewhere - asks us to reflect upon who is demanding or expecting us to degrowth.

Resumen: Es casi imposible estar en desacuerdo con una propuesta de ralentizar las cosas para minimizar el daño al planeta. Sin embargo, la pregunta es dónde. El manifiesto propuesto en The Case for Degrowth reconoce el desafío de pedir a distintas poblaciones que reduzcan su crecimiento económico y bienestar. Sugieren alianzas, haciéndose eco de los comunes, y destacan antiguas tradiciones culturales que han imaginado otros mundos. En contraste, la discusión ofrecida por Deepak Lamba-Nieves, mediante el caso de Puerto Rico y su subyugación colonial compartida o equivalente a muchos otros lugares, en especial en el sur global, nos pide reflexionar sobre de quién podemos esperar o pedir decrecimiento.

Resumo Objetivo O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar os resultados funcionais após a substituição do Calcar cimentado em comparação com a hemiartroplastia cimentada de haste longa em pacientes com mais de 80 anos com fratura intertrocantérica instável. Métodos O presente estudo prospectivo e randomizado incluiu 140 pacientes com fratura de fêmur intertrocantérica, conforme classificação AO/OTA tipo 31-A2, A3, randomizados em 2 grupos de tratamento e acompanhados por um período mínimo de 2 anos. Sessenta e sete pacientes do grupo A foram tratados com uma prótese de substituição do calcar cimentada e 65 pacientes do grupo B foram tratados com uma prótese femoral de haste longa cimentada. Os desfechos primários foram as funções do quadril em 2 anos. Os eventos secundários foram as complicações encontradas, a mortalidade, o tempo cirúrgico, segunda cirurgia, perda de sangue e as atividades do cotidiano. Resultados Não houve grandes diferenças entre os grupos em termos de função do quadril, qualidade de vida (relacionada à saúde), segunda cirurgia, mortalidade e perda de sangue. No entanto, a função da articulação do quadril e as atividades da vida diária se deterioraram em ambos os grupos em comparação com os níveis pré-fratura. Conclusão Nos octogenários com fratura intertrocantérica instável, a prótese de substituição do calcar cimentada apresentou resultados clínicos semelhantes em comparação com a hemiartroplastia de haste longa cimentada. A hemiartroplastia comqualquer umdos implantes é uma boa opção nesse subgrupo de pacientes. Nível de evidência: I

Abstract Objective The aim of the present study was to compare functional results after Cemented Calcar replacement vis-a-vis Long stem Cemented hemiarthroplasty in patients aged more than 80 years with unstable intertrochanteric fractures. Methods The present prospective, randomized trial included 140 patients with AO/OTA type 31-A2, A3 intertrochanteric femur fracture, randomized into 2 treatment groups and followed-up for a minimum of 2 years. Sixty-seven patients in group A were treated with a cemented calcar replacing prosthesis, and 65 patients in group B were treated with a cemented long stem femoral stem prosthesis. The primary end points were hip functions at 2 years. The secondary end points were the complications encountered, mortality, surgical time, reoperation, blood loss, and activities of daily living. Results There were no major differences between the groups in terms of hip function, quality of life (health related), reoperation, mortality, and blood loss. However, the function in hip joint and activities of daily living deteriorated in both groups in comparison with prefracture levels. Conclusion In octogenarians with an unstable intertrochanteric fracture, cemented calcar replacing prosthesis has similar clinical results in comparison with long stem cemented hemiarthroplasty. Hemiarthroplasty with either implant is a good option in this subset of patients. Level of evidence: I

ABSTRACT Cervical thymic cysts are relatively rare benign cystic lesions that tend to be diagnosed clinically as branchial cysts, which usually present as painless, enlarging neck masses. They can occur anywhere along the normal path of descent of thymic primordia from the angle of the mandible to the sternal notch, with mediastinal extension observed in approximately 50% of cases. They are usually seen in the first decade of life on the left side with a male predominance. Here we report a case of a 15-year-old boy who presented to the hospital with left-sided neck swelling for about 2 months. The neck’s contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) revealed a large, well-defined cystic swelling in the left neck region, showing peripheral enhancement, seen from the submandibular region to the superior mediastinum extending into the retrosternal region. Direct fine needle aspiration (FNA) was done, which showed a benign lesion with inflammatory and cystic characteristics, leading to the possibility of a branchial cyst. The cyst was completely excised surgically. Histopathology showed a thymic cyst with parathyroid tissue. The presence of thymic tissue with Hassall’s corpuscles is essential for the diagnosis. Knowledge of the clinical presentation, cyto-histological findings, and differential diagnosis of cystic cervical lesions in the pediatric population is important to diagnose this rare entity. Hence, though uncommon, when one comes across a cystic cervical region mass in children, a diagnosis of cervical thymic cyst should be kept in mind. Nonetheless, a definitive diagnosis depends on imaging findings as well as intraoperative findings and histopathological examination.

RESUMO Objetivo: Resumir as tendências atuais da patogênese e do tratamento da degeneração do disco e sugerir quais áreas de pesquisa seriam benéficas. Métodos: A literatura disponível relevante para degeneração do disco lombar foi revisada. Os bancos de dados PubMed, MEDLINE, OVID, EMBASE, Cochrane e Google Scholar foram usados para revisar a literatura. A aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa não se aplica a este estudo. Resultados: Este artigo resume as tendências da patogênese e os fatores associados à degeneração do disco. Conclusões: A contribuição genética para a degeneração do disco lombar é um conceito mais recente, que ainda é pesquisado em diferentes populações ao redor do mundo. Os investigadores demonstraram uma predisposição familiar na etiologia da degeneração de disco lombar. Os tamanhos de efeito da maioria das variantes genéticas são pequenos e, portanto, os estudos individuais de ambiente genético devem ter tamanhos de amostra suficientemente grandes para fornecer evidências convincentes de qualquer interação. Nível de evidência; Revisão narrativa da literatura.

ABSTRACT Objective: To summarize current trends in the pathogenesis and management of disc degeneration and suggest areas where more research would be of benefit. Methods: The available literature relevant to Lumbar disc degeneration (LDD) was reviewed. PubMed, MEDLINE, OVID, EMBASE, Cochrane, and Google Scholar databases were used to review the literature. Institutional Review Board approval was not applicable for this study. Results: This article summarizes trends in the pathogenesis and factors associated with disc degeneration. Conclusions: The genetic contribution to lumbar disc degeneration is a newer concept, still being researched in different populations around the world. Investigators have demonstrated a familial predisposition in the etiology of lumbar disc degeneration. The effect sizes of most genetic variants are small and, thus, individual gene-environment studies must have very large sample sizes to provide compelling evidence of any interaction. Level of evidence; Narrative review of available literature.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Resumir las tendencias actuales de la patogénesis y del tratamiento de la degeneración discal y sugerir qué áreas de investigación serían beneficiosas. Métodos: Se revisó al literatura dispobible sobre degeneración discal. Se utilizaron las bases de datos PubMed, MEDLINE, OVID, EMBASE, Cochrane y Google Scholar para revisar la literatura. La aprobación del Comité de Ética en Investigación no se aplica a este estudio. Resultados: Este artículo resume las tendencias de la patogénesis y los factores asociados a la degeneración discal. Conclusiones: La contribución genética a la degeneración del disco lumbar es un concepto reciente, que todavía se encuentra en estudio en diferentes poblaciones de todo el mundo. Los investigadores han demostrado una predisposición familiar en la etiología de la degeneración del disco lumbar. Los tamaños de efectos de la mayoría de las variantes genéticas son pequeños y, por lo tanto, los estudios individuales del entorno genético deben disponer de tamaños de muestra lo suficientemente grandes como para proporcionar pruebas convincentes de cualquier interacción. Nivel de evidencia; Revisión narrativa de la literatura.

Present research work is focused on investigation of material removal rate in Wire-ED Machining (EDM) of artificially aged Al-6061/ B4C reinforced composites with 2-6 wt.% in peak aged condition. Combined effect of B4C and artificial aging at 100°C improved the hardness by 20 - 170% under as cast and artificially aged condition. Initially the wire EDM experiments are conducted on Al6061 alloy and then the process parameters such as current, pulse-on time (ton) and pulse-off time (toff) are optimized to obtain the high material removal rate (MRR). At optimized conditions test samples with various % of B4C are machined to study their influence on MRR. The study revealed that current and toff had a significant influence. MRR increased as current is increased and it decreased as toff is increased. Maximum MRR at optimum settings, current : 5.53 A, Toff: 10 µs and Ton: 36.46 µs is 2.45 mg/min. Considering the limitation of the experimental set up the modified optimum settings (Toff: 10 µs, Ton: 30 µs and current : 5 A) resulted in average MRR of 2.39 mg/min with deviation of 0.20 mg/min. The study showed that there is no significant difference in MRR and the morphology of the machined surface with respect to test samples of different % of B4C particles as reinforcement in Al6061 composite.

Abstract Coarctation of the aorta is a rare congenital abnormality, with an incidence of 6-8% of all congenital heart problems. It is usually diagnosed in childhood during routine clinical examination and adults mostly present with hypertension. Various investigations like transthoracic echocardiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance angiography can help with diagnosis. Prognosis depends on age at presentation and the severity of coarctation. Treatment options available are open and endovascular repair. Extra-anatomical bypass is the preferred option in cases with unfavorable anatomy. Long term follow up is required post repair due to risk of restenosis and aneurysm formation. Here is a case in which a young female presented with hypertension, was diagnosed with coarctation of the aorta, and was treated a left subclavian artery to descending thoracic aorta bypass. Her postoperative course was uneventful and she had improvement in hypertension. abnormality 68% 68 6 8% 8 6-8 problems hypertension echocardiography tomography diagnosis Extraanatomical Extra anatomical anatomy formation 6-

Resumo A coarctação da aorta é uma anomalia congênita rara, com incidência de 6-8% entre todos os problemas cardíacos congênitos. É geralmente diagnosticada na infância durante o exame clínico de rotina, e os adultos normalmente apresentam hipertensão. Diversas investigações, como ecocardiografia transtorácica, tomografia computadorizada e angiorressonância magnética, podem auxiliar no diagnóstico. O prognóstico depende da idade na apresentação e da gravidade da coarctação. As opções de tratamento disponíveis são o reparo aberto e o reparo endovascular. O bypass extra-anatômico é a opção preferida em caso de anatomia desfavorável. O acompanhamento de longo prazo é necessário após o reparo devido ao risco de reestenose e formação de aneurisma. Descrevemos o caso de uma jovem do sexo feminino que apresentou hipertensão, a qual foi diagnosticada como coarctação da aorta. Foi realizada derivação da artéria subclávia esquerda para a aorta torácica descendente. O pós-operatório transcorreu sem intercorrências, e a paciente apresentou melhora da hipertensão. rara 68% 68 6 8% 8 6-8 congênitos rotina hipertensão investigações transtorácica magnética diagnóstico endovascular extraanatômico extra anatômico desfavorável aneurisma descendente pósoperatório pós operatório intercorrências 6-

Abstract Introduction: Etodolac is used in the treatment of acute pain and inflammation. It has low solubility because of high hydrophobicity and it is reported that upon oral administration shows gastric disturbances. This encourages the development of topical vesicular formulation. Method: In this work we used coacervation-phase separation method for the development of etodolac loaded vesicular system by using non-ionic surfactants, cholesterol and soya lecithin. Central composite design (rotatble) was used to optimize the concentrations of soy lecithin, surfactant and cholesterol. The prepared formulations were characterized by number of vesicles formed, vesicle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, in-vitro permeation, ex-vivo permeation and anti-inflammatory study. Results: Etodolac was successfully entrapped in all formulations having efficiency in the range of 74.36% to 90.85%, which was more at 4 °C than room temperature. When hydrated with water; niosome in the range of 54 to 141 (per cubic mm) were spontaneously produced. The results of in-vitro diffusion study revealed that etodolac was released in the range of 71.86 to 97.16% over a period of 24 hrs. The average vesicle size of optimized formulation was found 211.9 nm with PDI of 0.5. The observed responses i.e. % encapsulation efficiency and drug release were 74.12 and 95.08 respectively. The zeta potential was -19.4mV revealed the stability of formulation which was further confirmed by no changes in drug content and drug release after stability studies. The % inhibition in paw volume was 40.52% and 43.61% for test and marketed proniosomal gel. Conclusion: Proniosomal gel formulation was stable and could enhance skin delivery of etodolac because of excellent permeation capability of vesicular system.

Resumen Introducción: Etodolac se usa en el tratamiento del dolor agudo y la inflamación. Tiene baja solubilidad debido a la alta hidrofobia y se informa que tras la administración oral muestra alteraciones gástricas. Esto fomenta el desarrollo de formulación tópica en lugar de oral. Método: En este trabajo utilizamos el método de separación de fase de coacervación para el desarrollo del sistema vesicular cargado con etodolaco mediante el uso de tensioactivos no iónicos, colesterol y lecitina de soja. El diseño central compuesto (rotativo) se utilizó para optimizar las concentraciones de lecitina de soja, surfactante y colesterol. Las formulaciones preparadas se caracterizaron por análisis de tamaño de vesículas, potencial zeta, eficiencia de atrapamiento, permeación in vitro, permeación ex vivo y estudio antiinflamatorio. Resultados: Etodolac quedó atrapado con éxito en todas las formulaciones que tenían una eficiencia en el intervalo de 74,36% a 90,85%, siendo mayor a 4 ° C que a temperatura ambiente. Cuando se hidrata con agua, los niosomas se producen espontaneamente el rango de 54 a 141 (por mm cúbico). Los resultados del estudio de difusión in vitro revelaron que el etodolaco se liberó en un rango de 71,86 a 97,16% durante un período de 24 horas. El tamaño medio de vesícula de la formulación optimizada se encontró en 211,9 nm con un PDI de 0,5. Las respuestas observadas, es decir,% de eficacia de encapsulación y liberación de fármaco, fueron 74,12 y 95,08 respectivamente. El potencial zeta fue de -19,4 mV y reveló la estabilidad de la formulación, que fue confirmada adicionalmente por la ausencia de cambios en el contenido del fármaco y la liberación del fármaco después de los estudios de estabilidad. El% de inhibición en el volumen de la pata fue del 40,52% y del 43,61% para la prueba y el gel proniosómico comercializado. Conclusión: la formulación de gel proniosomal fue estable y podría mejorar el suministro de etodolaco a la piel debido a la excelente capacidad de permeación del sistema vesicular.

Abstract Overview Hemorrhoidal disease (HD) is a common surgical disorder. The treatment modalities can be surgical or nonsurgical. Every surgical option has its own indications and limitations. Postsurgical symptomatic recurrence rates are low and vary between different techniques. The ideal way to deal with recurrent HD is not clear. Material and Methods The present prospective case series enrolled a total of 87 patients (54male/33 female). Thirteen out of 87 patients (15%) had history of previous intervention for HD. Amodification of the standard technique was adopted for patients with recurrent HD. A mean follow-up of 22 months was achieved. Results Stapled hemorrhoidectomy (SD)was performedin13patientswho had historyof previous surgical intervention for HD. There were no adverse events related to the technique. Patients with recurrent HD had severe pain scores with SH as compared to patients who underwent SH at the first time. There were no wound related complications. Conclusion Stapled hemorrhoidectomy can be performed easily and offers good results in patients with recurrent HD.

Abstract: Let R be a ring with involution containing a nontrivial symmetric idempotent element e and δ: R → R be a generalized ∗−reverse derivable map. In this paper, our aim is to show that under some suitable restrictions imposed on R every generalized ∗−reverse derivable map of R is additive.