Abstract The spectrum of neuropsychiatric phenomena observed in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is wide and not fully understood. Disorders of laughter and crying stand among the most common manifestations. The aim of this study is to report the results of an educational consensus organized by the Brazilian Academy of Neurology to evaluate the definitions, phenomenology, diagnosis, and management of the disorders of laughter and crying in ALS patients. Twelve members of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology - considered to be experts in the field - were recruited to answer 12 questions about the subject. After exchanging revisions, a first draft was prepared. A face-to-face meeting was held in Fortaleza, Brazil on 9.23.22 to discuss it. The revised version was subsequently emailed to all members of the ALS Scientific Department from the Brazilian Academy of Neurology and the final revised version submitted for publication. The prevalence of pseudobulbar affect/pathological laughter and crying (PBA/PLC) in ALS patients from 15 combined studies and 3906 patients was 27.4% (N = 1070), ranging from 11.4% to 71%. Bulbar onset is a risk factor but there are limited studies evaluating the differences in prevalence among the different motor neuron diseases subtypes, including patients with and without frontotemporal dementia. Antidepressants and a combination of dextromethorphan and quinidine (not available in Brazil) are possible therapeutic options. This group of panelists acknowledge the multiple gaps in the current literature and reinforces the need for further studies.

Resumo O espectro de fenômenos neuropsiquiátricos observados na ELA é amplo e não completamente entendido. Desordens do riso e do choro estão entre as manifestações mais comuns. O objetivo deste estudo é relatar os resultados de um Consenso organizado pela Academia Brasileira de Neurologia para avaliar definições, fenomenologia, diagnóstico, e manejo dos distúrbios do riso e do choro em pacientes com ELA. Doze membros da Academia Brasileira de Neurologia – considerados experts na área – foram recrutados para responder 12 questões na temática. Depois da verificação das revisões, um primeiro manuscrito foi preparado. Após, foi realizado um encontro presencial em Fortaleza, Brasil, em 23/09/2022, para discussão do conteúdo. A versão revisada foi posteriormente enviada por e-mail para todos os membros do Departamento Científico de DNM/ELA da Academia Brasileira de Neurologia e a versão final revisada foi submetida para publicação. A prevalência da síndrome pseudobulbar em pacientes com ELA em 15 estudos combinados com 3906 pacientes foi de 27,4% (n = 1070), variando entre 11,4% e 71%. Início bulbar é um fator de risco, mas há limitados estudos avaliando as diferenças em prevalência entre os diferentes subtipos de Doença do Neurônio Motor, incluindo pacientes com e sem Demência Frontotemporal. Antidepressivos e uma combinação de dextrometorfana e quinidina (indisponíveis no Brasil) são opções terapêuticas possíveis. Esse grupo de panelistas reconhece as múltiplas demandas não atendidas na literatura atual e reforça a necessidade de futuros estudos.

ABSTRACT The N-salicyloyltryptamine (NST) is an indole derivative compound analogue to the alkaloid N-benzoyltryptamine. In the present study, the antiedematogenic activity of NST was investigated in animal models. Firstly, the acute toxicity for NST was assessed according to the OECD Guideline no. 423. The potential NST-induced antiedematogenic activity was evaluated by carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats, as well as by dextran-, compound 48/80-, histamine-, serotonin-, capsaicine-, and prostaglandin E2-induced paw edema in mice. The effect of NST on compound 48/80-induced ex vivo mast cell degranulation on mice mesenteric bed was investigated. No death or alteration of behavioral parameters was observed after administration of NST (2000 mg/kg, i.p.) during the observation time of 14 days. The NST (100 and 200 mg/kg, i.p.) inhibited the carrageenan-induced edema from the 1st to the 5th hour (**p<0.01; ***p<0.001). The edematogenic activity induced by dextran, compound 48/80, histamine, serotonin, capsaicin, and prostaglandin E2 was inhibited by NST (100 mg/kg, i.p.) throughout the observation period (**p<0.01; ***p<0.001). The pretreatment with NST (50, 100 or 200 mg/kg, i.p) attenuates the compound 48/80-induced mast cell degranulation (**p<0.01; ***p<0.001). Thus, the inhibition of both mast cell degranulation and release of endogenous mediators are probably involved in the NST-induced antiedematogenic effect.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo é descrever os resultados de um Consenso Brasileiro sobre Neuropatia de Fibras Finas (NFF). Quinze neurologistas (membros da Academia Brasileira de Neurologia) revisaram uma versão preliminar do artigo. Onze panelistas se reuniram na cidade de Fortaleza para discutir e terminar o texto para a submissão do manuscrito. NFF pode ser definida como um subtipo de neuropatia caracterizada pelo envolvimento seletivo de fibras sensitivas amielínicas ou pouco mielinizadas. Seu quadro clínico inclui manifestações negativas e positivas: sensitivas (dor/disestesias/prurido) ou queixas sensitivas e autonômicas combinadas, associadas a exame neurológico quase totalmente normal. A eletromiografia convencional é normal. Uma lista crescente de condições médicas causa NFF. NFF também pode servir como uma terminologia útil para referenciar pequenas discrepâncias nos valores normais de diferentes laboratórios de neurofisiologia. Diferentes técnicas podem evidenciar anormalidades sensitivas e/ou autonômicas. São necessários mais estudos para refiná-las e para o desenvolvimento de terapias específicas.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to describe the results of a Brazilian Consensus on Small Fiber Neuropathy (SFN). Fifteen neurologists (members of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology) reviewed a preliminary draft. Eleven panelists got together in the city of Fortaleza to discuss and finish the text for the manuscript submission. Small fiber neuropathy can be defined as a subtype of neuropathy characterized by selective involvement of unmyelinated or thinly myelinated sensory fibers. Its clinical picture includes both negative and positive manifestations: sensory (pain/dysesthesias/pruritus) or combined sensory and autonomic complaints, associated with an almost entirely normal neurological examination. Standard electromyography is normal. A growing list of medical conditions is associated with SFN. The classification of SFN may also serve as a useful terminology to uncover minor discrepancies in the normal values from different neurophysiology laboratories. Several techniques may disclose sensory and/or autonomic impairment. Further studies are necessary to refine these techniques and develop specific therapies.

ABSTRACT Lippia origanoides is a honey shrub which has showed hypotensive potential assessed by in vivo studies. The aim of this work is the development of a pharmaceutical formulation composed by an optimized extract obtained from aerial parts of L. origanoides. The quantification of the naringenin marker in the dry extract and tablets developed was performed, as well as the assessment of the oral acute toxicity in rats. The hydroalcoholic extract of L. origanoides was spray-dried with the addition of colloidal silicon dioxide (Lo-HAE/CSD), and then applied in the preparation of eight different lots of tablets. The influence of the diluent (cellulose or babassu mesocarp), the presence of binder, and the percentage of lubricant, as well as organoleptic and physicochemical characteristics were screened. For the quantification of the marker content both in Lo-HAE/CSD and in the tablets, an analytical curve of the naringenin standard was fitted, and the samples were then analyzed in UFLC. The toxicological assessment was performed in female Wistar rats according to the Acute Toxic Class Method from OECD. The developed tablets produced meet acceptable macroscopic characteristics, and the presence of babassu as diluent provided improved physicochemical properties. The best content of Lo-HAE/CSD in the tablet (100.27%) was identified for the lot containing babassu, composed by 1.0% magnesium stearate, without PVP binder in its formulation. Moreover, Lo-HAE/CSD showed no signs of toxicity. Therefore, the babassu mesocarp powder is a promising pharmaceutical excipient for the development of herbal tablets containing the Lippia origanoides extract.

We assessed at multiple length scales (nanometers to millimeters) the nanocoatings of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on model SiO2/Si substrates. The coatings from biogenic AgNPs (from yeasts Rhodotorula glutinis and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa) were compared to those formed from "synthetic" AgNPs capped with citrate and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). With computational analysis of large-field (LF) X-ray images of the whole substrates (5 × 5 mm), we were able to assess the coatings homogeneity, relative amount of AgNPs, and their distribution as agglomerates. Surprisingly, by analyzing more than 100,000 elements (nanoparticles and agglomerates) in each sample, it was observed that the mentioned features have little dependence on the AgNPs morphology and capping agents. All silver nanocoatings resisted when immersed in phosphate-buffered saline medium by forming agglomerates of up to 10 µm2. However, coatings formed with synthetic AgNPs (capped with citrate and SDS) led to a higher antimicrobial efficiency against Staphylococcus aureus.

As doenças parasitárias, também chamadas de “doenças negligenciadas”, continuam sendo uma grande dificuldade para o desenvolvimento social e econômico dos países mais pobres. Podemos citar como exemplo dessas doenças, a leishmaniose e a doença de Chagas. A leishmaniose é causada por parasitas do gênero Leishmania e afeta cerca de 12 milhões de pessoas. A doença de Chagas, causada pelo protozoário Trypanosoma cruzi, causa aproximadamente 50.000 mortes por ano. Os fármacos disponíveis para o tratamento dessas doenças são altamente tóxicos, sendo este um dos motivos que leva à busca por drogas eficazes e seguras para seus tratamentos. As folhas da Annona squamosa, espécie da família Annonaceae, já foram descritas na literatura por suas atividades hepatoprotetora, antiparasitária, pesticida e antimicrobiana. Nesse estudo avaliamos a atividade anti-leishmania e tripanocida do extrato etanólico das folhas de Annona squamosa L. (EEAS) em formas promastigota do parasita Leishmania braziliensis e Leishmania infantum e epimastigota de Trypanosoma cruzi, além de avaliar a atividade citotóxica em fibroblasto. Os resultados demonstram que o extrato apresentou uma melhor atividade contra Leishmania infantum e Leishmania brasiliensis quando comparados com Trypanosoma cruzi; e que apresentou uma maior toxicidade nas concentrações de 500 e 1000 μg/ml, com mortalidade dos fibroblastos de aproximadamente 85% e 100%, respectivamente. Esse estudo aponta para uma perspectiva terapêutica alternativa que se mostrou eficaz frente aos parasitas aqui estudados, exceto a forma epimastigota de Trypanosoma cruzi. Com relação aos testes de citotoxicidade fazem-se necessários novos testes, uma vez que apresentou um alto nível de toxicidade, viabilizando assim futuros ensaios in vivo.

The parasitic diseases, also calls by “neglected diseases”, continue being a major difficulty for the social and economic development of the poorest countries. We can cite as an example of these diseases, the leishmaniasis and the Chagas disease. Leishmaniasis is caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania and affects about 12 million people. The Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, causes approximately 50,000 deaths per year. The drugs available for the treatment of these diseases are highly toxic, being this one of the reasons that leads to the search for effective and safe drugs for their treatments. The leaves of the Annona squamosa, species of the family Annonaceae, have already been described in the literature by their hepatoprotective activities, antiparasitic, pesticide and antimicrobial. In this study we assessed the activity tripanocidal and antileishmania of ethanolic extract from the leaves of Annona squamosa L. (EEAS) in promastigota forms of the parasite Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania infantum and epimastigota of Trypanosoma cruzi, in addition to evaluating the cytotoxic activity in fibroblasts. The results demonstrate that the extract presented a better activity against Leishmania infantum and Leishmania brasiliensis when compared with Trypanosoma cruzi; and which presented a greater toxicity at concentrations of 500 and 1000 μg/ml, with mortality of fibroblasts of approximately 85% and 100%, respectively. This study points to an alternative therapeutic perspective that showed effective against the parasites here studied, except the epimastigota form of Trypanosoma cruzi. With relation to cytotoxicity tests are required new tests, once presented a high level of toxicity, thus enabling future in vivo assays.

Resumo Este artigo explora a estrutura de ligações entre os hospitais integrantes de uma rede de inovação e aprendizagem em gestão hospitalar. Pressupõe que há limitações para fomentar a comunicação e a difusão de conhecimento entre as organizações prestadoras de serviços de saúde caso não estejam configuradas em redes sociais. Utiliza-se como método a Análise de Redes Sociais, compreendida como uma estratégia para monitorar a difusão de informações entre hospitais. As assertivas conceituais sobre a difusão do conhecimento enfatizam o papel dos fenômenos e dos processos de comunicação e de aprendizagem como a força motriz da propagação de uma inovação nos serviços de saúde. Os resultados revelam uma fragilidade da interação dos hospitais e da coesão deles na rede. Assim, políticas para promover o fluxo de dados e informações são necessárias, requerendo abertura dos componentes da Rede investigada para intercambiar seus processos inovativos. A interação desses hospitais em estruturas horizontalizadas e capilarizadas é uma qualidade ou propriedade ainda a ser adotada, incorporada, assimilada e desenvolvida pelos sujeitos, instituições e organizações de serviços de atenção à saúde.

Abstract This article explores the structure of connections between the hospitals that are members of a hospital management innovation and learning network. This study was based on the assumption that there are limitations to encourage the communication and diffusion of knowledge between health service organizations if they are not effectively connected through social networks. Social Network Analysis was used as a strategy for monitoring the dissemination of information between hospitals. Theoretical concepts of diffusion of knowledge allowed emphasizing the role of the phenomena and communication and learning processes as the driving forces for health service innovation. The results showed weak interactions between hospitals and a lack of cohesion within the network. Therefore, there is a need for policies to promote the flow of data and information, which requires network openness to foster the exchange of innovative processes. Interactions between these hospitals in horizontal and disseminated structures have yet to be stimulated, established, incorporated, and developed by individuals, institutions and health service organizations.

Introduction: Food and dietetic components have received considerable attention as auxiliary feeding resources on controlling of chronic non-transmissible diseases, among them diabetes. This study evaluated the effect of supplementary diet with multimixture based on linseed, sesame, oats and sunflower seeds on the hepatic function and antioxidant activity of diabetic rats. Methods: Male rats were distributed on groups of seven animals: diabetic control (DC), diabetics subject to multimixture diet (DM), diabetic with insulin (DI), and normal control (NC). The treatment was started on the 5th day after diabetes induction with 40 mg/kg i.v. streptozotocin on tampon citrate and kept during 50 days. Results: The ethereal extract of the supplemented diet showed a higher content of phenolics (p < 0.05) compared to other extracts of the supplemented diet and the ethereal extract of the standard diet. There was no difference in antioxidant in vitro activity of the utilized diets. Concerning to transaminases, significant bigger ALT levels (p < 0.05) were present on diabetic groups compared to NC. The relative liver weight on diabetic groups was significantly higher (p < 0.001) compared to NC group. Non-proteic sulfhydryl group levels were significantly higher (p < 0.05) on DM and I groups when compared to DM and NC. Only the treatment with insulin resulted in an improvement of antioxidant activity concerning to hepatic catalase. The supplementation with multimixture did not improve the metabolic control of diabetes. Conclusion: The multimixture treatment showed an isolated improvement on antioxidant activity in the hepatic tissue, evidenced by the increasing on non-proteic sulfhydryl group levels.

Introducción: alimentos y componentes de la dieta han recibido considerable atención como recursos auxiliares en el control de las enfermedades crónicas, como la diabetes. Este estudio evaluó el efecto de la dieta suplementada con base de linaza multimezcla, sésamo, avena y semillas de girasol en la función hepática y la actividad antioxidante de ratas diabéticas. Métodos: las ratas macho fueron divididas en grupos de siete animales: control de la diabetes (CD), diabéticos sometidos a dieta multimezcla (DM), diabéticos con insulina (DI), y control normal (CN). El tratamiento se inició en el quinto día después de la inducción de la diabetes con estreptozotocina 40 mg/kg i.v. en tampón citrato y se mantuvo durante 50 días. Resultados: la dieta extracto etéreo complementado tenía el contenido fenólico más alto (p < 0,05) que los otros extractos de la suplementación de la dieta y el extracto de éter de la comida estándar. No hubo diferencia en la actividad antioxidante in vitro de la alimentación usada. A medida que las transaminasas, los niveles de ALT significativamente mayor (p < 0,05) estuvieron presentes en el grupo de diabéticos en comparación con CN, el peso relativo del hígado en el grupo de diabéticos fue significativamente mayor (p < 0,001) en comparación con el grupo CN. Los grupos sulfhidrilo de los niveles de proteína no fueron significativamente mayores (p < 0,05) en los grupos F e I comparados con CN y CD. El tratamiento con insulina resultó en una mejora de la actividad antioxidante con respecto a la catalasa hepática. Conclusión: la suplementación con multimezcla no mejora el control metabólico de la diabetes. El tratamiento con multimezcla aislado mostró una mejora en la actividad antioxidante en el tejido hepático, como se evidencia por el aumento de los niveles de grupos sulfhidrilo no proteicos.

SUMMARY Nanotechnology can be a valuable ally in the treatment of infections. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are structures that have antimicrobial activity. The aim of this study was to produce AgNPs by green methods, characterize these structures, and assess their antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli associated with the antibiotic ciprofloxacin. AgNPs were characterized by spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the disk diffusion method against 10 strains of E. coli. The synthesized AgNPs showed a spherical shape and a size of 85.07 ± 12.86 nm (mean ± SD). AgNPs increased the activity of ciprofloxacin by 40% and may represent a new therapeutic option for the treatment of bacterial infections.

Nanopartículas de Prata (AgNPs) são estruturas metálicas em escala nanométrica. AgNPs apresentam atividades antimicrobianas contra fungos e bactérias; no entanto, a síntese de AgNPs pode gerar resíduos tóxicos e devido a isso novas rotas utilizando compostos atóxicos têm sido buscadas. O objetivo desse estudo foi sintetizar AgNPs utilizando a ribose como agente redutor e dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS) como estabilizante e avaliar a atividade antifúngica dessas partículas contra C. albicans e C. tropicalis. Foram sintetizadas nanopartículas estáveis com 12,5 ± 0,2 nm (média ± DP) que apresentaram elevada atividade contra Candida spp. e podem representar boa alternativa no tratamento de infecções fúngicas.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are metal structures at the nanoscale. AgNPs have exhibited antimicrobial activities against fungi and bacteria; however synthesis of AgNPs can generate toxic waste during the reaction process. Accordingly, new routes using non-toxic compounds have been researched. The proposal of the present study was to synthesize AgNPs using ribose as a reducing agent and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as a stabilizer. The antifungal activity of these particles against C. albicans and C. tropicalis was also evaluated. Stable nanoparticles 12.5 ± 4.9 nm (mean ± SD) in size were obtained, which showed high activity against Candida spp. and could represent an alternative for fungal infection treatment.

Introduction: Albumin is considered an important extracellular antioxidant molecule. hypoalbuminemia is a strong and independent predictor of mortality in patients on hemodialysis. The present study evaluated the relation between hypoalbuminemia and oxidative stress by comparing superoxide dismutase activity, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant micronutrient consumption in chronic renal failure patients. Methods: A case-control study was carried out with 64 patients of both sexes aged 18 to 59 years. The patients with hypoalbuminemia (ALB <3.5 g/dL) were defined as case (n = 26) and control (n = 38) those with ALB ≥ 3.5 g/dL. Determinations of activity superoxide dismutase (SOD) and nitric oxide production by the contraction of nitrite in erythrocytes, concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in plasma, lipid profile and micronutrient antioxidants intake were performed. For comparisons between groups, the Student t test was used. Possible associations between variables were tested using the chi-square test and Pearson correlation test. Results: Consumption of copper was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the group with hypoalbuminemia. There was a positive correlation between the concentrations of albumin and intake copper (r = 0.280). Negative correlation was found between albumin and MDA concentrations. Conclusion: Hypoalbuminemia is associated with increased lipid peroxidation, and can contribute to oxidative stress in chronic renal failure patients. Additionally, patients with chronic renal disease undergoing hemodialysis evaluated in this study had reduced consumption of cooper.

Introducción: La albúmina se considera una molécula antioxidante extracelular importante. La hipoalbuminemia es un predictor fuerte e independiente de mortalidad en pacientes en hemodiálisis. El presente estudio evaluó la relación entre hipoalbuminemia y el estrés oxidativo mediante la comparación de la actividad de la superóxido dismutasa, la peroxidación lipídica y el consumo de micronutrientes antioxidantes en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica. Métodos: Este estudio de casos y controles se llevó a cabo con 64 pacientes de ambos sexos de 18 a 59 años. Los pacientes con hipoalbuminemia (ALB < 3,5 g / dL) se definieron como los casos (n = 26) y el grupo control (n = 38) aquellos con ALB ≥ 3,5 g/dL. Fueran realizadas determinaciones de la actividad de la superóxido dismutasa en los eritrócitos, la producción de óxido nítrico por la contracción de nitrito e concentración de malondialdehído (MDA) en plasma, el perfil de lípidos en plasma, la ingesta de proteínas y micronutrientes antioxidantes se realizaron. Para las comparaciones entre grupos, se utilizó la prueba t de Student. Posibles asociaciones entre variables se analizaron mediante el test de correlación lineal y Pearson y en la prueba de chi-cuadrado. Resultados: El consumo de cobre fue significativamente menor (p < 0,05) para el grupo con hipoalbuminemia. Correlaciones entres las concentraciones de albúmina y el uso de cobre (r = 0,280). Se encontró correlación negativa entre las concentraciones de albúmina y MDA. Conclusión: La hipoalbuminemia se asocia con aumento de la peroxidación lipídica, y puede contribuir al estrés oxidativo en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica. Además, los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica sometidos a hemodiálisis evaluados en este estudio habían reducido el consumo de cobre.

Objetivo: Estudios recientes reportan la utilización de plantas en forma de zumos o té como fuente de agentes antioxidantes naturales que presentan bajo riesgo, pudiendo ser utilizados como complemento del tratamiento de diversas enfermedades. Materiales y métodos: En este contexto, se evaluarán in vitro, los potenciales antioxidantes, de los extractos de Eugenia uniflora y Psidium sobraleanum, además de cuantificar fenoles y flavonoides presentes en los extractos. Resultados: De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos, se observó una mejor actividad antioxidante con el extracto de Eugenia uniflora, en el test de TBARS con fofolípidos de huevo, los extractos redujeron los niveles basales en el proceso de peroxidación lipídica; y cuando fue inducida con Fe+2, el extracto de Psidium sobraleanum se mostró más eficiente. Conclusiones: Por lo tanto, a través de estos ensayos se pudo comprobar que los extractos de las hojas de las especies Eugenia uniflora y Psidium sobraleanum presentan actividad antioxidante, directamente relacionada con sustancias fenólicas producidas a partir de sus metabolitos secundarios.

Objective: Evaluation of antioxidant activity has been an important issue considering its importance in human health. Recent studies show that the use of plants in the form of juices or teas as sources of natural antioxidants with low risk can be used as an aid to the treatment of various diseases. Material and Methods: Evaluation of the antioxidant potential in vitro, extracts of Eugenia uniflora and Psidium sobraleanum, as well as the quantification of phenols and flavonoids present in the extracts. Results: Findings showed a better antioxidant activity for the extract of Eugenia uniflora. In the TBARS test with egg phospholipids, extracts presented a reduction in the basal levels in the lipid peroxidation process; and when the Fe2 + extract was inducted, Psidium sobraleanum proved to be more efficient.. Conclusions: These tests proved that the extracts of leaves of the species Eugenia uniflora and Psidium sobraleanum present antioxidant activity which is directly related to phenolic substances produced in its secondary metabolism.

Objetivo: Estudos recentes apontam a utilização de plantas na forma de sucos ou chás como fontes de agentes antioxidantes naturais que apresentam baixo risco podendo ser utilizado no auxílio do tratamento de várias doenças. Materiais e métodos: Neste contexto, avaliaram-se os potenciais antioxidantes, in vitro, dos extratos de Eugenia uniflora e Psidium sobraleanum, além de quantificar fenóis e flavonoides presentes nos extratos. Resultados: De acordo com os resultados obtidos, observou-se uma melhor atividade antioxidante para o extrato de Eugenia uniflora, para o teste de TBARS com fosfolipídio de ovo, os extratos reduziram os níveis basais no processo de peroxidação lipídica, e quando induzidos por Fe2+ o extrato de Psidium sobraleanum mostrouse mais eficiente. Conclusões: Portanto, através destes ensaios pode-se verificar que os extratos das folhas das espécies, Eugenia uniflora e Psidium sobraleanum, apresentam uma atividade antioxidante, diretamente relacionada com substâncias fenólicas produzidas a partir do seu metabolismo secundário.

Introdução: a Pseudomonas aeruginosaé conhecida por causar infecção aguda pela produção de toxinas. Alguns espécimes deStaphylococcus são frequentemente reconhecidos como agentes etiológicos de infecções oportunistas em muitos animais e homens. Escherichia colié uma das principais causas de doenças infecciosas humanas. O gênero Candida produz diversos fatores de virulência, as infecções são provavelmente iniciadas por modificações de defesas do hospedeiro. Objetivo: avaliar o efeito antimicrobiano do extrato hexânico de Costus cf. e modulação da atividade antibiótica de Costus cf. Arabicus L. Métodos: o material botânico de Costus cf. Arabicus L., foi coletado no município de Crato, Ceará, Brasil. Para a preparação dos extratos foram coletados folhas e caules frescos, submersos em hexano separadamente por 72 h, sendo apósesse período, filtrado e concentrado em condensador rotativo a vácuo. Foram realizados testes de atividade antimicrobiana (CIM) e modulação da atividade antimicrobiana com cepas padrões e multirresistentes de bactérias e fungos. Resultados: o extrato demonstrou atividade antibacteriana e antifúngica quando combinados com alguns antimicrobianos contra algumas linhagens testadas. Conclusões: portanto, é sugerido que o extrato de Costus cf. pode ser utilizado como uma fonte de productos naturais na terapêutica antimicrobiana e no combate a multirresistência bacteriana e fúngica.

Introduction: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is known to cause acute infection due to the production of toxins. Some specimens of Staphylococcus are often recognized as the etiologic agents of opportunistic infections in many animals and humans. Escherichia coli is a leading cause of human infectious diseases. The genus Candida produces several virulence factors. Infections are probably initiated by changes in host defenses. Objective: evaluate the antimicrobial effect of hexane extract of Costus cf. and themodulation of Costus cf. Arabicus. L. antibiotic activity. Methods: botanical material from Costus cf. arabicus L. was collected at Crato, Ceará, Brazil. For the preparation of extracts fresh leaves and stems were collected, separately immersed in hexane for 72 hours, and thereafter filtered and concentrated in a rotary vacuum condenser. Tests of antimicrobial activity (MIC) and antimicrobial activity modulation were conducted with multiresistant strain patterns of bacteria and fungi. Results: the extract showed antibacterial and antifungal activity against some of the strains tested when combined with some antibiotics. Conclusions: therefore, it is suggested that the extract of Costus cf. be used as a source of natural products for antimicrobial therapy and to combat bacterial and fungal multidrug resistance.

Introducción: Pseudomonas aeruginosa se sabe que causa la infección aguda por la producción de toxinas. Algunos ejemplares de Staphylococcus suelen ser reconocidos como agentes etiológicos de las infecciones oportunistas en muchos animales y seres humanos. Escherichia coli es una de las principales causas de las enfermedades infecciosas humanas. El género Candida produce varios factores de virulencia, las infecciones son probablemente iniciadas por los cambios en las defensas del huésped. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto antimicrobiano del extracto de hexano de Costus cf. y la modulación de la actividad antibiótica de Costus cf. Arabicus L. Métodos: el material botánico de Costus cf. arabicus L. se recogió en Crato, Ceará, Brasil. Para la preparación de extractos se recogieron las hojas y los tallos frescos por separado y se sumergieron en hexano durante 72 horas, después de eso, se filtró y se concentró en un condensador de vacío rotatorio. Se realizaron ensayos de actividad antimicrobiana (MIC), modulación con cepas multirresistentes y patrones de bacterias y hongos. Resultados: el extracto mostró actividad antibacteriana y antifúngica cuando se combinan con algunos antibióticos contra algunas cepas ensayadas. Conclusiones: por lo tanto, el extracto de Costus cf. se puede utilizar como una fuente de productos naturales en la terapia antimicrobiana y en la lucha contra la resistencia a múltiples fármacos de bacterias y hongos.

Conhecimento e inovação são fenômenos organizativos gerenciais e dependem de técnicas de gerenciamento de informações para criá-los e difundi-los. Os objetivos deste artigo são mapear conceitos de inovação, de difusão de inovações e de aprendizagem, aplicados aos processos de inovação, além de revelar as ferramentas e fontes de informações para aprendizagem e inovações gerenciais incrementais em hospitais. A análise conceitual das dimensões dos processos de aprendizagem e inovação evidencia a importância epistêmica do pensamento complexo e de uma abordagem multirreferencial, com o foco em sistemas e redes de serviços em saúde, como meios de transferência de conhecimento gerencial. A pesquisa caracteriza-se como aplicada, quantitativa e qualitativa. Os resultados mostram que a Rede de hospitais investigada articula os processos de qualificação profissional e favorece as relações entre sujeitos. Esses processos são configurados como mecanismos de difusão de conhecimentos em saúde, que servem de base para a aprendizagem organizacional e a inovação gerencial. Entretanto, prevalecem interações intraorganizacionais, com pouca interação interorganizacional nos hospitais que compõem a Rede. As conclusões apontam a necessidade da difusão de políticas de informação e comunicação para intensificar a interação entre os parceiros da Rede, extensivo às organizações de serviços do SUS brasileiro.

Knowledge and innovation are organizational phenomena managerial and are dependent on information management techniques to create and diffusion them. This paper aims to map concepts of innovation, diffusion innovations, and learning applied to innovation processes, and to reveal the tools and information sources for learning and incremental innovation management in hospitals. As this is a survey of health services network, the analysis conceptual of the learning and innovation process highlights the importance of epistemic thinking complex and a multi-referential approach, focusing on health services systems and networks as means knowledge management diffusion. The research is characterized as applied, quantitative, and qualitative. The results show that the network articulates the processes of qualification and and promotes the development of relationships between subjects. These processes are configured as mechanisms for diffusion knowledge and serve as a basis for organizational learning and management innovation. However, intra-organizational interactions prevail with few interactions among hospitals that constitute the network. The findings indicate the need for the diffusion of information and communication policies to enhance the interaction between the partners network, extended to service organizations of the Brazilian SUS.