Abstract Tropical wetland forests are fragile ecosystems facing critical risks due to global warming and other anthropogenic threats. Hence, gathering accurate and reliable information on them is urgent. Although remote sensing has demonstrated great potential in studying terrestrial ecosystems, remote sensing-based wetland forest research is still in an early stage of development. Mapping wetland forests, particularly mangrove forests, was an initial goal of this approach and is a task that still faces methodological challenges. Initially based on aerial photography only, wetland forest mapping through remote sensing underwent explosive diversification after the launching of artificial satellites in the 1970s. Later, precision in wetland forest mapping increased with the combination of hyperspectral, multispectral, and high and very high-resolution imagery. Accurate delimitation of wetland forest extent is also necessary to assess their temporal dynamics (losses, gains, and horizontal displacement). Despite the prevalence of mapping studies, current remote sensing-based research on wetland forests addresses new questions and novel aims, such as describing and predicting wetland forest attributes through mathematical modeling. Although this approach has made substantial progress in recent decades, modeling and predicting wetland forest attributes remain insufficiently explored fields of research. Combining active and passive sensors is a promising alternative to provide a more accurate picture of these communities’ attributes. In particular, LiDAR and radar-based technologies may help overcome difficulties encountered in older studies. In the future, we will witness conceptual and methodological progress that will enable us to surmount the remaining challenges.

Resumen Los humedales arbóreos tropicales están críticamente amenazados por el calentamiento global y otras amenazas antropogénicas; por ello, urge recopilar información confiable sobre estas comunidades vegetales. Aunque la percepción remota ha demostrado gran potencial en el estudio de ecosistemas terrestres, la investigación de los humedales arbóreos con este enfoque requiere mayor desarrollo. El mapeo de los humedales arbóreos (particularmente manglares), que fue el objetivo inicial de este enfoque, aún enfrenta desafíos metodológicos. Inicialmente basado solo en fotografías aéreas, el mapeo de humedales arbóreos se diversificó explosivamente con el lanzamiento de satélites artificiales y la interpretación de imágenes de percepción remota. La precisión de los mapas de estas comunidades aumentó con el uso combinado de imágenes multiespectrales, hiperespectrales, de alta y muy alta resolución. Para evaluar la dinámica temporal (pérdidas, ganancias, desplazamiento horizontal) de los humedales arbóreos necesitamos delimitar de manera precisa su extensión. Aunque todavía se están cartografiando numerosos humedales arbóreos, la investigación actual de estos ecosistemas por percepción remota aborda nuevas preguntas y objetivos (e.g., predecir los atributos comunitarios por medio de modelos matemáticos). A pesar de sustanciales avances recientes, el modelado y la predicción de los atributos de los humedales arbóreos siguen siendo temas poco explorados. La combinación de sensores activos y pasivos es una alternativa promisoria para evaluar con precisión los atributos de estas comunidades, y las tecnologías de radar y LiDAR pueden ayudar a superar dificultades enfrentadas en el pasado. Los avances conceptuales y metodológicos en el futuro permitirán superar los desafíos que aún persisten.

Resumo Em condições de estresse salino, o crescimento das plantas é reduzido, em virtude, do desequilíbrio osmótico, nutricional e oxidativo. Contudo, o ácido salicílico atua na mitigação desse estresse abiótico por promover incremento no crescimento, fotossíntese, metabolismo do nitrogênio, síntese de osmorreguladores e enzimas antioxidantes. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de doses de ácido salicílico sobre o crescimento e alterações fisiológicas de mudas de berinjela sob estresse salino. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, onde os tratamentos foram distribuídos em blocos ao acaso utilizando uma matriz composta central Box com cinco níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação (CEa) (0,50; 1,08; 2,50; 3,92 e 4,50 dS m-1), associada a cinco doses de ácido salicílico (AS) (0,00; 0,22; 0,75; 1,28 e 1,50 mM), com quatro repetições e cada parcela composta por três plantas. Aos 40 dias após a semeadura, foram determinados a altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas, área foliar, vazamento de eletrólito, teor relativo de água e massa seca total. A CEa e a aplicação de AS influenciaram no crescimento e nas alterações fisiológicas das mudas de berinjela. O aumento da CEa reduziu o crescimento na ausência de AS. O dano de membrana com o uso de AS manteve-se estável até 3,9 dS m-1 de CEa. O conteúdo relativo de água independentemente da CEa aumentou com 1 mM de SA. O uso de AS na concentração de 1 mM mitigou o efeito deletério da salinidade no crescimento das mudas até 2,50 dS m-1 de CEa.

Abstract Under salt stress conditions, plant growth is reduced due to osmotic, nutritional and oxidative imbalance. However, salicylic acid acts in the mitigation of this abiotic stress by promoting an increase in growth, photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism, synthesis of osmoregulators and antioxidant enzymes. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the effect of salicylic acid doses on the growth and physiological changes of eggplant seedlings under salt stress. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, where the treatments were distributed in randomized blocks using a central composite matrix Box with five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (CEw) (0.50; 1.08; 2.50; 3.92 and 4.50 dS m-1), associated with five doses of salicylic acid (SA) (0.00; 0.22; 0.75; 1.28 and 1.50 mM), with four repetitions and each plot composed of three plants. At 40 days after sowing, plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, electrolyte leakage, relative water content, and total dry mass were determined. ECw and SA application influenced the growth and physiological changes of eggplant seedlings. Increasing the ECw reduced growth in the absence of SA. Membrane damage with the use of SA remained stable up to 3.9 dS m-1 of ECw. The relative water content independent of the CEw increased with 1.0 mM of SA. The use of SA at the concentration of 1.0 mM mitigated the deleterious effect of salinity on seedling growth up to 2.50 dS m-1 of ECw.

This work presents a two-step procedure to obtain thin films with a combination of CuSbS2 and Cu12Sb4S13 phases for study in thermoelectric applications. The procedure consisted of the physical evaporation of sulfides layers (Sb2S3 and CuS) on glass substrates and the subsequent annealing of the samples in a N2 atmosphere. The characterizations by Raman spectroscopy and XRD revealed that the samples presented a varied percentage of Cu12Sb4S13 and CuSbS2. The results indicated that the percentage of phases depended on the initial thickness of the sulfide layers and the annealing temperature. The lower initial ratio between sulfide thicknesses and annealing temperature above 300 °C favored the formation of Cu12Sb4S13. However, the thermoelectric properties were improved when the phases coexisted in the thin film compared to samples with high percentages of Cu12Sb4S13. In this way, a sample with a power factor of 2.30 μW /cm∙ K2 at 60 ºC was identified.

Abstract Background: Recurrent inguinal hernia is currently considered a complex hernia of the abdominal wall after it has been managed with a primary procedure, which represents a more technically challenging hernia. Objective: To determine the difference in epidemiological, clinical and surgical characteristics of patients with recurrent inguinal hernia and patients without recurrence. Method: Analytical cross-sectional study, in people over 18 years of age after surgery for inguinal hernia at the Naval Medical Center during the period from July 1, 2016 to June 30, 2019, integrating two study groups. Results: 106 patients were included, 29 surgeries for recurrence, predominance of men and older than 60 years. Differences was found between the group of surgery for recurrence and the group of primary surgery in surgical time in minutes, with medians of 115 (p25 75 and p75 154) and 72 (p25 58 and p75 110), respectively (p = 0.001); type of open approach, 62.1% and 88.3% (p = 0.005), and type of regional anesthesia, 48.3% and 75.3% (p = 0.008). Correlation between body mass index and size of the hernial defect was explored, obtaining r of −0.099 and p = 0.652, with a null correlation between them. Conclusions: With the findings obtained in this study, it is possible to hypothesize the behavior of the naval population which may differ from the general population and thus establish follow-up protocols to give magnitude to already known factors.

Resumen Antecedentes: La hernia inguinal recidivante es considerada actualmente como una hernia compleja de la pared abdominal después de que se haya manejado con un procedimiento primario, lo que representa una hernia con un mayor desafío técnico. Objetivo: Determinar las diferencias en las características epidemiológicas, clínicas y quirúrgicas de pacientes con hernia inguinal recidivante y sin recidiva. Método: Estudio transversal analítico en mayores de 18 años operados por hernia inguinal en el Centro Médico Naval durante el periodo del 1 de julio de 2016 al 30 de junio de 2019, integrando dos grupos de estudio. Resultados: Se incluyeron 106 pacientes, 29 cirugías por recidiva, predominio de hombres y mayores de 60 años. Se encontraron diferencias entre el grupo de cirugía por recidiva y el grupo de cirugia primaria en tiempo quirúrgico, con medianas de 115 (p25 75 y p75 154) y 72 (p25 58 y p75 110) minutos, respectivamente (p = 0.001); tipo de abordaje, abierto 62.1% y 88.3% (p = 0.005); y tipo de anestesia, regional 48.3% y 75.3% (p = 0.008). Se exploró la correlación entre el índice de masa corporal y el tamaño del defecto herniario, obteniendo r de −0.099 y p = 0.652, con una correlación nula entre ambas. Conclusiones: Con los hallazgos obtenidos en este estudio es posible plantear hipótesis del comportamiento de la población naval que pueda diferir de la población general, y con esto establecer protocolos de seguimiento para dar magnitud a factores ya conocidos.

RESUMO Propomos duas variações do precondicionador de aproximação da inversa em blocos (BAINV), originalmente desenvolvido por Benzi, Kouhia e Tůma em 2001. A primeira variação, a aproximação da inversa em blocos estabilizada para matrizes não simétricas (SBAINV-NS), é válida para matrizes não simétricas e não singulares. A segunda variação, a aproximação da inversa em blocos estabilizada combinada (SBAINV-VAR), é baseada nas relações dos fatores da inversa aproximada em blocos com a fatoração LDU em blocos de A e na relação de aproximação da inversa de Neumann. Demonstramos a consistência matemática dessas novas versões e apresentamos os algoritmos referentes a cada uma delas, além de exibir experimentos numéricos onde comparamos a densidade dos precondicionadores e o número de iterações quando aplicados ao método estabilizado de gradientes bi-conjugados (Bi-CGSTAB). Os principais resultados numéricos obtidos indicam que o uso da estrutura de blocos pode aumentar o desempenho do método iterativo de Krylov em comparação com a versão escalar. Além disso, nos experimentos apresentados, o SBAINV-VAR produz, em geral, precondicionadores que realizam menos iterações do Bi-CGSTAB e são menos densos do que o SBAINV-NS.

ABSTRACT We propose two variations of the block approximate inverse preconditioner (BAINV), presented by Benzi, Kouhia and Tůma in 2001. The first variation, the stabilized block approximate inverse for non-symmetric matrices (SBAINV-NS), is used for non-symmetric and non-singular matrices. The second variation, the combined stabilized block approximate inverse (SBAINV-VAR), is based on the relations between the block approximate inverse factors with the block LDU factors of A, as we will demonstrate, and on the relations between the approximate inverse and Neumann series. We prove the mathematical consistency of these new versions and present the algorithms for each one. We also present the numerical experiments, where we compare the density of the preconditioners and the number of iterations when applying the biconjugate gradient stabilized method (Bi-CGSTAB). The main numerical results indicate that the use of the block structure can increase the performance of the Krylov’s iterative method compared to the scalar version. Furthermore, the experiments show that SBAINV-VAR preconditioners, in general, perform less iterations of Bi-CGSTAB and are less dense than SBAINV-NS preconditioners.

Abstract Inverted organic photovoltaic solar cells were fabricated with the configuration of FTO/TiO2/P3HT:PC61BM/MoO3/Ag. Besides, the influence of transport layers, titanium dioxide and molybdenum trioxide, on the performance of solar cells were investigated. These compounds showed excellent optical (around 80% for molybdenum trioxide and 95% for titanium dioxide), electrical (like charge carrier density of 3.3 x1015 cm-3 and 2.5 x1014 cm-3 for titanium and molybdenum, respectively) and structural (anatase and amorphous hexagonal phase for titanium and molybdenum, respectively) properties to be used as transport layers. Also the influence of the thickness of the electron transport layer is studied, as well as the thickness, temperature and heat treatment time of the active layer. The correct selection of TiO2’s thickness (70 nm) and active layer’s thickness (250 nm) and annealing (at 100 degrees for 8 minutes) can increase the power conversion efficiency. Moreover, the cell fabricated with transport layers and the best conditions found showed a maximum efficiency of 3.3%, which indicates that the titanium dioxide and molybdenum trioxide played a determining role in the solar cell performance.

Abstract Antimony doped tin oxide (ATO) thin films are deposited on corning glass substrate using the spray pyrolysis technique. The experimental parameters such as distance between the substrate and source (10-30 cm), substrate temperature (350-450°C) and atmospheres (Nitrogen and Forming gas) are varied to study their effect on the properties of ATO thin films. The ATO thin film annealed at 425°C exhibits the lowest electrical resistivity of 2.23×10-2 Ω-cm. Besides, the film annealed in the nitrogen atmosphere showed a less resistivity value of 9.06×10-3 (Ω-cm) than the forming gas atmosphere. The film doped with 3 at% of Sb revealed the highest figure of merit value of 11.45x10-2 Ω-1. The preferential orientation is observed at the (200) diffraction plane in all the cases from the structural studies. Furthermore, the intensity of the diffraction planes decreases as the temperature increases. The average transmittance of 75% is obtained for ATO thin films.

Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar a produtividade, qualidade, incidência de nematoides, teor de clorofila e macronutrientes primários foliares do inhame em função das doses de nitrogênio e potássio. O delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados foi utilizado em esquema fatorial (5 x 5), com cinco doses de nitrogênio (0; 60; 120; 180 e 240 kg ha-1 de N), e cinco doses de potássio (0; 60; 120; 180 e 240 kg ha-1 de K2O), com quatro repetições. As características avaliadas foram à massa média, produtividade total e comercial de túberas, teor de amido, cinzas, teor de N, P e K foliar, clorofila e a incidência de nematoides. A massa média de túberas foi de 1,935 kg com uso de 133 kg ha-1 de N e 105 kg ha-1 de K2O. A dose de 178 kg ha-1 de N proporcionou máxima produtividade total de túberas (22,56 t ha-1). As doses de 132 kg ha-1 de N e 118 kg ha-1 de K2O, foram responsáveis pela produtividade máxima de túberas comerciais de 20,35 t ha-1. Os teores de N e K foliar, amido e cinzas ficaram dentro padrão para o inhame. A incidência de Meloidogyne, Scutellonema e Pratylenchus foram reduzidas com aumento das doses de efeito simples de N e K2O. A clorofila máxima foi observada na dose de 240 kg ha-1 de N. A interação nitrogênio e potássio apesar dos efeitos antagônicos sobre o acúmulo de P foliar e amido, promove aumento da produtividade e massa média de túberas comerciais, consequentemente, garante a rentabilidade do cultivo de inhame.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate yield, quality, nematode incidence, chlorophyll content, and primary foliar macronutrients of yam in response to nitrogen and potassium fertilization. A complete randomized block design was used in a factorial scheme (5 x 5), with five nitrogen (0; 60; 120; 180 and 240 kg ha-1 of N) and five potassium doses (0; 60; 120; 180 and 240 kg ha-1 of K2O), with four replicates. The mass, total and commercial productivity of tubers, starch content, ash, leaf N, P, and K content, chlorophyll, and nematode incidence were evaluated. The average mass of tubers obtained was 1.935 kg with doses of 133 kg ha-1 of N and 105 kg ha-1 of K2O. The dose of 178 kg ha-1 of N promoted maximum total tuber productivity (22.56 t ha-1). The doses of 132 kg ha-1 of N and 118 kg ha-1 of K2O resulted in maximum productivity of commercial tubers with 20.35 t ha-1. Leaf N and K, starch, and ash contents were within the standards for yam. The incidence of Meloidogyne, Scutellonema, and Pratylenchus reduced with the increasing simple effect doses of N and K2O. The maximum chlorophyll content was obtained at the dose of 240 kg ha-1 of N. The nitrogen and potassium interaction, despite the antagonistic effects on the accumulation of foliar P and starch, increased the productivity and average mass of commercial tubers, consequently ensuring the profitability of yam cultivation.

RESUMEN La enfermedad podal constituye uno de los síndromes más difíciles de controlar en la industria lechera. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo cuantificar la prevalencia de enfermedad podal, evaluando su asociación con factores como raza, orden de parto y peso. Se trata de un estudio retrospectivo que utiliza los registros sanitarios y productivos de un hato lechero ubicado en el trópico alto de Colombia. Los componentes raciales presentes fueron Fl Holstein x Blanco Orejinegro, 3/4 Holstein 1/4 Blanco Orejinegro, 5/8 Holstein 3/8 Blanco Orejinegro y Holstein 100%. Se consideraron 6 órdenes de parto. La variable enfermedad podal presenta una distribución binomial. El efecto de los factores se verificó utilizando un modelo lineal generalizado, por medio de una regresión logística (PROC GENMOD SAS versión 9.4). En caso de existir diferencias significativas, se aplicó el procedimiento LSMEANS del SAS (versión 9.4) y un Odds Rattio entre los niveles que presentaron significancia. La prevalencia de enfermedad podal en el hato fue de 10,55%. Los factores de riesgo considerados fueron estadísticamente significativos: componente racial (p < 0,0009), orden parto (p < 0,0001) y peso medio de las vacas (p < 0,0001). Se observó un incremento en la prevalencia de la enfermedad asociado a la raza Holstein, orden de parto alto y bajo peso corporal. La prevalencia de enfermedad podal fue mayor en vacas Holstein puras y menor en vacas Holstein cruzadas con Blanco Orejinegro, debido a la resistencia por heterosis que la raza criolla aporta. El incremento del orden de parto al igual que el bajo peso se relacionan con una mayor prevalencia de esta enfermedad.

ABSTRACT Foot disease is one of the most difficult syndromes to control in the dairy industry. The goal of this study was to quantify the prevalence of foot disease, evaluating its association with factors such as race, calving order and weight. This is a retrospective study using the health and production records of a dairy herd located in the high tropics of Colombia. The racial components present were F1 Holstein x Blanco Orejinegro, 3/4 Holstein 1/4 Blanco Orejinegro, 5/8 Holstein 3/8 Blanco Orejinegro, Holstein 100%. 6 delivery orders were considered. The variable foot disease presents a binomial distribution. The effect of the factors was verified using a generalized linear model, by means of a logistic regression (PROC GENMOD SAS version 9.4). In the event of significant differences, the SAS LSMEANS procedure (version 9.4) and an Odds Ratio were applied between the levels that presented significance. The prevalence of foot disease in the herd was 10,55%. The risk factors considered were statistically significant: racial component (p < 0,0009), calving order (p < 0,0001) and average weight of the cows (p < 0,0001). An increase in the prevalence of the disease was observed associated with the Holstein breed, high calving order and low body weight. The prevalence of foot disease was higher in pure Holstein cows and lower in Holstein cows crossed with Blanco Orejinegro due to the resistance due to heterosis that the creole breed contributes. The increase in the delivery order as well as the low weight are related to a higher prevalence of this disease.

Abstract The evaluation was performed with 25 cows from dairy 17, belonging to Dos Ríos enterprise, in order to assess the relation between the temperature and humidity index, rectal temperature and respiratory rate. The information was taken at three times of the day: morning, midday and afternoon. The results showed that in the morning the cows are in a thermo neutral zone (temperature and humidity index 69.59), while at midday they are under medium heat stress (THI 79.61), and in the afternoon under severe stress (THI 91.69). Under severe heat stress, the rectal temperature of pregnant lactating cows increased (P = 0.0136) by 0.280C with respect to the rectal temperature of non-pregnant lactating cows. The respiratory rate was not affected by the light temperature and humidity index. But in the moderate stress, pregnant cows showed higher (P = 0.0003) respiratory rates of 1.9 and 2.0 % in relation to non-pregnant cows for moderate and severe stress, respectively. The physiological response to the temperature and humidity index, according to the milking group, showed that the high production group had higher rectal temperature values (P = 0.0003) in 0.16 and 0.21 oC and the respiratory rate increased (P = 0.0024) in 9.21 and 7.89 % in relation to the average group, for moderate and severe stress, respectively. Under the conditions of this study, at midday and afternoon, the animals are under moderate and severe stress, respectively, conditions that affect more the lactating pregnant animals and the open cows or the highest production group.

Resumen La evaluación se realizó con 25 vacas de la lechería 17, perteneciente a la unidad empresarial de base Dos Ríos, con el objetivo de valorar la relación que existe entre el índice de temperatura y humedad, la temperatura rectal y la frecuencia respiratoria. La información se tomó en tres momentos del día: mañana, mediodía y tarde. Los resultados indicaron que en la mañana las vacas se encuentran en zona termoneutral (índice de temperatura y humedad 69.59), mientras que al mediodía se hallan bajo estrés calórico medio (ITH 79.61), y en la tarde bajo estrés severo (ITH 91.69). Bajo estrés calórico severo, la temperatura rectal de las vacas lactantes gestantes se incrementó (P=0.0136) en 0.280C con respecto a la temperatura rectal de las vacas lactantes no gestantes. La frecuencia respiratoria no se afectó ante el índice de temperatura y humedad ligero. Pero ante el estrés moderado, las vacas gestantes presentaron mayores (P=0.0003) frecuencias respiratorias en 1.9 y 2.0 % con relación a las no gestantes para estrés moderado y severo, respectivamente. La respuesta fisiológica al índice de temperatura y humedad, según grupo de ordeño, indicó que el grupo de alta producción presentó valores de temperatura rectal más altos (P=0.0003) en 0.16 y 0.21 oC y la frecuencia respiratoria se incrementó (P=0.0024) en 9.21 y 7.89 % con relación al grupo de media, para estrés moderado y severo, respectivamente. En las condiciones de este estudio, en los horarios del mediodía y tarde, los animales se encuentran bajo estrés moderado y severo, respectivamente, condiciones que afectan más a los animales gestantes lactantes y a las recentinas o grupo de mayor producción.

ABSTRACT The difficulties of applying the audiometry in pediatric populations and its methodological limitations in implanted patients have spurred the development of new alternative auditory evaluation methods. This study aimed to show an objective method to estimate hearing thresholds in pediatric cochlear implanted patients through Electrical Cochlear Response (ECR) and to quantify the hearing performance by using an Auditory Skills Questionnaire (ASQ) and a Calibrated Sounds Test (CST) designed on purpose. Eighteen implanted patients, 1-6 years old underwent standard audiometry, ECR, and ASQ in two evaluation sessions T1 and T2. At T2, in addition, patients underwent CST. For patients ≤3 years old (G1), Pure Tone Averages (PTA and PTAECR)showed a statistically significant difference between them at T1 and T2. At T2 improvements in audiometric and ECR thresholds were observed (p<0.05), regarding T1. Patients older than 3 years (G2) had significantly better ASQ and CST scores. CST detection scores at 40 dBHL for groups G1 and G2, 36% and 70% respectively, showed a better relationship to ECR thresholds. The relationship observed between ECR thresholds and CST detection scores seems to confirm that ECR brings the feasibility of objective hearing threshold estimation and provides a better frequency resolution than audiometry.

RESUMEN Las dificultades para la aplicación de la audiometría en la población pediátrica además de sus limitaciones metodológicas en pacientes usuarios de implante coclear, señalan la necesidad de métodos audiométricos alternos. En el presente trabajo se utiliza el potencial eléctrico, denominado Respuesta Coclear Eléctrica (ECR) observado solamente en usuarios de implante coclear, para la estimación de umbrales auditivos prescindiendo de la participación consiente del paciente, además de evaluar el desempeño auditivo mediante un Cuestionario de Habilidades Auditivas (ASQ) y la Prueba de Sonidos Calibrados (CST). A dieciocho participantes de 1 a 6 años, se les practicó Audiometría, ECR y ASQ en dos sesiones, T1 y T2; adicionalmente, en T2 se aplicó CST. En T1 y T2 los promedios de tonos puros, PTA y PTAECR, de pacientes ≤ 3 años (G1), mostraron una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre ellos. En T2 los umbrales audiométricos y ECR (p <0.05), mejoraron respecto de T1. Pacientes > 3 años (G2) lograron puntuaciones ASQ y CST significativamente mejores. Los puntajes de detección CST a 40 dBHL, G1(36%) y G2(70%), mostraron mejor relación con los umbrales ECR. Esta relación entre los umbrales ECR y los puntajes de detección CST indican que la ECR permite estimar el umbral de audición, logrando adicionalmente mayor resolución en frecuencia que la audiometría.

Abstract Most of the wild and native legume seeds has a hard and impermeable testa, which causes physical dormancy and prevents them from germinating even when environmental conditions are favorable. The study evaluated the effect of scarification treatments on germination and enzymatic activity of Crotalaria longirostrata (Cl) and Lupinus exaltatus (Le) seeds. After scarification treatments, germination percentage (GP) and rate (GR) were assessed during 30 days after seeding (DAS); and water absorption (WA) and specific enzymatic activity (SEA) during early germination (0, 6, 18, 36, 72, 120 h) in a growing chamber at 25 °C and photoperiod of 12 h. Scarification with 98% H2SO4 15 min increased GP and GR in both species. At 30 DAS, GP and GR of Le seeds were 34% and 0.97 seeds day-1, respectively. In Cl seeds, GP was 64% and GR 0.90 seeds day-1. Scarification with H2O at 80 °C 1 min also promoted germination in Cl (52%). At 120 h after seeding, Le and Cl seeds showed already a high GP with acid scarification (31% and 48%, respectively). In seeds of both species, scarification treatments affected WA and SEA during early germination. During this period, scarification treatments that increased GP also showed a higher α-D-galactosidase activity. The maximum enzyme activity was observed 72 h after hot water scarification in Cl (82.6 U/mg total protein), followed by acid scarification (54.5 U/mg total protein). In Le, the activity peak was 36 h after acid scarification (9.5 U/mg total protein). No relationship was observed between β-glucosidase activity and GP in both species. In conclusion, during early germination of both species, the increase in GP is accompanied by a rise in α-D-galactosidase activity between 36 and 72 h after seeding; and in Cl seeds, an alternative scarification treatment to increase GP may be the use of hot water.

Resumo A maioria das sementes de leguminosas nativas e selvagens têm um tegumento rígido e impermeável, o que causa dormência física e impede a germinação, mesmo se as condições ambientais forem favoráveis. O estudo avaliou o efeito de tratamentos de escarificação sobre a germinação e a atividade enzimática de sementes de Crotalaria longirostrata (Cl) e Lupinus exaltatus (Le). Após os tratamentos de escarificação, a percentagem (PG) e a velocidade de germinação (VG) foram avaliadas durante 30 dias após a semeadura (DAS); absorção de água (AA) e atividade enzimática específica (AEE) na fase inicial da germinação (0, 6, 18, 36, 72 e 120 h) em uma câmara de crescimento a 25 °C e fotoperíodo de 12 h. A escarificação com 98% de H2SO4, durante 15 min aumentou PG e VG nas duas espécies. Aos 30 DDS, PG e VG de sementes de Le foram de 34% e 0,97 sementes dia -1, respectivamente. Em sementes de Cl, PG foi de 64% e VG 0,90 sementes dias-1. A escarificação com H2O a 80 °C 1 min também promoveu a germinação em Cl (52%). A 120 h após a semeadura, as sementes de Cl e Le já tinha atingido uma alta PG com escarificação ácida (31% e 48%, respectivamente). Nas sementes das duas espécies, os tratamentos de escarificação afetaram a AEE e a AA nafase inicial da germinação. Durante este período, os tratamentos de escarificação que aumentaram PG, também mostraram a atividade mais elevada de α-D-galactosidase. A atividade enzimática máxima foi observada 72 h após o tratamento com água quente em Cl (82,6 U/mg de proteína total), seguido por escarificação ácida (54,5 U/mg de proteína total). Em Le, o pico de atividade foi de 36 h após a aplicação do tratamento ácido (9,5 U/mg de proteína total). Em contraste, não foi observado nenhuma relação entre a actividade β-glicosidase e PG. Em conclusão, durante a germinação precoce das duas espécies, o aumento da GP é acompanhado por um aumento da atividade da α-D-galactosidase entre 36 e 72 h após a semeadura; e em sementes de Cl, um tratamento de escarificação alternativo para aumentar GP pode ser o uso de água quente.

ABSTRACT The fossils from San Mateo Huexoyucan, Tlaxcala, Mexico are formally described in this work. The specimens collected since 2011 include cranial and postcranial ele ments of Pleistocene Megafauna. The iden tification of the elements allows to postulate that they correspond to six previously reported species for the study area (Bison antiquus, Camelops hesternus, Cuvieronius hyodon, Equus conversidens, E. mexicanus and Mammuthus sp.), high lighting the presence of fossil material that corresponds to a juvenile individual of pro boscideans (Mammuthus sp.) and glyptodonts (cf. Glyptotherium floridanum).

RESUMEN En este trabajo se describen formal mente fósiles provenientes de la zona de San Mateo Huexoyucán-Tlaxcala, México. Los especímenes fueron colectados desde 2011 e incluyen elementos craneales y postcraneales de Megafauna pleistocénica. La identificación de los elementos fósiles nos permite postular que corres ponden a siete especies previamente reportadas para la zona de estudio (Bison antiquus, Camelops hester nus, Cuvieronius hyodon, Equus conversidens, Equus mexicanus y Mammuthus sp.), destaca la presencia de material fósil que corresponde a ejemplares juveniles de proboscideos y gliptodontes (cf. Glyptotherium floridanum).