Tagetes filifolia Lag. is a ruderal species widely distributed in Mexico from which is starting to make knowledge about its morphological variability as a part of a study sequence related with its possible domestication to obtain biopesticides. For acquiring more knowledge on this plant resource, 104 accessions from central-south Mexico were morphologically characterized by 11 achene traits employing a digital images technique. Five different morphologic groups were identified. Group I had accessions with small and wide achenes, group II had big and wide achenes, group III had small and long achenes, group IV had big and long achenes, and group V had big achenes but longer than group IV. The most discriminant variables were elongation index, compactness index, roundness index, minor axis length/ major axis length ratio to get the canonical root 1, and longitudinal perimeter and major axis length to get the canonical root 2. The variability in shape and size of T. filifolia achenes was grouped in 5 morphotypes, however not all morphotypes were present in all the central-south region of Mexico.

Tagetes filifolia Lag. es una especie ruderal ampliamente distribuida en México de la cual se empieza a conocer su variabilidad morfológica, como parte de una serie de estudios relacionados con su posible domesticación para obtener biopesticidas. Para ampliar el conocimiento sobre este recurso vegetal se definieron mediante 11 características del aquenio 104 recolecciones del centro-sur de México empleando una técnica digital de imágenes. Se identificaron 5 diferentes grupos morfológicos. El Grupo I presentó recolecciones con aquenios pequeños y anchos; el Grupo II, aquenios grandes y anchos; el Grupo III, aquenios pequeños y alargados; el Grupo IV, aquenios grandes y alargados, y el Grupo V, aquenios grandes pero más alargados que los del Grupo IV. Las variables más discriminantes fueron el índice de alargamiento, índice de compactación, índice de redondez, relación eje menor/ eje mayor para la raíz canónica 1, y perímetro longitudinal y longitud del eje mayor para la raíz canónica 2. La gran variabilidad de las características de la forma y tamaño de los aquenios de T. filifolia se pudo agrupar en 5 morfotipos, los cuales no estuvieron presentes en toda la región centro-sur de México.

The electrochemical oxidation of glyphosate on an electrode of nickel and on one of copper was studied. With both electrodes electrochemical signals related to the glyphosate concentration were observed. However, the behaviour of the copper electrode was much better than that of the nickel electrode. A calibration curve was obtained of the electrical signal of this electrode as a function of the glyphosate concentration. The detection limit was 30 µM. In the case of nickel, an increase in the oxidation signal, which is related to the glyphosate concentration, was obtained. However, the results were less reproducible and additional information is necessary to propose an interaction mechanism between glyphosate and the electrode.

El trabajo muestra dos estudios realizados con adolescentes españoles cuyo objetivo es estudiar la relación entre los estilos de crianza, el comportamiento prosocial y la empatía, la agresividad, la inestabilidad emocional y la ira desde un doble planteamiento: en uno de los estudios (N = 531) la evaluación de los estilos de crianza la realiza la madre y en el otro (N =782), los adolescentes. Los resultados indican que cuando es la madre quien evalúa los estilos de crianza, éstos alcanzan menor poder predictor en el comportamiento prosocial. La evaluación positiva del hijo/a, el apoyo emocional junto con la coherencia en la aplicación de las normas es el estilo de crianza más relacionado positivamente con la empatía y con el comportamiento prosocial.

The work shows two studies carried out with Spanish adolescents. The objective was to evaluate the relation between rearing styles, prosocial behaviour and empathy, aggressiveness, emotional instability and anger, from a double perspective. In one of these studies (N = 531), the rearing styles were evaluated by the mother and in the other one (N = 782) by the adolescents. The results indicate that prosocial behaviour is not well predicted by the mother's analysis of rearing style. A positive evaluation by the son or daughter, an interest and emotional support and coherence in the application of norms, constitutes the rearing style most related with empathy and with prosocial behaviour.