RESUMO Laser e alongamento são usados para tratar lesões musculares. Este estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos do laser GaAs e alongamento na morfologia do músculo Tibial anterior (TA) após contusão. Trinta e seis ratos (349±23 g) foram divididos em seis grupos (n=6): grupo controle (GC); grupo lesão e laser (GLL); grupo lesão e alongamento (GLA); grupo lesão, laser e alongamento (GLLA) e grupo alongamento (GA). Foi realizada lesão no TA por meio de um aparato de contusão. O tratamento com laser GAAS foi usado com dose de 4,5 J/cm2 durante 32 s, iniciando 48 h após lesão, por 7 dias. Alongamento passivo manual consistiu de 10 repetições de 1 minuto de duração, iniciando no 8º dia, 3 vezes por semana, durante 3 semanas. Após 4 semanas, os ratos foram eutanasiados para retirada do TA para análise de: peso e comprimento musculares, área de secção transversa das fibras musculares (ASTFM), número de sarcômeros em série (NSS), comprimento dos sarcômeros e porcentagem de tecido conjuntivo. A comparação entre os grupos deu-se por meio da ANOVA e post hoc Tukey, com nível de significância ≤ 0,05. O número de sarcômeros em série do GLLS foi maior que o GLS. O comprimento dos sarcômeros no GLA foi superior ao GLL, GLLA e GA. No GA houve aumento do NSS comparado com o GC, enquanto a porcentagem de tecido conjuntivo do GA diminuiu em comparação com o GLLA. Assim, a sarcomerogênese dos músculos lesionados foi aumentada pelo uso do laser, alongamento e pela associação destes. O alongamento foi suficiente para aumentar o NSS em músculos intactos.

ABSTRACT Laser and stretching are used to treat skeletal muscle injuries. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of GaAs laser and stretching in the morphology of the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle after contusion. Thirty-six male rats (349±23g) were divided into six groups (n=6): control group (CG); lesion group (LG); lesion and laser group (LLG); lesion and stretching group (LSG); lesion, laser and stretching group (LLSG); and stretching group (SG). TA was wounded by a contusion apparatus. We used GaAs laser 4.5 J/cm2 dose for 32 s each, beginning 48 h after lesion, for 7 days, once a day. Manual passive stretching was applied by 10 repetitions for 1 minute, initiating on the 8th day, once a day, 3 times a week, during 3 weeks. After 4 weeks, rats were euthanized and we analyzed: muscle weight and length, cross sectional area of muscle fibers (CSAMF), serial sarcomere number (SSN), sarcomere length, and percentage of connective tissue. Comparisons among groups were made by ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests, with the significance level set at ≤ 0.05. The serial sarcomere number of LLSG was higher than LSG. The sarcomere length of LSG was superior to LLG, LLSG, and SG. SG increased SSN compared to CG, while the percentage of connective tissue of SG decreased in comparison to LLSG. Thus, the sarcomerogenesis of injured muscles was enhanced by laser therapy, stretching, and association of both. The stretching protocol was enough to increase SSN of intact muscles.

RESUMEN Láser y estiramiento son utilizados para sanar lesiones musculares. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los efectos del láser GaAs y del estiramiento en la morfología del músculo tibial anterior (TA) después de contusión. Treinta y seis ratones (349±23 g) fueron divididos en seis grupos (n=6): grupo control (GC); grupo lesión y láser (GLL); grupo lesión y estiramiento (GLE); grupo lesión, laser y estiramiento (GLLA) y grupo estiramiento (GA). Se realizó lesión en el TA mediante un aparato de contusión. Se utilizó el tratamiento con láser GaAs con dosis de 4,5 J/cm2 durante 32 s, iniciado 48 h después de la lesión, durante 7 días. El estiramiento pasivo manual consistió de 10 repeticiones de 1 minuto de duración, iniciado en el 8º día, 3 veces por semana, durante 3 semanas. Después de 4 semanas, los ratones sufrieron eutanasia para la retirada del TA para análisis de: peso y longitud musculares, área de sección trasversa de las fibras musculares (ASTFM), número de sarcómeros en serie (NSS), longitud de los sarcómeros y porcentaje de tejido conjuntivo. La comparación entre los grupos ocurrió mediante la Anova y post hoc Tukey, con nivel de significancia de ≤0,05. El número de sarcómeros en serie del GLLS fue mayor que el GLS. La longitud de los sarcómeros en el GLA fue superior al GLL, GLLA y GA. En el GA hubo aumento del NSS en comparación con el GC, mientras el porcentaje del tejido conjuntivo del GA disminuyó en comparación al del GLLA. Así, la sarcomerogénesis de los músculos lesionados fue aumentada por el uso del láser, estiramiento y por su asociación. El estiramiento fue suficiente para aumentar el NSS en músculos intactos.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence of injuries occurred during training and/or competition in triathlon athletes at SESC Triathlon Caiobá-2011. METHODS: One hundred and ninety athletes participated in the study (153 males and 37 females). RESULTS: Athletes reported time of practice between 3 to 6 years (20%), training frequency of 5 days per week (48%), at least one injury during trainings (76%). The prevalence of injuries according to the sports category was: running (79%), cycling (16%) and swimming (5%). The most injured region during training (39%) and competition (46%) was the calf. Female athletes reported 92% of injuries during running training and 35% of those injuries were on ankle and foot. During competition only two athletes reported injuries. Muscle injury was the most prevalent (54%) among male athletes, followed by tendon (19%), ligament (17%) and bone (9%) injuries. Among female athletes prevalent injuries were: 32% muscle, 32% bone, 32% tendon and only 4% ligament injuries. CONCLUSION: Skeletal muscle injuries were the most commom lesions during running training, however, male athletes reported mostly calf injuries, while female had mostly ankle and foot injuries. Level of Evidence III. Study of Non-Consecutive Patients; Without Consistently Applied Reference ''Gold'' Standard.

Economic growth stimulated by natural resources: a note on the Botswana experience. Botswana was the fastest growing economy in the world in the 1966-1989 period. Even though the discovery and exploitation of large diamond reserves had played an essential role in such an impressive performance, favorable economic, political and institutional conditions allowed the use of the resulting large export revenues as a lever for economic growth, though not for development.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a condição periodontal de crianças e adolescentes diabéticos e fatores relacionados. MÉTODOS: O índice de placa (IPL), sítios com sangramento à sondagem (SS), profundidade de sondagem (PS) e nível de inserção clínica (NIC) foram avaliados em todos os dentes permanentes em oclusão de 168 diabéticos tipo 1, não fumantes, com 13 ± 3,5 anos de idade. IPL e SS foram avaliados também em dentes decíduos. RESULTADOS: Observou-se prevalência de 20,8% de gengivite e 5,9% de periodontite. Indivíduos com mau controle metabólico tiveram maiores percentuais de sítios com alteração da PS (p = 0,004) e NIC (p = 0,014). Indivíduos com > 5 anos de doença apresentaram maiores percentuais de sítios afetados à avaliação da PS (p = 0,002), NIC (p = 0,007) e SS (p < 0,001). CONCLUSÕES: Maior duração do diabetes melito tipo 1 e mau controle metabólico foram significativamente associados a alterações periodontais indicando maior suscetibilidade para doença periodontal nessa população.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate periodontal condition of diabetic children and its related factors. METHODS: The plaque index (PI), sites with bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were evaluated in all occlusion permanent teeth of 168 non smoking type 1 diabetic children, 13 ± 3.5 years old. The PI and BOP evaluations were also performed in deciduous teeth. RESULTS: It was observed a prevalence of 20.8% of gingivitis and 5.9% of periodontitis. Those individuals with poor metabolic control had higher percentage of affected sites on PD (p = 0.004) and on CAL (p = 0.014). Patients having more than five years with diabetes mellitus type 1 showed higher percentual of affected sites on PD (p = 0.002), on BOP (p < 0.001) and on CAL (p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: DM1 duration and poor glycemic control were significantly associated with periodontal disturbances suggesting higher susceptibility of this population in developing DP.

It is discussed the recent Irish experience of sustained economic growth, in which a social pact, the entry in the European Union and the opening of the economy have all played a paramount role. Some remarks on the sustainability of such an experience are also made.

The recent behavior of the Brazilian direct investment abroad in perspective. This paper analyzes the recent behavior of the Brazilian direct investment abroad, as captured by an annual census conducted by the Central Bank of Brazil since 2001, by putting it in a broader perspective that includes international official data sources and early sample studies. Though the Central Bank has not been making available more disaggregated data than those analyzed here, it is intended to contribute to a better grasping of the perspectives of competitive internationalization of local firms, which is desirable not only as far as the external accounts are concerned, but also from the viewpoint of the technological capabilities of the local firms.

OBJETIVO: o presente trabalho avaliou a condição periodontal de pacientes com idades entre 10 e 18 anos. METODOLOGIA: todos os pacientes eram portadores das seguintes más oclusões: sobressaliência maior que 6mm, sobremordida maior que 6mm, sobressaliência e sobremordida associadas maiores que 6mm ou mordida cruzada posterior unilateral ou bilateral. Os parâmetros clínicos periodontais (índice de placa, sangramento gengival, mucosa ceratinizada inserida, recessão periodontal, profundidade de sondagem e perda de inserção) foram mensurados em dentes-índices (16, 11, 26, 36, 42 e 46). Os resultados foram analisados pelo teste estatístico de Kruskall Wallis (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: observou-se que a condição periodontal dos dentes índices, nos quatro grupos de más oclusões avaliadas, apresentou-se nos limites de normalidade. Entretanto, observou-se uma maior tendência ao acúmulo de placa nos pacientes portadores de sobressaliência e sobremordida associadas, bem como nos portadores de mordida cruzada posterior que, também, apresentaram aumento na profundidade de sondagem, no entanto, sem significância estatística. CONCLUSÃO: a gravidade da má oclusão não esteve relacionada de maneira significante à presença de doença periodontal.

AIM: to evaluate the periodontal status of 41 patients with ages between 10 and 18 years. METHODS: all the patients presented one of the following severe malocclusion: overjet greater than 6mm, overbite greater than 6mm, posterior unilateral or bilateral cross-bite or overjet and overbite greater than 6mm. The periodontal indexes of plaque and bleeding and the parameters of probing depth, amount of keratinized mucosa, periodontal recession and attachment level were measured in index teeth (16, 26, 36, 46, 11 and 42). The data collected was evaluated by the Kruskall Wallis statistical test (p< 0.05). RESULTS: periodontal of the teeth in the four groups of malocclusion was within the normal limits. However, the group with posterior cross-bite as well as the group with severe overjet and overbite associated, demonstrated tendency to have a greater plaque index when compared to normal parameters. The group, with posterior cross-bite malocclusion, also showed a tendency to have deeper probing depth, but without statistic significance. CONCLUSIONS: the severity of malocclusion was not significantly related with the presence of periodontal disease.

Resgata-se a evidência empírica internacional sobre efeitos de esquemas de participação dos trabalhadores nos lucros e resultados das empresas, o que permite mostrar que a experiência brasileira, ainda pouco estudada, oferece indícios que vão ao encontro das opiniões de que esses esquemas podem melhorar os indicadores das empresas que os adotam e as relações no ambiente de trabalho. Com base em dados sobre experiências de sucesso de alguns países, são apontadas algumas possíveis direções para onde o caso brasileiro poderia caminhar, sendo abordado inclusive o papel de políticas públicas de incentivo aos esquemas de participação.

Having reviewed a large body of international empirical evidence on the impacts of schema of workers participation in profits and firm performance, it is shown that the less-studied Brazilian experience provides casual evidence that those schema are able to improve firms performance and labor relations inside the firm. Drawing upon evidence from some countries's successful experience, policy recommendations are advanced with respect to the Brazilian case.