Abstract Hydrocotyle umbellata L., Araliaceae, is a species that is recommended in Ayurvedic medicine for its effects on the central nervous system, such as anxiolytic and memory-stimulant effects. Despite the medicinal potential of this species, its phytopharmaceutical and technological potential to produce standardized extracts has not been investigated. This study analyzes the influence of spray drying parameters on the contents of the chemical markers (total phenolic, total flavonoid, and hibalactone) and the functional properties of H. umbellata extract. The optimization of drying conditions was performed using a central composite design combined with response surface methodology and desirability function approach. The mathematical models fitted to experimental data indicated that all the evaluated drying parameters significantly influenced the chemical contents. The optimal conditions were: inlet temperature of 120 °C, feed flow rate of 4 mL min-1, and colloidal silicon dioxide:maltodextrin ratio of 16%:4%. Under these conditions, the powder samples had spherical particles and desirable physicochemical and functional properties, such as low water activity and moisture content, good product recovery, reconstitution, and flowability. Thus, spray drying might be a promising technique for processing standardized H. umbellata extracts. L L. Araliaceae system memorystimulant memory stimulant investigated phenolic flavonoid hibalactone H extract approach were 12 C °C min1, min1 min 1, 1 min-1 dioxidemaltodextrin dioxide maltodextrin 16%4%. 164 16% 4%. 16 16%:4% content recovery reconstitution flowability Thus min- 16%4% 4% 16%:4 16%4 16%:

Resumo Plinia cauliflora (Mart.) Kausel, popularmente conhecida como jabuticaba, é rica em polifenois. Os compostos fenólicos apresentam diversas propriedades biológicas, que refletem em biomarcadores, como os parâmetros bioquímicos. No presente estudo, avaliamos os níveis plasmáticos de glicose, colesterol total, HDL-colesterol, triglicerídeos e ácido úrico em hamsters chineses alimentados por 45 dias com dieta regular ou dieta enriquecida com colesterol suplementada com extrato líquido obtido de resíduos de frutos de P. cauliflora padronizado em ácido elágico e compostos fenólicos totais. Os resultados mostraram que o extrato concentrado obtido dos resíduos de jabuticaba aumentou a glicemia dos animais alimentados com dieta regular e reduziu os níveis plasmáticos de ácido úrico dos animais alimentados com dieta rica em colesterol. Uma vez que a hiperuricemia é considerada um fator de risco significativo de distúrbios metabólicos e a principal base patológica da gota, o extrato líquido dos resíduos de frutas de P. cauliflora seria um candidato promissor como um novo agente hipouricêmico para investigação posterior.

Abstract Plinia cauliflora (Mart.) Kausel, popularly known as jabuticaba, is rich in polyphenols. Phenolic compounds exhibit several biological properties, which reflect on biomarkers such as biochemical parameters. In the present study, we evaluated the plasmatic levels of glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and uric acid of Chinese hamsters fed for 45 days with a regular diet or cholesterol-enriched diet supplemented with a liquid extract obtained from P. cauliflora fruits residues standardized in ellagic acid and total phenolic compounds. The results showed that the concentrated extract obtained from jabuticaba residues increased the glycemia of animals fed with a regular diet and reduced the plasmatic uric acid levels of animals fed with a cholesterol-enriched diet. Since hyperuricemia is considered to be a significant risk factor of metabolic disorders and the principal pathological basis of gout, the liquid extract from P. cauliflora fruits residues would be a promising candidate as a novel hypouricaemic agent for further investigation.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of guava extract standardized in phenolic compounds (SGE) on broiler performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal histomorphometry. A total of 300 one-day-old male Cobb-500® broiler chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments (basal diet supplemented with 120 mg vitamin E/kg and basal diet supplemented with 0, 600, 800, or 1,000 mg SGE/kg) and six replicates of ten birds each. Performance was evaluated at seven and 21 days of age; digestibility of nutrients was determined by total excreta collection from 18 to 21 days of age; and histomorphometry of the small intestine was assessed at 21 days of age. Broilers fed diets supplemented with SGE or vitamin E had higher body weight and weight gain and better feed conversion than those fed unsupplemented diet at seven days of age. At the same age, there was a quadratic effect of SGE levels on body weight and weight gain, with better weights for 715 and 716 mg SGE/kg, respectively; and a decreasing linear effect for feed conversion. At 21 days of age, body weight and weight gain increased linearly with the inclusion of SGE in diet. Digestibility of feed nutrients was not influenced by treatments. Broilers fed diet supplemented with 800 or 1,000 mg SGE/kg had greater villus height and villus:crypt ratio of the duodenum than those fed unsupplemented diet. Villus height in the jejunum of broilers fed diet supplemented with 600 mg SGE/kg was lower than that of broilers that received vitamin E. Guava extract standardized in phenolic compounds can be used in diets for broilers in the starter phase, considering that the extract increases weight gain, reduces feed conversion, and helps in the development of the intestinal mucosa.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar a utilização de óleo de copaíba ou sucupira na ração de frangos de corte, sobre o desempenho e saúde intestinal. Foram utilizados 600 pintos de corte machos, da linhagem Cobb500 com um dia de idade, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições com 25 aves cada. Com o objetivo de aumentar o desafio, as aves foram criadas sobre cama reutilizada. Os tratamentos consistiram de: ração controle; ração com antibiótico melhorador de desempenho avilamicina; ração com 2.000 mg/kg de óleo de copaíba e ração com 500 mg/kg de óleo sucupira. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste Tukey (5%). A adição de 500 mg/kg do óleo de sucupira resultou em queda do desempenho das aves no período de 21, 33 e 40 dias de idade, já a adição do óleo de copaíba proporcionou resultados de desempenho semelhantes ao antibiótico. A suplementação com óleo de copaíba ou sucupira não promoveu alterações no epitélio intestinal dos frangos avaliados. A adição do óleo de sucupira foi prejudicial ao desempenho das aves. O óleo de copaíba pode ser utilizado em dietas para frangos como melhorador de desempenho.

SUMMARY The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplemental copaiba or sucupira oils on broiler performance and intestinal health. A total of 600 one-day old Cobb 500 male broilers were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments and six replicates with 25 broilers each. To increase the health challenge, the broilers were reared on reused litter. The treatments consisted of: control diet; diet with a performance enhancing antibiotic (avilamycin); diet with 2,000 mg/kg copaiba oil and a diet with 500 mg/kg sucupira oil. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey test (5%). The addition of sucupira oil at 500 mg/kg decreased broiler performance at 21, 33, and 40 days of age, whereas the addition of copaiba oil resulted in similar performance relative to the antibiotic. Dietary supplementation of copaiba or sucupira oils did not change the intestinal epithelium of broilers. The addition of sucupira oil negatively affected broiler performance. Copaiba oil can be used in broiler diets as a performance enhancer.

ABSTRACT A validation study of a reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for the quantification of two furanocoumarins (psoralen and bergapten) in soft extract obtained from Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul, Moraceae, roots was conducted. The developed method was sensitive, rapid, reproducible, easy and precise, and showed linearity (r > 0.99) in the range of 10–64 µg/ml for psoralen, and 9–56 µg/ml for bergapten. It also showed a good efficiency for the photodegradation analysis of psoralen and bergapten in the soft extract. The photostability results showed that the Higuchi model presented the best fitting to the obtained data. Both chemical markers showed stability over 2.6 days, suggesting potential applications of the extract in obtaining intermediate products from this plant material. Furanocoumarins take around 30 min to be activated by UV light, reaching the maximum biological potential. Thus, the results obtained to the Higuchi model, corresponding to 2.6 days of stability, shows feasibility with future applications of these chemical markers.

ABSTRACT This work aimed to investigate the antioxidant capacity of the guava agroindustrial waste as a functional additive in broiler feed to improve the performance and meat quality of boilers. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, consisting of four treatments and six replicates with 12 birds. Treatments included different levels of guava byproduct in the feed: 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5%. We evaluated the performance of broilers at 7 and 21 days old. At 21 days old, two birds from each experimental unit were euthanized for intestine histologic evaluation (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) and breast and deboned thigh samples were collected for analyzes of pH, colorimetry (L*, a*, and b*), and thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS). The use of guava byproduct in the diet at 7 days old did not affect feed intake and feed conversion of the birds. However, the body weight and weight gain increased linearly with the inclusion of the byproduct. At 21 days old, the guava byproduct did not depress the performance of birds. There was no effect of treatments on villus height, crypt depth, and villus:crypt ratio of the duodenum and jejunum of the birds. The inclusion of guava byproduct resulted in lower crypt depth and linear increase in villus:crypt ratio of the ileum. There was no significant difference in pH and colorimetry of the breast and thigh. With increasing inclusion of byproduct, TBARS value was reduced to 0.72%, indicating greater lipid stability in thigh meat in this inclusion amount. Guava byproduct can be used as an alternative antioxidant additive in broiler feed because it does not depress the productive performance and improves thigh meat quality of boilers.

RESUMO : O uso de Sarcoptes scabiei como microrganismo teste para bioensaio in vitro é um método de estudo viável para diversas drogas acaricidas. Muitos ensaios comprovam a diversidade e eficiência de atividade biocida de extratos e componentes presentes em plantas do cerrado brasileiro. Este trabalho objetivou testar e comparar a atividade acaricida de quatro bioprodutos do cerrado brasileiro: Stryphnodendron adstringens Mart., Lafoensia pacari A. St Hil., Copaifera sp. e Pterodon emarginatus Vogel, 1837. Para este estudo, ácaros S. scabiei foram colhidos em crostas removidas de orelhas de fêmeas suínas altamente infestadas. Os ácaros foram selecionados, separados e colocados em placas de Petri com três diferentes concentrações (25, 50 e 75%) de bioprodutos, para avaliar o potencial de atividade acaricida de cada um. Foi realizada a contagem da mortalidade dos ácaros em cada placa de Petri a cada hora, durante cinco horas. As análises estatísticas demonstraram diferenças entre os bioprodutos testados. As óleo-resinas de Copaifera sp. e P. emarginatus apresentaram os melhores resultados, com 100% de mortalidade dos ácaros após tratamento. Os extratos etanólicos de S. adstringens Mart. e L. pacari demonstraram menor atividade acaricida quando comparados as óleo-resinas, com pequena ou nenhuma diferença entre os resultados dos grupos controle. Este ensaio demonstrou ser uma ferramenta eficiente, confiável, de baixo custo e de fácil realização. As óleo-resinas Copaifera sp. e P. emarginatus possuem atividade acaricida in vitro sobre fêmeas adultas de S. scabiei var. suis.

ABSTRACT: In vitro bioassay using Sarcoptes scabiei as a test microorganism is a viable method of study for diverse drugs with acaricidal properties. A great amount of assays proves the diverse and efficient biological activity of extracts and compounds from Brazilian savanna plants. This study had as main object, test and compare the acaricidal activity of four Brazilian Cerrado bioproducts: Stryphnodendron adstringens Mart., Copaifera sp., Lafoensia pacari A. St Hil. and Pterodon emarginatus Vogel, 1837. To perform this test S. scabiei mites were collected from crusts removed on ears of highly infected sows. The mites were selected and separated in Petri dishes with three different concentrations (25, 50 and 75%) of each bioproduct, to evaluate their potential acaricidal activity. The mortality of the mites was counted in each Petri dish every hour, during five hours. The statistical analyses demonstrated differences between the bioproducts tested. The oleoresin of Copaifera sp. and P. emarginatus presented the best results with 100% of mites mortality after treatment. The ethanolic extracts of S. adstringens and L. pacari demonstrated lower acaricidal activity when compared to the oleoresins, with little or no difference among the control groups tested. This bioassay demonstrated to be efficient, reliable, low cost and easy accomplishment. Oil resins from Copaifera sp. and P. emarginatus have in vitro acaricidal activity against adult females of S. scabiei var. suis.

RESUMO. Objetivou-se avaliar a suplementação do extrato de Lafoensia pacari padronizado em taninos na ração de poedeiras sobre o desempenho, a qualidade interna e externa de ovos e metabolizabilidade dos nutrientes da ração. Utilizaram-se 168 poedeiras Isa Brown com 24 semanas de idade, peso médio 2,6 kg e taxa de postura média 87% durante quatro períodos de 28 dias cada. Os tratamentos constituíram de rações com antibiótico melhorador de desempenho Halquinol, prebiótico Mananoligossacarídeo (MOS) e três níveis de extrato de pacari - 1.000, 2.000 e 3.000 mg kg-1 de ração. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos e sete repetições com quatro aves cada. O extrato de pacari padronizado em teor de taninos apresentou porcentagem de albúmen e peso do ovo semelhante ao antibiótico (p < 0,04). A suplementação com o extrato melhorou a qualidade da casca, verificada pela gravidade específica (p < 0,03) e promoveu metabolizabilidade do extrato etéreo semelhante ao antibiótico e MOS (p < 0,04), sendo indicado como aditivo fitogênico.

ABSTRACT. It was intended to evaluate the supplementation of Lafoensia pacari standardized in tannins extract in the diet of laying hens on the performance, internal and external quality of eggs and metabolism of the feed nutrients. A total of 168 Isa Brown laying hens, aged 24 weeks, with the mean weight of 2.6 kg and the mean posture rate of 87% were used during 4 periods of 28 days each. The treatments consisted of Halquinol performance-enhancing antibiotic, Mannanoligosaccharide (MOS) prebiotic and three levels of pacari extract - 1,000, 2,000 and 3,000 mg kg-1of feed. The experimental design was completely randomized, with six treatments and seven replicates of four hens each. The pacari standardized in tannin extract presented a percentage of albumen and an egg weight similar to the antibiotic (p < 0.04). The supplementation with the extract improved the shell quality, verified by the specific gravity (p < 0.03) and promoted the metabolizability of ether extract similar to antibiotic and MOS (p < 0.04), allowing its indication as a phytogenic additive.

Resumo A mastite bovina é um problema sanitário que afeta o gado leiteiro em todas as áreas produtoras do mundo, sendo de difícil controle e erradicação. A atividade antimicrobiana da oleorresina e do óleo essencial de Copaifera spp. foi verificada frente aos micro-organismos isolados de amostras de leite de vacas diagnosticadas com mastite subclínica grau III. A oleorresina de Copaifera ssp. apresentou boa atividade antimicrobiana (CIM≤100 µg/mL) frente às amostras de Staphylococcus coagulase positivo, Staphylococcus coagulase negativo, Streptococcus do grupo C, F, G e Corynebacterium spp. Já o óleo essencial de Copaifera spp. apresentou boa atividade antimicrobiana (CIM≤100 µg/mL) frente aos Staphylococcus coagulase negativo e Corynebacterium spp. Em relação à Escherichia coli, a atividade antimicrobiana da oleorresina e o óleo essencial foi inativa e fraca à inativa, respectivamente. Conclui-se que, frente às 55 bactérias isoladas, a olerresina apresentou melhor atividade antimicrobiana do que o óleo essencial de Copaifera spp. (p<0,0001). A análise por CG/EM identificou sesquiterpenos no óleo essencial e pelo método ESI FT-ICR MS, foi possível identificar ácidos diterpenos na oleorresina de Copaifera spp. Por fim, sugere-se que a oleorresina de Copaifera spp. é uma matéria-prima vegetal promissora no desenvolvimento de medicamento fitoterápico para o tratamento de mastite bovina.

Abstract The antimicrobial activities of the oleoresin (OR) and the essential oil (EO) of Copaifera spp. were checked against microorganisms isolated from milk samples of cows diagnosed with grade III subclinical mastitis. The OR had good antimicrobial activity (MIC ≤ 100 µg/mL) against samples of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Streptococcus of groups C, F, and G, and Corynebacterium spp. Meanwhile, the EO had good antimicrobial activity (MIC≤100 µg/mL) against coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium spp. The OR and the EO were inactive and weak to inactive, respectively, against Escherichia coli. Overall, the OR had better antimicrobial activity than the essential oil against the 55 bacterial isolates (p<0.0001). The GC/MS analysis identified sesquiterpenes in EO and by the ESI FT-ICR MS method, the identification of diterpenic acids in OR was possible. Therefore, this raw plant material is promising for the development of phytotherapeutic drugs against bovine mastitis.

Resumo Fundamentos: Embora a jabuticaba apresente importantes efeitos biológicos, suas ações sobre o sistema cardiovascular ainda não foram esclarecidas. Objetivos: Determinar os efeitos do extrato de jabuticaba (EHJ) sobre o músculo liso vascular (MLV) em artérias isoladas. Métodos: Aortas (sem endotélio) de ratos foram montadas em banho de órgãos isolados para registro de tensão isométrica. Foram verificados o efeito relaxante, a influência dos canais de K+ e das fontes de Ca2+ intra- e extracelular sob a resposta estimulada pelo EHJ. Resultados: Artérias pré-contraídas com fenilefrina apresentaram relaxamento concentração-dependente (0,380 a 1,92 mg/mL). O tratamento com bloqueadores de canais de K+ (tetraetilamônio, glibenclamida, 4-aminopiridina) prejudicaram o relaxamento pelo EHJ. A contração estimulada com fenilefrina também foi prejudicada pelo tratamento prévio com EHJ. A inibição da Ca2+ATPase do reticulo sarcoplasmático não alterou o relaxamento pelo EHJ. Além disso, o EHJ inibiu a contração causada pelo influxo de Ca2+ estimulado por fenilefrina e KCl (75 mM). Conclusão: O EHJ induz vasodilatação independente do endotélio. Ativação dos canais de K+ e inibição do influxo de Ca2+ através da membrana estão envolvidas no efeito relaxante do EHJ.

Abstract Background: Despite the important biological effects of jabuticaba, its actions on the cardiovascular system have not been clarified. Objectives: To determine the effects of jabuticaba hydroalcoholic extract (JHE) on vascular smooth muscle (VSM) of isolated arteries. Methods: Endothelium-denuded aortic rings of rats were mounted in isolated organ bath to record isometric tension. The relaxant effect of JHE and the influence of K+ channels and Ca2+ intra- and extracellular sources on JHE-stimulated response were assessed. Results: Arteries pre-contracted with phenylephrine showed concentration-dependent relaxation (0.380 to 1.92 mg/mL). Treatment with K+ channel blockers (tetraethyl-ammonium, glibenclamide, 4-aminopyridine) hindered relaxation due to JHE. In addition, phenylephrine-stimulated contraction was hindered by previous treatment with JHE. Inhibition of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase did not change relaxation due to JHE. In addition, JHE inhibited the contraction caused by Ca2+ influx stimulated by phenylephrine and KCl (75 mM). Conclusion: JHE induces endothelium-independent vasodilation. Activation of K+ channels and inhibition of Ca2+ influx through the membrane are involved in the JHE relaxant effect.

RESUMO: As fitoalexinas são compostos que vêm sendo estudados há alguns anos, apresentando principalmente atividade antimicrobiana. As plantas da família Poaceae são as geograficamente mais difundidas e se destacam por sua importância econômica, uma vez que são os cereais que compõe a base da alimentação, em todos os continentes. Essa família se destaca por apresentar uma variedade de fitoalexinas, sendo que as mais importantes são sintetizadas a partir da via do ácido chiquímico. A caracterização desses compostos com atividade antimicrobiana é realizada por meio de técnicas cromatográficas, sendo que a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC) acoplada com espectrometria de massas é a técnica mais eficiente nesse processo. O trabalho apresenta como objetivo uma abordagem da função, caracterização, biossíntese e aplicações das fitoalexinas em plantas da família Poaceae.

ABSTRACT: Phytoalexins are compounds that have been studied a few years ago, which present mainly antimicrobial activity. The plants of the family Poaceae are the most geographically widespread and stand out for their economic importance, once they are cereals used as staple food. This family stands out for having a variety of phytoalexins, which can be synthesized via the shikimic acid (the phenylpropanoids), or mevalonic acid, being considered terpenoid phytoalexins. The characterization of these compounds with antimicrobial activity is carried out using chromatographic techniques, and the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with mass spectrometry are the most efficient methods in this process. This research aimed to present an approach of the function, characterization and biosynthesis of phytoalexins in plants of the family Poaceae.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi purificar e padronizar o extrato de arruda (Ruta graveolens) e avaliar o seu efeito sobre Magnaporthe oryzae como alternativa para a gestão integrada da brusone. A droga vegetal foi caracterizada, o extrato líquido obtido, e a metodologia para quantificar os marcadores padrão psoraleno e bergapteno validada. O extrato de arruda e os marcadores, isolados ou combinados, foram ensaiados in vitro, assim como em condições de casa de vegetação, para a avaliação de sua capacidade de suprimir a brusone, pela avaliação do crescimento micelial, da germinação de conídios e da formação de apressório. O extrato de arruda inibiu o crescimento micelial de M. oryzae (100%), a germinação de conídios (DL50=0,237 mg) e a formação de apressórios (DL50=0,121 mg); além disso, o extrato reduziu a severidade da brusone em 80,84%. A microscopia de fluorescência mostrou que o extrato de arruda não danificou a parede celular e a membrana plasmática de M. oryzae, o que indica outro modo de ação. O extrato de arruda apresenta grande potencial para o controle da brusone em folhas de arroz.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to purify and standardize the rue (Ruta graveolens) extract and evaluate its effect on Magnaporthe oryzae as an alternative to the integrated management of rice blast. The drug was characterized, the liquid extract was obtained, and the methodology for quantifying the standard markers psoralen and bergapten was validated. Rue extract and the markers, solely or in combination, were assayed in vitro, as well as in greenhouse conditions, for their ability to suppress leaf blast, by the evaluation of mycelial growth, conidial germination, and appressorium formation. Rue extract inhibited M. oryzae mycelial growth (100%), conidial germination (LD50=0.237 mg), and the appressorium formation (LD50=0.121 mg); besides, the extract reduced leaf blast severity by 80.84%. Fluorescence microscopy showed that rue extract did not damage M. oryzae cell wall and plasma membrane, indicating another mode of action. Rue extract has a great potential for controlling rice leaf blast.

Guaraná (Paullinia cupana) é utilizado como revigorante e estimulante devido à presença de metilxantinas e taninos condensados. Este trabalho visou avaliar o comportamento de dissolução de cinco fitoterápicos, na forma de cápsulas e comprimidos, contendo guaraná. O método de quantificação e de dissolução foram validados e os resultados obtidos permitiram a quantificação dos marcadores simultaneamente, com precisão, exatidão, seletividade e robustez. Foi verificado que 100% dos fitoterápicos analisados encontravam em desacordo quanto à presença dos quatro marcadores, sendo que 60% apresentaram três marcadores (cafeína, catequina e epicatequina) e 40% apresentaram somente a cafeína. Além disso, após o tempo de 30 minutos de ensaio foi possível observar que somente a cápsula A apresentou pelo menos 80% dos marcadores dissolvidos. Nas demais cápsulas o comportamento de dissolução apresentado pelos marcadores não ultrapassou 60% e, além disso, 60% das amostras apresentaram alguns problemas farmacotécnicos característicos. Frente aos resultados obtidos torna-se evidente a necessidade de um rigoroso controle de qualidade que contribua para assegurar a ação terapêutica desses medicamentos e, nesse sentido, o estudo de dissolução constitui uma ferramenta essencial para a garantia de qualidade dos fitoterápicos.

"Guaraná" (Paullinia cupana) is used as a physical activity enhancer and stimulator due to its methylxanthines and condensed tannins. The aim of this work was to evaluate the dissolution behavior of five herbal medicines in the form of capsules and tablets containing guaraná. Assay and dissolution methods were validated and results obtained allowed simultaneous marker quantification with precision, accuracy, selectivity and robustness. Findings showed that 100% of the herbal medicinal products analyzed did not provide satisfactory results concerning the presence of four markers, 60% had three markers (caffeine, catechin and epicatechin), while 40% had only caffeine at tested dosage forms. In addition, after 30 minutes, only capsule A showed at least 80% of the dissolved markers. In other capsules, marker dissolution did not exceed 60% whereas 60% of the samples had some characteristic pharmacotechnical problems. These results evidence the need for rigorous quality control to help ensure the therapeutic action of these drugs. To this end, dissolution studies are an essential tool for quality assurance of herbal medicines.

O risco ambiental decorrentes da geração de resíduos tem aumentado com o progresso tecnológico, bem como com o aumento populacional. Destacam-se, neste contexto, os riscos potenciais decorrentes da rotina de indústrias químico-farmacêuticas, bem como de laboratórios de ensino e pesquisa associados. Por esta razão, vários projetos visando à otimização do tratamento de resíduos industriais e/ou laboratoriais vêm sendo propostos. A presente revisão apresenta uma síntese das estratégias implantadas no sentido de minimizar ou solucionar problemas relacionados ao manejo dos resíduos, provenientes de indústrias, instituições de pesquisa e ensino, entre outros potenciais geradores de resíduos. Apresentam-se as diretrizes legais mais gritantes e alguns aspectos técnicos relacionados à segregação, acondicionamento, tratamento e descarte final destes resíduos.

The environmental risks from waste production has arisen with the technological progress, as well as with the world population increase. The risks from the industrial or academic routines in pharmaceutical or fine chemical plants and projects are remarkable. For this reason, many projects focusing on the optimization of waste treatment in these places have been proposed. This paper, reviews some of the main strategies introduced, in order to solve or decrease the problems, in the management of pharmaceutical-chemical wastes in industry, universities, among other potential kind of waste generators. The main regulatory and technical aspects, associated to segregation, packaging, treatment and final disposal of these wastes are presented.